Old Norwegian (Norwegian: gammelnorsk and gam(m)alnorsk), also called Norwegian Norse, is an early form of the Norwegian language that was spoken between the 11th and 14th century; it is a transitional stage between Old West Norse and Middle Norwegian.
| Old Norwegian | |
|---|---|
| norrǿnn mál | |
| Region | Kingdom of Norway (872–1397) |
| Era | 11th–14th century |
Early forms | Proto-Indo-European
|
| Medieval Runes, Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | None |
| This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. | |
Its distinction from Old West Norse is mostly a matter of convention, but it is also the period when the language begun to develop its immense diversity. Old Norwegian is typically divided into the following dialect areas:
- Western Norway:
- Trøndelag
- Northwest Norway (Romsdal, Sunnmøre, Nordfjord and the coast of Sogn)
- Southwest Norway:
- Outer Southwest (Rogaland and Hordaland)
- Inner Southwest (Agder, western Telemark, Setesdal, continental Sogn, Hordaland and Rogaland, including Iceland and the Faroe Islands)
- Eastern Norway:
- Southeast Norway
- East Norway Proper
No sources appear to exist from which the dialectal variation of the rest of Norway might be discerned. There do, however, seem to be reasons to believe the region of Oppland constituted its own dialect area, though it is unclear whether this would fall within the Western or Eastern dialect group, as well as that Greenlandic Old Norse had begun to develop its own linguistic variety.
Phonological and morphological features
One of the most important early differences between Old Norwegian and Old Icelandic is that h in the consonant combinations hl-, hn- and hr- was lost in Old Norwegian around the 11th century, while being preserved in Old Icelandic. Thus, one has e.g. Old Icelandic hlíð 'slope', hníga 'curtsey' and hringr 'ring' and Old Norwegian líð, níga and ringr, respectively.
Many Old Norwegian dialects feature a height based system of vowel harmony: Following stressed high vowels (/i/, /iː/, /y/, /yː/, /u/, /uː/) and diphthongs (/ei/, /ey/, /au/), the unstressed vowels /i/ and /u/ appear as i, u, while they are represented as e, o following long non-high vowels (/eː/, /øː/, /oː/, /æː/, /aː/). The situation following stressed short non-high vowels (/e/, /æ/, /ø/, /a/, /o/, /ɔ/) is much debated and was apparently different in the individual dialects.
The u-umlaut of short /a/ (written ǫ in normalized Old Norse) is not as consistently graphically distinguished from non-umlauted /a/ as in Old Icelandic, especially in writings from the Eastern dialect areas. It is still a matter of academic debate whether this is to be interpreted phonologically as a lack of umlaut or merely as a lack of its graphical representation.
Old Norwegian had alternative dual and plural first person pronouns, mit, mér, to the Common Norse vit, vér.
Old Norn
Norn is an extinct language derived from the North Germanic language family that died out in the late 19th or early 20th century. It was primarily spoken in the Northern Isles, or Orkney (Orkneyjar) and Shetland (Hjaltland), and Caithness on the northern tip of Scotland. Little remains of Norn other than a few literary works in Orkney Norn and Shetland Norn, while Caithness Norn is expected to have died out in the 15th century, replaced by Scots.
Sources from the 17th and 18th century report that Norn, often misidentified as Danish, Norse or Norwegian, was in a rapid decline, although prevailing in Shetland more than Orkney. Walter Sutherland is generally considered the last native speaker of the language, dying in 1850, though many claims describe the language, probably in verses and songs, spoken in the islands of Foula and Unst as late as the 20th century.
Middle Norwegian
The Black Death struck Norway in 1349, killing over 60% of the population. This significantly affected the development of Norwegian down the line. The language in Norway after 1350 up to about 1550 is generally referred to as Middle Norwegian. The language went through several changes: morphological paradigms were simplified, including the loss of grammatical cases and the levelling of personal inflection on verbs. A vowel reduction also took place, in some dialects, including in parts of Norway, reducing many final unstressed vowels in a word to a common "e".
The phonemic inventory also underwent changes. The dental fricatives represented by the letters þ and ð disappeared from the Norwegian language, either merging with their equivalent stop consonants, represented by t and d, respectively, or being lost altogether.
