This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2009) |
In ontology and the philosophy of mind, a non-physical entity is an object that exists outside physical reality. The philosophical schools of idealism and dualism assert that such entities exist, while physicalism asserts that they do not. Positing the existence of non-physical entities leads to further questions concerning their inherent nature and their relation to physical entities.
Abstract concepts
Philosophers generally do agree on the existence of abstract objects. The mind can conceive of objects that clearly have no physical counterpart. Such objects include concepts such as numbers, mathematical sets and functions, and philosophical relations and properties. If such objects are indeed entities, they are entities that exist only in the mind itself, not within space and time. For an example, an abstract property such as redness has no presence in space-time. To make a distinction between metaphysics and epistemology, such objects, if they are to be considered entities, are categorized as logical entities to distinguish them from physical entities. The study of non-physical entities can be summarized by the question, "Is imagination real?" While older Cartesian dualists held the existence of non-physical minds, more limited forms of dualism propounded by 20th and 21st century philosophers (such as property dualism) hold merely the existence of non-physical properties.
Mind–body dualism
Dualism is the division of two contrasted or opposed aspects. The dualist school supposes the existence of non-physical entities, the most widely discussed one being the mind, but beyond that it runs into stumbling blocks.Pierre Gassendi put one such problem directly to René Descartes in 1641, in response to Descartes's Meditations:
[It] still remains to be explained how that union and apparent intermingling [of mind and body ...] can be found in you, if you are incorporeal, unextended and indivisible [...]. How, at least, can you be united with the brain, or some minute part in it, which (as has been said) must yet have some magnitude or extension, however small it be? If you are wholly without parts how can you mix or appear to mix with its minute subdivisions? For there is no mixture unless each of the things to be mixed has parts that can mix with one another.
— Gassendi 1641
Descartes' response to Gassendi, and to Princess Elizabeth who asked him similar questions in 1643, is generally considered nowadays to be lacking, because it did not address what is known in the philosophy of mind as the interaction problem. This is a problem for non-physical entities as posited by dualism: by what mechanism, exactly, do they interact with physical entities, and how can they do so? Interaction with physical systems requires physical properties which a non-physical entity does not possess.
Dualists either, like Descartes, avoid the problem by considering it impossible for a non-physical mind to conceive the relationship that it has with the physical, and so impossible to explain philosophically, or assert that the questioner has made the fundamental mistake of thinking that the distinction between the physical and the non-physical is such that it prevents each from affecting the other.
Other questions about the non-physical which dualism has not answered include such questions as how many minds each person can have, which is not an issue for physicalism which can simply declare one-mind-per-person almost by definition; and whether non-physical entities such as minds and souls are simple or compound, and if the latter, what "stuff" the compounds are made from.
Spirits
Describing in philosophical terms what a non-physical entity actually is (or would be) can prove problematic. A convenient example of what constitutes a non-physical entity is a ghost. Gilbert Ryle once labelled Cartesian dualism as positing the "ghost in the machine". However, it is hard to define in philosophical terms what it is, precisely, about a ghost that makes it a specifically non-physical, rather than a physical entity. Were the existence of ghosts ever demonstrated beyond doubt, it has been claimed that would actually place them in the category of physical entities.
Purported non-mental non-physical entities include things such as gods, angels, demons, and ghosts. Lacking physical demonstrations of their existence, their existences and natures are widely debated, independently of the philosophy of mind.
See also
- Ascended master
- Mythology of Stargate#Ancients
- Problem of universals, a debate about the existence of properties
References
- Campbell 2005, p. 9–10.
- Jubien 2003, p. 36–38.
- Moreland & Craig 2003, p. 184–185.
- Balog 2009, p. 293.
- Bechtel 1988, p. 82.
- Richardson 1982, p. 21.
- Jaworski 2011, p. 79–80.
- Smith & Jones 1986, p. 48–49.
- Brown 2001, p. 13.
