List of glossing abbreviations

This article lists common abbreviations for grammatical terms that are used in linguistic interlinear glossing of oral languages in English.

The list provides conventional glosses as established by standard inventories of glossing abbreviations such as the Leipzig Glossing rules, the most widely known standard. Synonymous glosses are listed as alternatives for reference purposes. In a few cases, long and short standard forms are listed, intended for texts where that gloss is rare or uncommon.

Conventions

• Grammatical abbreviations are generally written in full or small caps to visually distinguish them from the translations of lexical words. For instance, capital or small-cap PAST (frequently abbreviated to PST) glosses a grammatical past-tense morpheme, while lower-case 'past' would be a literal translation of a word with that meaning. Similarly, (small) cap -DOWN might be a locative suffix used in nominal inflections, prototypically indicating direction downward but possibly also used where it is not translatable as 'down' in English, whereas lower-case 'down' would be a direct English translation of a word meaning 'down'. Not all authors follow this convention.
• Person-number-gender is often further abbreviated, in which case the elements are not small caps. E.g. 3ms or 3msg for 3SG.M, 2fp or 2fpl for 2PL.F, also 1di for 1DU.INCL and 1pe for 1PL.EXCL.
• Authors may more severely abbreviate glosses than is the norm, if they are particularly frequent within a text, e.g. IP rather than IMM.PST for 'immediate past'. This helps keep the gloss graphically aligned with the parsed text when the abbreviations are longer than the morphemes they gloss. Such shortened forms may be ambiguous with other authors or texts and so are not presented as normative here. Glosses may also be less abbreviated than the norm if they are not common in a particular text, so as to not tax the reader, e.g. TRANSTVZR for 'transitivizer' or SUBJUNCT for 'subjunctive'. At the extreme, glosses may not be abbreviated at all but simply written in small caps, e.g. COMPLEMENTIZER, NONTHEME or DOWNRIVER rather than COMP, NTH, DR. Such long, obvious abbreviations^{e.g. in} have been omitted from the list below, but are always possible.
• A morpheme will sometimes be used as its own gloss. This is typically done when it is the topic of discussion, and the author wishes it to be immediately recognized in the gloss among other morphemes with similar meanings, or when it has multiple or subtle meanings that would be impractical to gloss with a single conventional abbreviation. For example, if a passage has two contrasting nominalizing suffixes under discussion, ɣiŋ and jolqəl, they may be glossed GN and JQ, with the glosses explained in the text. This is also seen when the meaning of a morpheme is debated, and glossing it one way or another would prejudice the discussion.
• Lexical morphemes are typically translated, using lower-case letters, though they may be given a grammatical gloss in small caps if they play a grammatical role in the text. Exceptions include proper nouns, which typically are not translated, and kinship terms, which may be too complex to translate. Proper nouns/names may simply be repeated in the gloss, or may be replaced with a placeholder such as "(name.F)" or "PN(F)" (for a female name). For kinship glosses, see the dedicated section below for a list of standard abbreviations.
• Lehmann recommends that abbreviations for syntactic roles not be used as glosses for arguments, as they are not morphological categories. Glosses for case should be used instead, e.g. ERG or NOM for A. Morphosyntactic abbreviations are typically typeset as full capitals even when small caps are used for glosses, and include A (agent of transitive verb), B (core benefactive), D or I (core dative / indirect object), E (experiencer of sensory verb), G or R (goal or recipient – indirect object of ditransitive verb), L (location argument), O or P (patient of transitive verb), S (single argument of intransitive verb), S_A (Sa) and S_P or S_O (Sp, So) (agent- and patient-like argument in split-S alignment), Se and Sx (argument of equative/copular and existential verb), Su (subject of v.t. or v.i.), and T (theme – direct object of ditransitive verb).

These abbreviations are, however, commonly used as the basis for glosses for symmetrical voice systems (formerly called 'trigger' agreement, and by some still 'focus' (misleadingly, as it is not grammatical focus), such as AV (agent voice), BF (beneficiary 'focus'), LT (locative 'trigger').

• Glosses for generic concepts like 'particle', 'infix', 'tense', 'object marker' and the like are generally to be avoided in favor of specifying the precise value of the morpheme. However, they may be appropriate for historical linguistics or language comparison, where the value differs between languages or a meaning cannot be reconstructed, or where such usage is unambiguous because there is only a single morpheme (e.g. article or aspect marker) that can be glossed that way. When a more precise gloss would be misleading (for example, an aspectual marker that has multiple uses, or which is not sufficiently understood to gloss properly), but glossing it as its syntactic category would be ambiguous, the author may disambiguate with digits (e.g. ASP1 and ASP2 for a pair of aspect markers). Such pseudo-glossing may be difficult for the reader to follow.
• Authors also use placeholders for generic elements in schematicized parsing, such as may be used to illustrate morpheme or word order in a language. Examples include HEAD or HD 'head'; ROOT or RT 'root'; STEM or ST 'stem'; PREF, PRFX or PX 'prefix'; SUFF, SUFX or SX 'suffix'; CLIT, CL or ENCL 'clitic' or 'enclitic'; PREP 'preposition' and POS or POST 'postposition', PNG 'person–number–gender element' and TAM 'tense–aspect–mood element' (also NG number–gender, PN person–number, TA tense–aspect, TAME tense–aspect–mood–evidential) etc. These are not listed below as they are not glosses for morphological values.

