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Upper Sorbian (endonym: hornjoserbšćina), occasionally referred to as Wendish (German: Wendisch), is a minority language spoken by Sorbs, in the historical province of Upper Lusatia, which is today part of Saxony, Germany. It is grouped in the West Slavic language branch, together with Lower Sorbian, Czech, Polish, Silesian, Slovak, and Kashubian. By now the dialect's speaking area mostly shrank to Budyšin and its immediate countryside, and is spoken by less than 10,000 people.
Upper Sorbian | |
---|---|
hornjoserbšćina, hornjoserbsce | |
Pronunciation | [ˈhɔʁnʲɔˌsɛʁpʃtʃina] |
Native to | Germany |
Region | Saxony |
Ethnicity | Sorbs |
Native speakers | 13,000 (2007) |
Indo-European
| |
Latin (Sorbian alphabet) | |
Official status | |
Official language in | Regional language in Saxony |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-2 | hsb |
ISO 639-3 | hsb |
Glottolog | uppe1395 |
ELP | Upper Sorbian |
Linguasphere | 53-AAA-bb < 53-AAA-b < 53-AAA-b...-d (varieties: 53-AAA-bba to 53-AAA-bbf) |
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. |
History
The history of the Upper Sorbian language in Germany began with the Slavic migrations during the 6th century AD. Beginning in the 12th century, there was a massive influx of rural Germanic settlers from Flanders, Saxony, Thuringia and Franconia. This so-called "Ostsiedlung" (eastern settlement or expansion) led to a slow but steady decline in use of the Sorbian language. In addition, in the Saxony region, the Sorbian language was legally subordinated to the German language. Language prohibitions were later added: In 1293, the Sorbian language was forbidden in Berne castle before the courts; in 1327 it was forbidden in Zwickau and Leipzig, and from 1424 on it was forbidden in Meissen. Further, there was the condition in many guilds of the cities of the area to accept only members of German-language origin.
However, the central areas of the Milzener and , in the area of today's Lusatia, were relatively unaffected by the new German language settlements and legal restrictions. The language therefore flourished there. By the 17th century, the number of Sorbian speakers in that area grew to over 300,000. The oldest evidence of written Upper Sorbian is the Burger Eydt Wendisch document, which was discovered in the city of Bautzen and dates to the year 1532.
Upper Sorbian in Germany
There are an estimated 18,000 speakers of Upper Sorbian. Almost all of these live in the state of Saxony, chiefly in the district of Bautzen (Budyšin). The stronghold of the language is the village of Crostwitz (Chrósćicy) and the surrounding municipalities, especially to the west of it. In this core area, Upper Sorbian remains the predominant vernacular. In this area, Sorbian is an official language and children are taught Sorbian in schools and day cares. Other concerted efforts to preserve the language through media, club, and related resources have continued into the 21st century. In spite of these efforts, numbers of Upper Sorbian speakers were still considered to be dwindling. It has been suggested that this may be in part because of a lack of understanding of the benefits of bilingualism.
Phonology
Vowels
The vowel inventory of Upper Sorbian is exactly the same as that of Lower Sorbian.
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | ɨ | u |
Near-close | ɪ | ʊ | |
Mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
Open | a |
- Word-initial vowels are rare, and are often preceded by a non-phonemic glottal stop [ʔ], or sometimes [h]. /i, u, ɛ, ɔ/ appear in word-initial position only in recent borrowings, whereas the diphthongs never occur in this position.
- The near-close /ɪ, ʊ/ can also be analyzed as diphthongs /iɪ, uʊ/. Here, they are analyzed as monophthongs.
- The diphthongal allophones of /ɪ, ʊ/ are falling: [iɪ̯, uʊ̯]. [iɪ] occurs only under strong sentence stress in monosyllabic words. Conversely, [uʊ] is a more common realization of /ʊ/ than [ʊ].
