This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (December 2010) |
Emilian (Reggian, Parmesan and Modenese: emigliân; Bolognese: emigliàn; Italian: emiliano) is a Gallo-Italic unstandardised language spoken in the historical region of Emilia, which is now in the western part of Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy.
| Emilian | |
|---|---|
| Emigliân, emigliàn | |
| Pronunciation | IPA: [emiˈʎa(ː)ŋ] |
| Native to | Italy |
| Region | Primarily Emilia-Romagna. Border variants spoken in near Lombardy, Tuscany and Veneto's provinces. |
| Ethnicity | 3.3 million (2008) |
Native speakers | Unknown, c. 1.3 million (2006 estimate) (2006) |
Indo-European
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | egl |
| Glottolog | emil1241 |
| Linguasphere | ... -okh 51-AAA-oka ... -okh |
| This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. | |
Emilian has a default word order of subject–verb–object and both grammatical gender (masculine and feminine) and grammatical number (singular and plural). There is a strong T–V distinction, which distinguishes varying levels of politeness, social distance, courtesy, familiarity or insult. The alphabet, largely adapted from the Italian (Tuscan) one, uses a considerable number of diacritics.
Classification
Emilian is an unstandardized Gallo-Italic language spoken in the Emilia-Romagna region in Northern Italy.
Besides Emilian, the Gallo-Italic family includes Romagnol, Piedmontese, Ligurian and Lombard, all of which maintain a level of mutual intelligibility with Emilian.
Dialectal varieties
The historical and geographical fragmentation of Emilian communities, divided in many local administrations (as signorie then duchies, with reciprocal exchanges of land), has caused a high dialectal fragmentation, to the point the existence of an Emilian koiné has been questioned.
Linguasphere Observatory recognises the following dialects:
- Mantuan, spoken in all but the very north of the Province of Mantua in Lombardy. It has a strong Lombard influence.
- Vogherese (Pavese-Vogherese), spoken in the Province of Pavia in Lombardy. It is closely related phonetically and morphologically to Piacentine. It is also akin to Tortonese.[clarification needed]
- Piacentine, spoken west of the River Taro in the Province of Piacenza and on the border with the province of Parma. The variants of Piacentine are strongly influenced by Lombard, Piedmontese, and Ligurian.
- Parmesan, spoken in the Province of Parma. Those from the area refer to the Parmesan spoken outside Parma as Arioso or Parmense, although today's urban and rural dialects are so mixed that only a few speak the original. The language spoken in Casalmaggiore in the Province of Cremona to the north of Parma is closely related to Parmesan.
- Reggiano (Arzân), spoken in the Province of Reggio Emilia, although the northern parts (such as Guastalla, Luzzara and Reggiolo) of the province are not part of this group and closer to Mantuan.
- Modenese, spoken in the centre of the Province of Modena, although Bolognese is more widespread in the Castelfranco area.
- Mirandolese, spoken in the northern part of the Province of Modena, it is very different from the modenese dialect in the phonology, grammar and vocabulary.
- Bolognese, spoken in all the Metropolitan City of Bologna but the Romagnol comuni of: Imola, Dozza, Borgo Tossignano, Fontanelice, Castel del Rio, Mordano and Casalfiumanese (all beyond the river Santerno); in around Castelfranco Emilia (Modena); in the Province of Ferrara (Cento, Poggio Renatico, Sant'Agostino and Mirabello) and in Pavana (Province of Pistoia, Tuscany).
- Ferrarese, spoken in the Province of Ferrara (except for Cento and surroundings), southern Veneto, and Comacchio.
- Carrarese and Lunigiano dialects, spoken in Carrara, Lunigiana, in almost all of the Province of Massa-Carrara in northwestern Tuscany, and a good portion of the Province of La Spezia in eastern Liguria. Historically, this region has been part of Tuscany and the duchies of Modena and Parma at different times, so it has a close economic relationship with the Emilian area and is geographically proximate due to the Magra and Vara rivers.
Other definitions include the following:[citation needed]
- Massese (mixed with some Tuscan features)
- Casalasco, spoken in Casalmaggiore, Lombardy.