Lists

Nonabbreviated English words used as glosses are not included in the list below. Caution is needed with short glosses like AT, BY, TO and UP, which could potentially be either abbreviations or (as in these cases) nonabbreviated English prepositions used as glosses.

Transparent compounds of the glosses below, such as REMPST or REM.PST 'remote past', a compound of REM 'remote' and PST 'past', are not listed separately.

Abbreviations beginning with N- (generalized glossing prefix for non-, in-, un-) are not listed separately unless they have alternative forms that are included. For example, NPST non-past is not listed, as it is composable from N- non- + PST past. This convention is grounded in the Leipzig Glossing Rules. Some authors use a lower-case n, for example nH for 'non-human'.

Some sources are moving from classical lative (LAT, -L) terminology to 'directional' (DIR), with concommitant changes in the abbreviations. Other authors contrast -lative and -directive.

Some sources use alternative abbreviations to distinguish e.g. nominalizer from nominalization, or shorter abbreviations for compounded glosses in synthetic morphemes than for independent glosses in agglutinative morphemes. These are seldom distinct morphosyntactic categories in a language, though some may be distinguished in historical linguistics. They are not distinguished below, as any such usage tends to be idiosyncratic to the author.

Punctuation and numbers

Conventional Gloss	Variants	Meaning	Reference
-		separator for segmentable morphemes, e.g., Lezgian amuq’-da-č (stay-FUT-NEG) "will not stay"
=	꞊, ‿	[optional in place of hyphen] separator for clitics, e.g., West Greenlandic palasi=lu niuirtur=lu (priest=and shopkeeper=and) "both the priest and the shopkeeper"
.		when a morph is rendered by more than one gloss, the glosses are separated by periods, e.g., French aux chevaux (to.ART.PL horse.PL) "to the horses" A period is not used between person and number, e.g. 1PL, 2SG, 1DU, 3NSG (nonsingular).
_		[optional in place of period] when the language of the gloss lacks a one-word translation, a phrase may be joined by underscores, e.g., Turkish çık-mak (come_out-INF) "to come out" With some authors, the reverse is also true, for a two-word phrase glossed with a single word.
›	>, →, :	[optional in place of period] direction of polypersonal agreement in a single gloss, whether (a) possession (1S›SG means 1S possessor and singular possessum) or (b) transitivity (2›3 means 2 acts on 3, as in guny-bi-yarluga (2DU›3SG-FUT-poke) "(who) do you two want to spear?" A colon is used by some authors: 1S:SG, 2DU:3SG-FUT-poke.
:		[optional in place of period] separates glosses where segmentation is irrelevant (morphemes may be segmentable, but author does not wish to separate them)
;	:	[optional in place of period] separates glosses that are combined in a portmanteau morpheme, as in aux chevaux (to;ART;PL horse;PL) "to the horses". Some authors use the colon indiscriminately for this convention and the previous.
+		[optional] compound word or fused morpheme. (Also used in 1+2 (inclusive) vs 1+3 (exclusive) person; EMPH+ strong emphatic)
&		[optional in place of period] cross-referencing: X&Y = X›Y or Y›X or both
/	|	alternative meanings of ambiguous morpheme, e.g. 2/3 for a morpheme that may be either 2nd or 3rd person, or DAT/GEN for a suffix used for both dative and genitive.
\		[optional in place of period] a morpheme indicated by or affected by mutation, as in Väter-n (father\PL-DAT.PL) "to (our) fathers" (singular form Vater)
[...]		[optional in place of period] indicates unmarked element (such as fils (son[MSG], which has no suffix for MSG). The null suffix -∅ may be used instead.
(...)		[optional in place of period] inherent category, such as covert gender (when glossed at all)
~		[required in place of hyphen] marks reduplication and retriplication (e.g. Ancient Greek γέγρᾰφᾰ (gé~graph-a) PRF~write-1SG 'I have written', with word-initial reduplication)
⟨...⟩	<...>	[required in place of hyphen] marks off an infix (e.g. ⟨ITER⟩Vb is word-initial infixation that makes the verb iterative)
⟩...⟨	-...-, >...<	[optional in place of hyphens] marks off a circumfix or bipartite stem. The second element may be glossed the same as the first, or as CIRC, STEM or $: ge⟩lauf⟨en   ⟨PART.PRF⟩run ge⟩lauf⟨en   PART.PRF⟩run⟨PART.PRF ge⟩lauf⟨en   PART.PRF⟩run⟨CIRC ge-lauf-en   PART.PRF-run-PART.PRF ge-lauf-en   PART.PRF-run-CIRC
$		(second part of a discontinuous lexeme)
√		[optional] used by some authors to mark which element is the root (in ⟨x-√y-z⟩, 'y' is the root)
?	??, X	(morpheme not understood, unidentified morpheme)
∅	0, Ø	zero (null) morpheme (such as fils-∅ (son-MSG), with a 'zero' suffix for MSG). Brackets may be used instead.
	0	zeroth person ('one', as in Finnish, Keres)
	0	epenthetic segment (semantically null)
1		first person (1msg, 1fpl, 1EXCL, DEM1 etc.): 1HON speaker-honorific, 1HML speaker-humiliative/humble
2		second person
3		third person (3SG.M or 3msg or 3ms; 3PL.F or 3fpl or 3fp; 3DU.N or 3ndu or 3nd; N3 or n3 non-3rd person) [occasionally 3sm, 3sn, 3sf, 3pm, 3pn, 3pf etc.]
	12, 13	inclusive, exclusive person (especially if not thought of as a form of 1pl) (rarely other digit compounds, e.g. 12 dual vs 122 plural inclusive, 33 vs 333 for 3du vs 3pl, etc.)
	3sp	impersonal 'space' subject
	3.3′.CJ	(3rd-person subj, 3rd-person obj conjunct–order verb)
	4	(a) fourth person (= OBV) (b) first person inclusive (c) indefinite person
I, II, III, IV etc.		noun classes / genders
> ≥ < ≤		older and younger: 1SG> 'I' (speaker older than addressee), 2SG≤ 'you' (speaker addressing addressee of same age or younger), 3SG> 's/he' (referent older than (a) speaker or (b) addressee, depending on requirements of discourse)
= ≠		same and different generations: 3DU≠ 'they two' (of different generations, e.g. grandchild and great-grandchild), 1PL= 'we' (of same generation, e.g. me and my siblings)
≈		varies with