- /ɛ/ has three allophones:
- Open-mid [ɛ] between hard consonants and after a hard consonant;
- Mid [ɛ̝] between soft consonants and after a soft consonant (excluding /j/ in both cases);
- Diphthong with a mid onset [ɛ̝i̯] before /j/.
- /ɔ/ has two allophones:
- Diphthong with a mid onset [ɔ̝u̯] before labial consonants;
- Open-mid [ɔ] in all other cases.
- Additional diphthongs arise from r-vocalization, as in German. For instance, uniwersita 'University' may be pronounced [unʲiˈwɛɐ̯sita].
- The distinction between /ɛ, ɔ/ on the one hand and /ɪ, ʊ/ on the other is weakened or lost in unstressed syllables.
- /a/ is phonetically central [ä]. It is somewhat higher [ɐ] after soft consonants.
Consonants
Labial | Dental/ Alveolar | Palatal | Velar/ Uvular | Glottal | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
hard | soft | hard | soft | soft | hard | soft | hard | ||
Nasal | m | mʲ | n | nʲ | |||||
Plosive | voiceless | p | pʲ | t | k | ||||
voiced | b | bʲ | d | ɡ | |||||
Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | (t͡sʲ) | t͡ʃ | |||||
voiced | (d͡z) | d͡ʒ | |||||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | x | h | |||
voiced | (v) | z | (zʲ) | ʒ | ʁ | ʁʲ | |||
Approximant | w | wʲ | l | j |
- /m, mʲ, p, pʲ, b, bʲ, w, wʲ/ are bilabial, whereas /f, v/ are labiodental.
- /mʲ, pʲ, bʲ/ are strongly palatalized.
- /w/ is a somewhat velarized bilabial approximant [β̞ˠ], whereas /wʲ/ is a strongly palatalized bilabial approximant [ɥ].
- /v/ is very rare. Apart from loanwords, it occurs only in two Slavonic words: zełharny /ˈzɛvarnɨ/ 'deceitful' and zełharnosć /ˈzɛvarnɔst͡ʃ/ 'deceitfulness', both of which are derivatives of łhać /ˈfat͡ʃ/ 'to lie'. Usage of these words is typically restricted to the Bautzen dialect, as speakers of the Catholic dialect use łžeć /ˈbʒɛt͡ʃ/ and its derivatives.
- /n, l/ are alveolar [n͇, l͇], /nʲ/ is alveolo-palatal [n̠ʲ], whereas /t, d, t͡s, d͡z, t͡sʲ, s, z, zʲ/ are dental [t̪, d̪, t̪͡s̪, d̪͡z̪, t̪͡s̪ʲ, s̪, z̪, z̪ʲ].
- /t, d, l/ before /i/ (in the case of /l/ also before /ɛ, ɪ/) are weakly palatalized [tʲ, dʲ, lʲ]. Šewc-Schuster (1984) also reports palatalized [fʲ, vʲ, kʲ, ɡʲ, xʲ, hʲ] as allophones of /f, v, k, ɡ, x, h/. Among these, the labiodental [fʲ, vʲ] are extremely rare.
- /n, nʲ/ are velar [ŋ, ŋʲ] in front of velar consonants.
- /d͡z/ is very rare. In many cases, it merges with /z/ into [z].
- /t͡sʲ, zʲ/ are very rare. According to Stone (2002), the phonemic status of /t͡sʲ/ is controversial.
- In most dialects, /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, ʃ, ʒ/ are palato-alveolar. This is unlike Lower Sorbian, where these consonants are laminal retroflex (flat postalveolar) [t͡ʂ, ʂ, ʐ] (Lower Sorbian /t͡ʂ/ does not have a voiced counterpart). Laminal retroflex realizations of /ʃ, ʒ/[what about the affricates /tʃ, dʒ/?] also occur in Upper Sorbian dialects spoken in some villages north of Hoyerswerda.
- /k, ɡ, x/ are velar, whereas /r, rʲ/ are uvular.
- An aspirated [kʰ] is a morpheme-initial allophone of /x/ in some cases, as well as a possible word-initial allophone of /k/.