- Comacchiese, as distinct from Ferrarese
Vocabulary
There is no widespread standard orthography. The words below are written in a nonspecific Emilian script.
| Emilian | IPA | English |
|---|---|---|
| êit, èlt | [ɛːjt] | high |
| lêregh | [ˈlɛːrɐg] | wide |
| longh, loangh | [loŋg] | long, tall |
| tōl, tegh | [toːl], [teg] | to take |
| fâṡ, fâż | [faːz], [faːð̠] | beech |
| bdoall | [b.dœl] | birch |
| znêr, żnèr | [ð̠nɛːr] | January |
| fervêr | [fɐrˈvɛr] | February |
| ed, ad | [ɐd] | and |
| dîṡ | [diːz] | to say, ten (only in Bolognese) |
| ê, é | [e] | (he/she) is |
| aloura | [ɐˈlɔu̯rɐ] | so, then |
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alv./ Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | |
| voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | θ | s | ||
| voiced | v | ð | z | |||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Rhotic | r | |||||
| Approximant | central | j | w | |||
| lateral | l | ʎ | ||||
- Affricate sounds [t͡s, d͡z] can also be heard as alternates of fricative sounds /θ, ð/ particularly among southern dialects.
- In the Piacentino dialect, an /r/ sound can be heard as either an alveolar trill [r], or as a uvular fricative [ʁ] sound.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | y | u uː | ||
| Mid | e eː | ø | ə | o oː | |
| ɛ ɛː | œ | ʌ | ɔ ɔː | ||
| Open | æ | a aː | |||
- Rounded front vowel sounds /y, ø, œ/ and a mid-central vowel sound /ə/ are mainly common in the Piacentino and western dialects.
- In the Piacentino dialect, five vowel sounds being followed by /n/, are then recognized as nasalized [ĩ ẽ ã õ ũ], unless /n/ occurs between two vowel sounds.
- Vowel length is also distinguished for the following vowels [iː eː ɛː aː ɔː oː uː].
Writing system
Emilian is written using a Latin script that has never been standardised, and spelling varies widely among the dialects.
The dialects were largely oral and rarely written until some time in the late 20th century; a large amount of written media in Emilian has been created since World War II.
References
- Miani, Ivan (12 April 2008). "Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3, page 1ISO 639-3 Registration Authority Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3" (PDF). iso639-3.sil.org. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
- Istituto nazionale di statistica (20 April 2007). La lingua italiana, i dialetti e le lingue straniere, Anno 2006 [The Italian language, dialects and foreign languages, Year 2006] (PDF) (in Italian). Retrieved 17 December 2012 – via portal-lem.com.
- "51-AAA-ok. emiliano + romagnolo". Linguasphere.
- Lepri, Luigi; Vitali, Daniele (2007). Dizionario bolognese-italiano, italiano bolognese / Dizionèri bulgnais-itagliàn, itagliàn-bulugnais (in Italian). Bologna: Pendragon. ISBN 978-88-8342-594-3.
- Vocabolario reggiano-italiano (in Italian). Reggio: Torreggiani. 1832 – via Biblioteca Panizzi.
- Foresti, Fabio (2009). Profilo linguistico dell'Emilia-Romagna (in Italian). Roma: Laterza.
- Lepri, Luigi; Vitali, Daniele (2009). Dizionario bolognese-italiano italiano-bolognese / Dizionèri bulgnaiṡ-itagliàn itagliàn-bulgnaiṡ (2nd ed.). Bologna: Pendragon.
- Hajek, John (1997). "Emilia-Romagna". In Maiden, Martin; Parry, Mair (eds.). The Dialects of Italy. London: Routledge. p. 275.
Bibliography
- Colombini, F. (2007). La negazione nei dialetti emiliani: microvariazione nell'area modenese (MA thesis). University of Padua.
- Rognoni, Luca (2013). "Il sistema fonologico del dialetto modenese". L'Italia dialettale: rivista di dialettologia italiana. Vol. 74. pp. 135–148. ISBN 9788846739957.
Further reading
- Foresti, Fabio (1997). Bibliografia dialettale dell'Emilia-Romagna e della Repubblica di San Marino (BDER). Bologna: Compositori.