See also
References
- "Ordbøkene.no - Bokmålsordboka og Nynorskordboka". ordbokene.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2023-12-15.
- Schulte, Michael (2005). "Phonological developments from Old Nordic to Early Modern Nordic I: West Scandinavian". The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages. Vol. 2. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 1083. ISBN 3-11-017149-X.
- Hagland, Jan Ragnar (2002). "Dialects and written language in Old Nordic I: Old Norwegian and Old Icelandic". The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages. Vol. 1. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1015–1017. ISBN 3-11-014876-5.
- Faarlund, Jan Terje (1995). "Old and Middle Scandinavian". In Konig, Ekkehard; Auwera, Johan van der (eds.). The Germanic Languages (1st ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 38–71. doi:10.4324/9781315812786. ISBN 978-1-315-81278-6.
- Homepage of a symposium on Old Norwegian vowel harmony, held in Bergen in March 2015 (in Norwegian)
- Gordon, E. V. (1957). "Part VI. Old Norwegian". An Introduction to Old Norse (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 319–320. ISBN 0-19-811184-3.
- Benediktsson, Hreinn (1963). "Some Aspects of Nordic Umlaut and Breaking". Language. 39 (3): 409–431. doi:10.2307/411124. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 411124.
- Richard Cleasby, Guðbrandur Vigfússon — An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874). Eirligr-Ekkill
- Harald Aastorp (2004-08-01). "Svartedauden enda verre enn antatt". Forskning.no. Archived from the original on 2008-03-31. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
- Sanders, Ruth H. (24 November 2017). The Languages of Scandinavia: Seven Sisters of the North. University of Chicago Press. p. 122. ISBN 9780226493893.
External links
- «Kulturformidlingen norrøne tekster og kvad» Norway.
- «Medieval Nordic Text Archive» Organization working with Medieval Nordic texts.
- «Dokumentasjonsprosjektet» Includes old Norse dictionary and includes Diplomatarium Norvegicum which is a collection of texts from before 1570 (originally 22 books with 19 000 documents) and Regesta Norvegica which contains letters and official documents (it's a more detailed description on "Om Regesta Norvegica") from 822 to 1390. This page is partly available in English. (not Regesta Norvegica)
- Old Norwegian online dictionary
Old Norwegian Norwegian gammelnorsk and gam m alnorsk also called Norwegian Norse is an early form of the Norwegian language that was spoken between the 11th and 14th century it is a transitional stage between Old West Norse and Middle Norwegian Old Norwegiannorrǿnn malRegionKingdom of Norway 872 1397 Era11th 14th centuryLanguage familyIndo European GermanicNorth GermanicWest ScandinavianNorwegianOld NorwegianEarly formsProto Indo European Proto Germanic Proto Norse Old Norse Old West NorseWriting systemMedieval Runes LatinLanguage codesISO 639 3None mis GlottologNoneThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA Its distinction from Old West Norse is mostly a matter of convention but it is also the period when the language begun to develop its immense diversity Old Norwegian is typically divided into the following dialect areas Western Norway Trondelag Northwest Norway Romsdal Sunnmore Nordfjord and the coast of Sogn Southwest Norway Outer Southwest Rogaland and Hordaland Inner Southwest Agder western Telemark Setesdal continental Sogn Hordaland and Rogaland including Iceland and the Faroe Islands Eastern Norway Southeast Norway East Norway Proper No sources appear to exist from which the dialectal variation of the rest of Norway might be discerned There do however seem to be reasons to believe the region of Oppland constituted its own dialect area though it is unclear whether this would fall within the Western or Eastern dialect group as well as that Greenlandic Old Norse had begun to develop its own linguistic variety Phonological and morphological featuresOne of the most important early differences between Old Norwegian and Old Icelandic is that h in the consonant combinations hl hn and hr was lost in Old Norwegian around the 11th century while being preserved in Old Icelandic Thus one has e g Old Icelandic hlid slope hniga curtsey and hringr ring and Old Norwegian lid niga and ringr respectively Many Old Norwegian dialects feature a height based system of vowel harmony Following stressed high vowels i iː y yː u uː and diphthongs ei ey au the unstressed vowels i and u appear