- /x/ is typically accompanied with trilling of the uvula [ʀ̝̊], so that brach /ˈbrax/ 'fault' is typically pronounced [bʁaʀ̝̊].
- /x/ does not occur word-initially, whereas /h/ does not occur word-finally.
- /r, rʲ/ are typically realized as fricatives [ʁ, ʁʲ] or approximants [ʁ̞, ʁ̞ʲ]. They can be trilled [ʀ, ʀʲ] in clear and careful pronunciation. Furthermore, /r/ can also be realized as a voiceless fricative [χ]. It can also be vocalized in the syllable coda, as in uniwersita [unʲiˈwɛɐ̯sita] 'University'. They are never alveolar [r, rʲ], which is an archaic pronunciation.
- Soft /rʲ/ is strongly palatalized.
- An epenthetic /j/ is inserted before a post-vocalic soft consonant, yielding a diphthong. If the soft consonant occurs before /ɛ/ or /ɪ/, it is often realized as hard, and the vowels merge to [ɛ̝].[example needed]
- In literary language, the contrast between hard and soft consonants is neutralized in word-final position. For instance, the letter ⟨ń⟩ represents the /jn/ sequence in this position (as in dźeń /ˈd͡ʒɛjn/ 'day'), not a single phoneme /nʲ/.
Final devoicing and assimilation
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2015) |
Upper Sorbian has both final devoicing and regressive voicing assimilation, both word-internal and across word boundaries. In the latter context, /x/ is voiced to [ɣ]. Regressive voicing assimilation does not occur before sonorants and /h/.
Stress
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2015) |
- Words consisting of up to three syllables are stressed on the first syllable.
- Foreign words, such as student /stuˈdɛnt/ 'student', preserve their original accent.
Samples
The Lord's Prayer in Upper Sorbian:
- Wótče naš, kiž sy w njebjesach. Swjeć so Twoje mjeno. Přińdź Twoje kralestwo. Stań so Twoja wola, kaž na njebju, tak na zemi. Wšědny chlěb naš daj nam dźens. Wodaj nam naše winy, jako my tež wodawamy swojim winikam. A njewjedź nas do spytowanja, ale wumóž nas wot złeho. Amen.
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Upper Sorbian:
- Wšitcy čłowjekojo su wot naroda swobodni a su jenacy po dostojnosći a prawach. Woni su z rozumom a swědomjom wobdarjeni a maja mjezsobu w duchu bratrowstwa wobchadźeć.
(All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.)
See also
- Lower Sorbian language
References
- Upper Sorbian at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- "9780781807807: Sorbian (Wendish)-English English-Sorbian (Wendish) Concise Dictionary (Concise Dictionaries) (English and Sorbian Languages Edition) – AbeBooks – Strauch, Mercin: 0781807808".
- Howson (2017), p. 359.
- Bleakly (2023), p. 20.
- "Who are the Sorbs? And where is Sorbian being spoken?". Language Diversity – English (in German). 2013-08-21. Retrieved 2024-12-05.
- Stone (2002), p. 600.
- Howson (2017), pp. 363–634.
- Stone (2002), p. 604.
- Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 32.
- Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 33.
- Howson (2017), p. 365.
- Stone (2002), pp. 601, 606–607.
- Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 20.
- Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 31.
- Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 46.
- Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 35–37, 41, 46.
- Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 41.
- Šewc-Schuster (1984:36–37, 41, 46). On page 36, the author states that Upper Sorbian /w/ is less velar than Polish /w/. The weakness of the velarization is confirmed by the corresponding image on page 37.
- Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 36.
- Stone (2002), pp. 603–604.
- Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 37–41, 46.
- Zygis (2003), pp. 190–191.
- Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 37, 39, 46.
- Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 39, 46.
- Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 38.
- Zygis (2003), p. 191.
- Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 40–41.
- Zygis (2003), pp. 180–181, 190–191.
- Zygis (2003), p. 180.