- Mainoldi, Pietro (2000) [1950, Bologna: Società tipografica Mareggiani]. Manuale dell'odierno dialetto bolognese, Suoni e segni, Grammatica – Vocabolario. Forni. ISBN 9788827129173.
- Tuttle, E. F. (1991). "Nasalization in Northern Italy: Syllabic Constraints and Strength Scales as Developmental Parameters". Rivista di Linguistica. III: 23–92.
External links
- Emilian basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations December 2010 Learn how and when to remove this message Emilian Reggian Parmesan and Modenese emiglian Bolognese emiglian Italian emiliano is a Gallo Italic unstandardised language spoken in the historical region of Emilia which is now in the western part of Emilia Romagna Northern Italy EmilianEmiglian emiglianPronunciationIPA emiˈʎa ː ŋ Native toItalyRegionPrimarily Emilia Romagna Border variants spoken in near Lombardy Tuscany and Veneto s provinces Ethnicity3 3 million 2008 Native speakersUnknown c 1 3 million 2006 estimate 2006 Language familyIndo European ItalicLatino FaliscanRomanceItalo WesternWestern RomanceGallo RomanceGallo ItalicEmilian RomagnolEmilianDialectsJudeo Mantuan Bolognais Parmigiano FerrareseWriting systemLatinLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code egl class extiw title iso639 3 egl egl a Glottologemil1241Linguasphere okh 51 AAA oka okhThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA Emilian has a default word order of subject verb object and both grammatical gender masculine and feminine and grammatical number singular and plural There is a strong T V distinction which distinguishes varying levels of politeness social distance courtesy familiarity or insult The alphabet largely adapted from the Italian Tuscan one uses a considerable number of diacritics ClassificationEmilian is an unstandardized Gallo Italic language spoken in the Emilia Romagna region in Northern Italy Besides Emilian the Gallo Italic family includes Romagnol Piedmontese Ligurian and Lombard all of which maintain a level of mutual intelligibility with Emilian Dialectal varieties The historical and geographical fragmentation of Emilian communities divided in many local administrations as signorie then duchies with reciprocal exchanges of land has caused a high dialectal fragmentation to the point the existence of an Emilian koine has been questioned Linguasphere Observatory recognises the following dialects Mantuan spoken in all but the very north of the Province of Mantua in Lombardy It has a strong Lombard influence Vogherese Pavese Vogherese spoken in the Province of Pavia in Lombardy It is closely related phonetically and morphologically to Piacentine It is also akin to Tortonese clarification needed Piacentine spoken west of the River Taro in the Province of Piacenza and on the border with the province of Parma The variants of Piacentine are strongly influenced by Lombard Piedmontese and Ligurian Parmesan spoken in the Province of Parma Those from the area refer to the Parmesan spoken outside Parma as Arioso or Parmense although today s urban and rural dialects are so mixed that only a few speak the original The language spoken in Casalmaggiore in the Province of Cremona to the north of Parma is closely related to Parmesan Reggiano Arzan spoken in the Province of Reggio Emilia although the northern parts such as Guastalla Luzzara and Reggiolo of the province are not part of this group and closer to Mantuan Modenese spoken in the centre of the Province of Modena although Bolognese is more widespread in the Castelfranco area Mirandolese spoken in the northern part of the Province of Modena it is very different from the modenese dialect in the phonology grammar and vocabulary Bolognese spoken in all the Metropolitan City of Bologna but the Romagnol comuni of Imola Dozza Borgo Tossignano Fontanelice Castel del Rio Mordano and Casalfiumanese all beyond the river Santerno in around Castelfranco Emilia Modena in the Province of Ferrara Cento Poggio Renatico Sant Agostino and Mirabello and in Pavana Province of Pistoia Tuscany Ferrarese spoken in the Province of Ferrara except for Cento and surroundings southern Veneto and Comacchio Carrarese and Lunigiano dialects spoken in Carrara Lunigiana in almost all of the Province of Massa