- Montero 2009, p. 110–111.
- Gracia 1996, p. 18.
- Malikow 2009, p. 29–31.
Further reading
- Balog, Katalin (2009). "Phenomenal Concepts". In McLaughlin, Brian P.; Beckermann, Ansgar; Walter, Sven (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Mind. Oxford Handbooks. ISBN 9780199262618.
- Bechtel, William (1988). Philosophy of Mind: An Overview for Cognitive Science. Tutorial Essays in Cognitive Science. Routledge. ISBN 9780805802344.
- Brown, Stuart C. (2001). "Disembodied existence". Philosophy of Religion: An Introduction With Readings. Philosophy and the Human Situation Series. Routledge. ISBN 9780415212373.
- Campbell, Neil (2005). A Brief Introduction to the Philosophy of Mind. Broadview Guides to Philosophy. Broadview Press. ISBN 9781551116174.
- Gracia, Jorge J. E. (1996). Texts: Ontological Status, Identity, Author, Audience. Suny Series in Philosophy. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791429020.
- Jaworski, William (2011). Philosophy of Mind: A Comprehensive Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781444333688.
- Jubien, Michael (2003). "Metaphysics". In Shand, John (ed.). Fundamentals of Philosophy. Routledge. ISBN 9780415227100.
- Malikow, Max (2009). Philosophy 101: A Primer for the Apathetic Or Struggling Student. University Press of America. ISBN 9780761844167.
- Montero, Barbara (2009). "The 'body' side of the mind-body problem". On the Philosophy of Mind. Cengage Learning philosophical topics. Cengage Learning. ISBN 9780495005025.
- Moreland, James Porter; Craig, William Lane (2003). "What is metaphysics?". Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 9780830826940.
- Smith, Peter; Jones, O. R. (1986). "Dualism: For and Against". The Philosophy of Mind: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521312509.
- Richardson, R. C. (January 1982). "The 'Scandal' of Cartesian Interactionism". Mind. 91 (361). Oxford University Press: 20–37. doi:10.1093/mind/xci.361.20. JSTOR 2253196.
- Rosenberg, Alex; McShea, Daniel W. (2008). Philosophy of Biology: A Contemporary Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 9781134375387.
This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Non physical entity news newspapers books scholar JSTOR December 2009 Learn how and when to remove this message In ontology and the philosophy of mind a non physical entity is an object that exists outside physical reality The philosophical schools of idealism and dualism assert that such entities exist while physicalism asserts that they do not Positing the existence of non physical entities leads to further questions concerning their inherent nature and their relation to physical entities Abstract conceptsPhilosophers generally do agree on the existence of abstract objects The mind can conceive of objects that clearly have no physical counterpart Such objects include concepts such as numbers mathematical sets and functions and philosophical relations and properties If such objects are indeed entities they are entities that exist only in the mind itself not within space and time For an example an abstract property such as redness has no presence in space time To make a distinction between metaphysics and epistemology such objects if they are to be considered entities are categorized as logical entities to distinguish them from physical entities The study of non physical entities can be summarized by the question Is imagination real While older Cartesian dualists held the existence of non physical minds more limited forms of dualism propounded by 20th and 21st century philosophers such as property dualism hold merely the existence of non physical properties Mind body dualismDualism is the division of two contrasted or opposed aspects The dualist school supposes the existence of non physical entities the most widely discussed one being the mind but beyond that it runs into stumbling blocks Pierre Gassendi put one such problem directly to Rene Descartes in 1641 in response to Descartes s Meditations It still remains to be explained how that union and apparent intermingling of mind and body can be found in you if you are incorporeal unextended and indivisible How at least can you be united with the brain or some minute part in it which as has been said must yet have some magnitude or extension however small it be If you are wholly without parts how can you mix or appear to mix with its minute subdivisions For there is no mixture