- Stone (2002), pp. 600, 602.
- Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 42–44, 46.
- Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 26–27, 42–43.
- Howson (2017), p. 362.
- Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 43.
- Howson (2017), pp. 362, 365.
- Stone (2002), p. 602.
- Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 26.
- Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 27.
- Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 28.
- Sorbian at Omniglot.com
Bibliography
- Bleakly, Evan W. (2023), "Upper Sorbian in Budyšin / Bautzen: Examples from Bautzen's Linguistic Landscape", Мова кодифікація компетенція комунікація, 1–2 (6–7): 20–39, doi:10.2478/lccc-2022-0002
- Howson, Phil (2017), "Upper Sorbian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 47 (3): 359–367, doi:10.1017/S0025100316000414, S2CID 232350142
- Ross, Malcom. 2020. Syntax and contact-induced language change. In A. Grant (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Language Contact. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 123–154. [Upper Sorbian and German contact, with resulting changes in Sorbian]
- Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984), Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina
- Stone, Gerald (2002), "Sorbian (Upper and Lower)", in Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (eds.), The Slavonic Languages, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 593–685, ISBN 9780415280785
- Zygis, Marzena (2003), "Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Slavic Sibilant Fricatives" (PDF), ZAS Papers in Linguistics, 3: 175–213, doi:10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.191
Further reading
- Rubach, Jerzy (2008), "Palatal nasal decomposition in Slovene, Upper Sorbian and Polish", Journal of Linguistics, 44 (1): 169–204, doi:10.1017/S0022226707004987, JSTOR 40058031, S2CID 146558564
- Wölkowa, Sonja (2008). "Hornjoserbska frazeologija w interneće" [Upper Sorbian Language Use in the Internet]. Lětopis (in wen) (1): 36–47.
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External links
- Online course for Upper and Lower Sorbian (English, Sorbian, German)
- Course in Upper Sorbian
- Kurs serbskeje rěče, introductory texts of the lessons included in the Sorbian language textbook Curs practic de limba sorabă
Dictionaries
- (in Czech and Upper Sorbian) Upper Sorbian dictionary with common phrases
- (in German and Upper Sorbian) Upper Sorbian phraseology dictionary
- (in German and Upper Sorbian) SorbWord
- (in German and Upper Sorbian) Sorbian 'language practice' page at Leipzig University
- (in German and Upper Sorbian) Sorbian information page at Leipzig University
- (in German and Upper Sorbian) Wortschatz.de
Czech-Sorbian and Sorbian-Czech
- at slovnik.vancl.eu
- Mudra 2.0
German-Sorbian
- at sibz.whyi.org
- at Boehmak.de
Sorbian-German
- at Boehmak.de
- at sibz.whyi.org
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian November 2012 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at ru Verhneluzhickij yazyk see its history for attribution You may also add the template Translated ru Verhneluzhickij yazyk to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Upper Sorbian endonym hornjoserbscina occasionally referred to as Wendish German Wendisch is a minority language spoken by Sorbs in the historical province of Upper Lusatia which is today part of Saxony Germany It is grouped in the West Slavic language branch together with Lower Sorbian Czech Polish Silesian Slovak and Kashubian By now the dialect s speaking area mostly shrank to Budysin and its immediate countryside and is spoken by less than 10 000 people Upper Sorbianhornjoserbscina hornjoserbscePronunciation ˈhɔʁnʲɔˌsɛʁpʃtʃina Native toGermanyRegionSaxonyEthnicitySorbsNative speakers13 000 2007 Language familyIndo European Balto SlavicSlavicWest SlavicSorbianUpper