as i u while they are represented as e o following long non high vowels eː oː oː aeː aː The situation following stressed short non high vowels e ae o a o ɔ is much debated and was apparently different in the individual dialects The u umlaut of short a written ǫ in normalized Old Norse is not as consistently graphically distinguished from non umlauted a as in Old Icelandic especially in writings from the Eastern dialect areas It is still a matter of academic debate whether this is to be interpreted phonologically as a lack of umlaut or merely as a lack of its graphical representation Old Norwegian had alternative dual and plural first person pronouns mit mer to the Common Norse vit ver Old NornNorn is an extinct language derived from the North Germanic language family that died out in the late 19th or early 20th century It was primarily spoken in the Northern Isles or Orkney Orkneyjar and Shetland Hjaltland and Caithness on the northern tip of Scotland Little remains of Norn other than a few literary works in Orkney Norn and Shetland Norn while Caithness Norn is expected to have died out in the 15th century replaced by Scots Sources from the 17th and 18th century report that Norn often misidentified as Danish Norse or Norwegian was in a rapid decline although prevailing in Shetland more than Orkney Walter Sutherland is generally considered the last native speaker of the language dying in 1850 though many claims describe the language probably in verses and songs spoken in the islands of Foula and Unst as late as the 20th century Middle NorwegianThe Black Death struck Norway in 1349 killing over 60 of the population This significantly affected the development of Norwegian down the line The language in Norway after 1350 up to about 1550 is generally referred to as Middle Norwegian The language went through several changes morphological paradigms were simplified including the loss of grammatical cases and the levelling of personal inflection on verbs A vowel reduction also took place in some dialects including in parts of Norway reducing many final unstressed vowels in a word to a common e The phonemic inventory also underwent changes The dental fricatives represented by the letters th and d disappeared from the Norwegian language either merging with their equivalent stop consonants represented by t and d respectively or being lost altogether See alsoNorwegian language Icelandic language Faroese language Norn languageReferences Ordbokene no Bokmalsordboka og Nynorskordboka ordbokene no in Norwegian Retrieved 2023 12 15 Schulte Michael 2005 Phonological developments from Old Nordic to Early Modern Nordic I West Scandinavian The Nordic Languages An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages Vol 2 Berlin Walter de Gruyter p 1083 ISBN 3 11 017149 X Hagland Jan Ragnar 2002 Dialects and written language in Old Nordic I Old Norwegian and Old Icelandic The Nordic Languages An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages Vol 1 Berlin Walter de Gruyter pp 1015 1017 ISBN 3 11 014876 5 Faarlund Jan Terje 1995 Old and Middle Scandinavian In Konig Ekkehard Auwera Johan van der eds The Germanic Languages 1st ed London Routledge pp 38 71 doi 10 4324 9781315812786 ISBN 978 1 315 81278 6 Homepage of a symposium on Old Norwegian vowel harmony held in Bergen in March 2015 in Norwegian Gordon E V 1957 Part VI Old Norwegian An Introduction to Old Norse 2nd ed Oxford Clarendon Press pp 319 320 ISBN 0 19 811184 3 Benediktsson Hreinn 1963 Some Aspects of Nordic Umlaut and Breaking Language 39 3 409 431 doi 10 2307 411124 ISSN 0097 8507 JSTOR 411124 Richard Cleasby Gudbrandur Vigfusson An Icelandic English Dictionary 1874 Eirligr Ekkill Harald Aastorp 2004 08 01 Svartedauden enda verre enn antatt Forskning no Archived from the original on 2008 03 31 Retrieved 2009 01 03 Sanders Ruth H 24 November 2017 The Languages of Scandinavia Seven Sisters of the North University of Chicago Press p 122 ISBN 9780226493893 External links Kulturformidlingen norrone tekster og kvad Norway Medieval Nordic Text Archive Organization working with Medieval Nordic texts Dokumentasjonsprosjektet Includes old Norse dictionary and includes Diplomatarium Norvegicum which is a collection of texts from before 1570 originally 22 books with 19 000 documents and Regesta Norvegica which contains letters and official documents it s a more detailed description on Om Regesta Norvegica from 822 to 1390 This page is partly available in English not Regesta Norvegica Old Norwegian online dictionary