unless each of the things to be mixed has parts that can mix with one another Gassendi 1641 Descartes response to Gassendi and to Princess Elizabeth who asked him similar questions in 1643 is generally considered nowadays to be lacking because it did not address what is known in the philosophy of mind as the interaction problem This is a problem for non physical entities as posited by dualism by what mechanism exactly do they interact with physical entities and how can they do so Interaction with physical systems requires physical properties which a non physical entity does not possess Dualists either like Descartes avoid the problem by considering it impossible for a non physical mind to conceive the relationship that it has with the physical and so impossible to explain philosophically or assert that the questioner has made the fundamental mistake of thinking that the distinction between the physical and the non physical is such that it prevents each from affecting the other Other questions about the non physical which dualism has not answered include such questions as how many minds each person can have which is not an issue for physicalism which can simply declare one mind per person almost by definition and whether non physical entities such as minds and souls are simple or compound and if the latter what stuff the compounds are made from SpiritsDescribing in philosophical terms what a non physical entity actually is or would be can prove problematic A convenient example of what constitutes a non physical entity is a ghost Gilbert Ryle once labelled Cartesian dualism as positing the ghost in the machine However it is hard to define in philosophical terms what it is precisely about a ghost that makes it a specifically non physical rather than a physical entity Were the existence of ghosts ever demonstrated beyond doubt it has been claimed that would actually place them in the category of physical entities Purported non mental non physical entities include things such as gods angels demons and ghosts Lacking physical demonstrations of their existence their existences and natures are widely debated independently of the philosophy of mind See alsoAscended master Mythology of Stargate Ancients Problem of universals a debate about the existence of propertiesReferencesCampbell 2005 p 9 10 Jubien 2003 p 36 38 Moreland amp Craig 2003 p 184 185 Balog 2009 p 293 Bechtel 1988 p 82 Richardson 1982 p 21 Jaworski 2011 p 79 80 Smith amp Jones 1986 p 48 49 Brown 2001 p 13 Montero 2009 p 110 111 Gracia 1996 p 18 Malikow 2009 p 29 31 Further readingBalog Katalin 2009 Phenomenal Concepts In McLaughlin Brian P Beckermann Ansgar Walter Sven eds The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Mind Oxford Handbooks ISBN 9780199262618 Bechtel William 1988 Philosophy of Mind An Overview for Cognitive Science Tutorial Essays in Cognitive Science Routledge ISBN 9780805802344 Brown Stuart C 2001 Disembodied existence Philosophy of Religion An Introduction With Readings Philosophy and the Human Situation Series Routledge ISBN 9780415212373 Campbell Neil 2005 A Brief Introduction to the Philosophy of Mind Broadview Guides to Philosophy Broadview Press ISBN 9781551116174 Gracia Jorge J E 1996 Texts Ontological Status Identity Author Audience Suny Series in Philosophy SUNY Press ISBN 9780791429020 Jaworski William 2011 Philosophy of Mind A Comprehensive Introduction John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 9781444333688 Jubien Michael 2003 Metaphysics In Shand John ed Fundamentals of Philosophy Routledge ISBN 9780415227100 Malikow Max 2009 Philosophy 101 A Primer for the Apathetic Or Struggling Student University Press of America ISBN 9780761844167 Montero Barbara 2009 The body side of the mind body problem On the Philosophy of Mind Cengage Learning philosophical topics Cengage Learning ISBN 9780495005025 Moreland James Porter Craig William Lane 2003 What is metaphysics Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview InterVarsity Press ISBN 9780830826940 Smith Peter Jones O R 1986 Dualism For and Against The Philosophy of Mind An Introduction Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521312509 Richardson R C January 1982 The Scandal of Cartesian Interactionism Mind 91 361 Oxford University Press 20 37 doi 10 1093 mind xci 361 20 JSTOR 2253196 Rosenberg Alex McShea Daniel W 2008 Philosophy of Biology A Contemporary Introduction Routledge ISBN 9781134375387