SorbianWriting systemLatin Sorbian alphabet Official statusOfficial language inRegional language in SaxonyLanguage codesISO 639 2 span class plainlinks hsb span ISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code hsb class extiw title iso639 3 hsb hsb a Glottologuppe1395ELPUpper SorbianLinguasphere53 AAA bb lt 53 AAA b lt 53 AAA b d varieties 53 AAA bba to 53 AAA bbf This article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA HistoryThe history of the Upper Sorbian language in Germany began with the Slavic migrations during the 6th century AD Beginning in the 12th century there was a massive influx of rural Germanic settlers from Flanders Saxony Thuringia and Franconia This so called Ostsiedlung eastern settlement or expansion led to a slow but steady decline in use of the Sorbian language In addition in the Saxony region the Sorbian language was legally subordinated to the German language Language prohibitions were later added In 1293 the Sorbian language was forbidden in Berne castle before the courts in 1327 it was forbidden in Zwickau and Leipzig and from 1424 on it was forbidden in Meissen Further there was the condition in many guilds of the cities of the area to accept only members of German language origin However the central areas of the Milzener and in the area of today s Lusatia were relatively unaffected by the new German language settlements and legal restrictions The language therefore flourished there By the 17th century the number of Sorbian speakers in that area grew to over 300 000 The oldest evidence of written Upper Sorbian is the Burger Eydt Wendisch document which was discovered in the city of Bautzen and dates to the year 1532 Upper Sorbian in GermanyA bilingual sign in Germany German in first place and Upper Sorbian in second There are an estimated 18 000 speakers of Upper Sorbian Almost all of these live in the state of Saxony chiefly in the district of Bautzen Budysin The stronghold of the language is the village of Crostwitz Chroscicy and the surrounding municipalities especially to the west of it In this core area Upper Sorbian remains the predominant vernacular In this area Sorbian is an official language and children are taught Sorbian in schools and day cares Other concerted efforts to preserve the language through media club and related resources have continued into the 21st century In spite of these efforts numbers of Upper Sorbian speakers were still considered to be dwindling It has been suggested that this may be in part because of a lack of understanding of the benefits of bilingualism PhonologyVowels The vowel inventory of Upper Sorbian is exactly the same as that of Lower Sorbian Vowel phonemes Front Central BackClose i ɨ uNear close ɪ ʊMid ɛ ɔOpen aWord initial vowels are rare and are often preceded by a non phonemic glottal stop ʔ or sometimes h i u ɛ ɔ appear in word initial position only in recent borrowings whereas the diphthongs never occur in this position The near close ɪ ʊ can also be analyzed as diphthongs iɪ uʊ Here they are analyzed as monophthongs The diphthongal allophones of ɪ ʊ are falling iɪ uʊ iɪ occurs only under strong sentence stress in monosyllabic words Conversely uʊ is a more common realization of ʊ than ʊ ɛ has three allophones Open mid ɛ between hard consonants and after a hard consonant Mid ɛ between soft consonants and after a soft consonant excluding j in both cases Diphthong with a mid onset ɛ i before j ɔ has two allophones Diphthong with a mid onset ɔ u before labial consonants Open mid ɔ in all other cases Additional diphthongs arise from r vocalization as in German For instance uniwersita University may be pronounced unʲiˈwɛɐ sita The distinction between ɛ ɔ on the one hand and ɪ ʊ on the other is weakened or lost in unstressed syllables a is phonetically central a It is somewhat higher ɐ after soft consonants Consonants Consonant