Carrara in northwestern Tuscany and a good portion of the Province of La Spezia in eastern Liguria Historically this region has been part of Tuscany and the duchies of Modena and Parma at different times so it has a close economic relationship with the Emilian area and is geographically proximate due to the Magra and Vara rivers Other definitions include the following citation needed Massese mixed with some Tuscan features Casalasco spoken in Casalmaggiore Lombardy Comacchiese as distinct from FerrareseVocabularyThere is no widespread standard orthography The words below are written in a nonspecific Emilian script Words in Emilian Emilian IPA Englisheit elt ɛːjt highleregh ˈlɛːrɐg widelongh loangh loŋg long talltōl tegh toːl teg to takefaṡ faz faːz faːd beechbdoall b dœl birchzner zner d nɛːr Januaryferver fɐrˈvɛr Februaryed ad ɐd anddiṡ diːz to say ten only in Bolognese e e e he she isaloura ɐˈlɔu rɐ so thenPhonologyConsonants Consonants in the Bolognese dialect Labial Dental Alveolar Post alv Palatal VelarStop Affricate voiceless p t t ʃ kvoiced b d d ʒ ɡFricative voiceless f 8 svoiced v d zNasal m n ɲ ŋRhotic rApproximant central j wlateral l ʎAffricate sounds t s d z can also be heard as alternates of fricative sounds 8 d particularly among southern dialects In the Piacentino dialect an r sound can be heard as either an alveolar trill r or as a uvular fricative ʁ sound Vowels Front Central BackClose i iː y u uːMid e eː o e o oːɛ ɛː œ ʌ ɔ ɔːOpen ae a aːRounded front vowel sounds y o œ and a mid central vowel sound e are mainly common in the Piacentino and western dialects In the Piacentino dialect five vowel sounds being followed by n are then recognized as nasalized ĩ ẽ a o ũ unless n occurs between two vowel sounds Vowel length is also distinguished for the following vowels iː eː ɛː aː ɔː oː uː Writing systemEmilian is written using a Latin script that has never been standardised and spelling varies widely among the dialects The dialects were largely oral and rarely written until some time in the late 20th century a large amount of written media in Emilian has been created since World War II ReferencesMiani Ivan 12 April 2008 Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639 3 page 1ISO 639 3 Registration Authority Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639 3 PDF iso639 3 sil org Retrieved 17 December 2012 Istituto nazionale di statistica 20 April 2007 La lingua italiana i dialetti e le lingue straniere Anno 2006 The Italian language dialects and foreign languages Year 2006 PDF in Italian Retrieved 17 December 2012 via portal lem com 51 AAA ok emiliano romagnolo Linguasphere Lepri Luigi Vitali Daniele 2007 Dizionario bolognese italiano italiano bolognese Dizioneri bulgnais itaglian itaglian bulugnais in Italian Bologna Pendragon ISBN 978 88 8342 594 3 Vocabolario reggiano italiano in Italian Reggio Torreggiani 1832 via Biblioteca Panizzi Foresti Fabio 2009 Profilo linguistico dell Emilia Romagna in Italian Roma Laterza Lepri Luigi Vitali Daniele 2009 Dizionario bolognese italiano italiano bolognese Dizioneri bulgnaiṡ itaglian itaglian bulgnaiṡ 2nd ed Bologna Pendragon Hajek John 1997 Emilia Romagna In Maiden Martin Parry Mair eds The Dialects of Italy London Routledge p 275 BibliographyColombini F 2007 La negazione nei dialetti emiliani microvariazione nell area modenese MA thesis University of Padua Rognoni Luca 2013 Il sistema fonologico del dialetto modenese L Italia dialettale rivista di dialettologia italiana Vol 74 pp 135 148 ISBN 9788846739957 Further readingForesti Fabio 1997 Bibliografia dialettale dell Emilia Romagna e della Repubblica di San Marino BDER Bologna Compositori Mainoldi Pietro 2000 1950 Bologna Societa tipografica Mareggiani Manuale dell odierno dialetto bolognese Suoni e segni Grammatica Vocabolario Forni ISBN 9788827129173 Tuttle E F 1991 Nasalization in Northern Italy Syllabic Constraints and Strength Scales as Developmental Parameters Rivista di Linguistica III 23 92 External linksEmilian dialect test of Wiktionary at Wikimedia Incubator For a list of words relating to Emilian dialect see the Emilian language category of words in Wiktionary the free dictionary Emilian basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