phonemes Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottalhard soft hard soft soft hard soft hardNasal m mʲ n nʲPlosive voiceless p pʲ t kvoiced b bʲ d ɡAffricate voiceless t s t sʲ t ʃvoiced d z d ʒFricative voiceless f s ʃ x hvoiced v z zʲ ʒ ʁ ʁʲApproximant w wʲ l j m mʲ p pʲ b bʲ w wʲ are bilabial whereas f v are labiodental mʲ pʲ bʲ are strongly palatalized w is a somewhat velarized bilabial approximant b ˠ whereas wʲ is a strongly palatalized bilabial approximant ɥ v is very rare Apart from loanwords it occurs only in two Slavonic words zelharny ˈzɛvarnɨ deceitful and zelharnosc ˈzɛvarnɔst ʃ deceitfulness both of which are derivatives of lhac ˈfat ʃ to lie Usage of these words is typically restricted to the Bautzen dialect as speakers of the Catholic dialect use lzec ˈbʒɛt ʃ and its derivatives n l are alveolar n l nʲ is alveolo palatal n ʲ whereas t d t s d z t sʲ s z zʲ are dental t d t s d z t s ʲ s z z ʲ t d l before i in the case of l also before ɛ ɪ are weakly palatalized tʲ dʲ lʲ Sewc Schuster 1984 also reports palatalized fʲ vʲ kʲ ɡʲ xʲ hʲ as allophones of f v k ɡ x h Among these the labiodental fʲ vʲ are extremely rare n nʲ are velar ŋ ŋʲ in front of velar consonants d z is very rare In many cases it merges with z into z t sʲ zʲ are very rare According to Stone 2002 the phonemic status of t sʲ is controversial In most dialects t ʃ d ʒ ʃ ʒ are palato alveolar This is unlike Lower Sorbian where these consonants are laminal retroflex flat postalveolar t ʂ ʂ ʐ Lower Sorbian t ʂ does not have a voiced counterpart Laminal retroflex realizations of ʃ ʒ what about the affricates tʃ dʒ also occur in Upper Sorbian dialects spoken in some villages north of Hoyerswerda k ɡ x are velar whereas r rʲ are uvular An aspirated kʰ is a morpheme initial allophone of x in some cases as well as a possible word initial allophone of k x is typically accompanied with trilling of the uvula ʀ so that brach ˈbrax fault is typically pronounced bʁaʀ x does not occur word initially whereas h does not occur word finally r rʲ are typically realized as fricatives ʁ ʁʲ or approximants ʁ ʁ ʲ They can be trilled ʀ ʀʲ in clear and careful pronunciation Furthermore r can also be realized as a voiceless fricative x It can also be vocalized in the syllable coda as in uniwersita unʲiˈwɛɐ sita University They are never alveolar r rʲ which is an archaic pronunciation Soft rʲ is strongly palatalized An epenthetic j is inserted before a post vocalic soft consonant yielding a diphthong If the soft consonant occurs before ɛ or ɪ it is often realized as hard and the vowels merge to ɛ example needed In literary language the contrast between hard and soft consonants is neutralized in word final position For instance the letter n represents the jn sequence in this position as in dzen ˈd ʒɛjn day not a single phoneme nʲ Final devoicing and assimilation This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it April 2015 Upper Sorbian has both final devoicing and regressive voicing assimilation both word internal and across word boundaries In the latter context x is voiced to ɣ Regressive voicing assimilation does not occur before sonorants and h Stress This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it April 2015 Words consisting of up to three syllables are stressed on the first syllable Foreign words such as student stuˈdɛnt student preserve their original accent SamplesThe Lord s Prayer in Upper Sorbian Wotce nas kiz sy w njebjesach Swjec so Twoje mjeno Prindz Twoje kralestwo Stan so Twoja wola kaz na njebju tak na zemi Wsedny chleb nas daj nam dzens Wodaj nam nase winy jako my tez wodawamy swojim winikam A njewjedz nas do spytowanja ale wumoz nas wot zleho Amen Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Upper Sorbian Wsitcy clowjekojo su wot naroda swobodni a su jenacy po dostojnosci a prawach Woni su z rozumom a swedomjom wobdarjeni a maja mjezsobu w duchu bratrowstwa wobchadzec All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood See alsoLower Sorbian languageReferencesUpper Sorbian at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required 9780781807807 Sorbian Wendish English English Sorbian Wendish Concise Dictionary Concise Dictionaries English and Sorbian Languages Edition AbeBooks Strauch Mercin 0781807808 Howson 2017 p 359 Bleakly 2023 p 20 Who are the Sorbs And where is Sorbian being spoken Language Diversity English in German 2013 08 21 Retrieved 2024 12 05 Stone 2002 p 600 Howson 2017 pp 363 634 Stone 2002 p 604 Sewc Schuster 1984 p 32 Sewc Schuster 1984 p 33 Howson 2017 p 365 Stone 2002 pp 601 606 607 Sewc Schuster 1984 p 20 Sewc Schuster 1984 p 31 Sewc Schuster 1984 p 46 Sewc Schuster 1984 pp 35 37 41 46 Sewc Schuster 1984 p 41 Sewc Schuster 1984 36 37 41 46 On page 36 the author states that Upper Sorbian w is less velar than Polish w The weakness of the velarization is confirmed by the corresponding image on page 37 Sewc Schuster 1984 p 36 Stone 2002 pp 603 604 Sewc Schuster 1984 pp 37 41 46 Zygis 2003 pp 190 191 Sewc Schuster 1984 pp 37 39 46 Sewc Schuster 1984 pp 39 46 Sewc Schuster 1984 p 38 Zygis 2003 p 191 Sewc Schuster 1984 pp 40 41 Zygis 2003 pp 180 181 190 191 Zygis 2003 p 180 Stone 2002 pp 600 602 Sewc Schuster 1984 pp 42 44 46 Sewc Schuster 1984 pp 26 27 42 43 Howson 2017 p 362 Sewc Schuster 1984 p 43 Howson 2017 pp 362 365 Stone 2002 p 602 Sewc Schuster 1984 p 26 Sewc Schuster 1984 p 27 Sewc Schuster 1984 p 28 Sorbian at Omniglot comBibliographyBleakly Evan W 2023 Upper Sorbian in Budysin Bautzen Examples from Bautzen s Linguistic Landscape Mova kodifikaciya kompetenciya komunikaciya 1 2 6 7 20 39 doi 10 2478 lccc 2022 0002 Howson Phil 2017 Upper Sorbian Journal of the International Phonetic Association 47 3 359 367 doi 10 1017 S0025100316000414 S2CID 232350142 Ross Malcom 2020 Syntax and contact induced language change In A Grant ed The Oxford Handbook of Language Contact Oxford Oxford University Press 123 154 Upper Sorbian and German contact with resulting changes in Sorbian Sewc Schuster Hinc 1984 Gramatika hornjo serbskeje rece Budysin Ludowe nakladnistwo Domowina Stone Gerald 2002 Sorbian Upper and Lower in Comrie Bernard Corbett Greville G eds The Slavonic Languages London and New York Routledge pp 593 685 ISBN 9780415280785 Zygis Marzena 2003 Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Slavic Sibilant Fricatives PDF ZAS Papers in Linguistics 3 175 213 doi 10 21248 zaspil 32 2003 191Further readingRubach Jerzy 2008 Palatal nasal decomposition in Slovene Upper Sorbian and Polish Journal of Linguistics 44 1 169 204 doi 10 1017 S0022226707004987 JSTOR 40058031 S2CID 146558564 Wolkowa Sonja 2008 Hornjoserbska frazeologija w internece Upper Sorbian Language Use in the Internet Letopis in wen 1 36 47 a href wiki Template Cite journal title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint unrecognized language link External linksWikimedia Commons has media related to Upper Sorbian language Wikisource has several original texts related to Upper Sorbian language Upper Sorbian edition of Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Online course for Upper and Lower Sorbian English Sorbian German Course in Upper Sorbian Kurs serbskeje rece introductory texts of the lessons included in the Sorbian language textbook Curs practic de limba sorabăDictionaries in Czech and Upper Sorbian Upper Sorbian dictionary with common phrases in German and Upper Sorbian Upper Sorbian phraseology dictionary in German and Upper Sorbian SorbWord in German and Upper Sorbian Sorbian language practice page at Leipzig University in German and Upper Sorbian Sorbian information page at Leipzig University in German and Upper Sorbian Wortschatz deCzech Sorbian and Sorbian Czech at slovnik vancl eu Mudra 2 0German Sorbian at sibz whyi org at Boehmak deSorbian German at Boehmak de at sibz whyi org