Grammatical abbreviations

Conventional Gloss	Variants	Meaning	Reference
	-A	athematic (TAMA athematic tense-aspect-mood, ANTA athematic antecedent, etc.)
	A-	associating (prefix on case abbreviation)
	AA	addressee authority (cf. SA)
	AB	from. May be equivalent to ABESS or ABL. Compounded for ABE(SS), ABL(AT), ABEL etc. if a single morpheme, as AB-ESS, AB-LAT or AB-DIR, AB-ELA etc. if not.	^[citation needed]
	AB, ABV^[citation needed]	above deictic center
ABESS	ABE, AB	abessive case (a.k.a. caritive case or privative case: 'without') Lehmann (2004) recommends using privative (PRV) or aversive (AVERS) instead
ABIL	ABL, CAP^[citation needed]	ability or capability (ACQ.ABIL acquired ability, INTR.ABIL intrinsic ability)
ABL	ABLA	ablative case ('from')
	ABM	ablative-modalis case
ABS	ABSOL, AB^[citation needed]	absolutive case
	ABSL	absolute (free, non-incorporated form of noun)
ABST	AB cn	abstractive; abstract
ABSTR		abstract (of nominal)
ABSV	ABSN	(occurring in a place displaced from the deictic centre)
	ABT	about
	AC	motion across (as opposed to up/down-hill, -river)	^[citation needed]
	AC	animacy classifier
ACC	AC	accusative case
	ACCOM	accompanier
ACH		achievement
	ACP, ACCMP	accomplishment
	ACR, ACT cn?	actor role
ACT	AC	active voice
	ACT	action (verbal participle)
	ACT	actual
	ACTL	actualizing
	ACTY	activity
AD		near, by. May be equivalent to ADESS or ALL. Compounded for ADE(SS), (irregular ALL), ADEL etc. if a single morpheme, as AD-ESS, AD-LAT, AD-ELA etc. if not.
	AD	agent demotion
	AD	anti-deictic
	ADAP	adaptive
ADD	ADDIT	additive case; additive focus
ADESS	AD, ADE, ADES	adessive case ('at'; more specific than LOC). See AD.
ADEL		adelative
ADJ		adjective (ADJZ adjectivizer)
	ADJ	adjunct
ADJZ	ADJR	adjectivizer
ADM	ADMON	admonitive mood (warning)
ADR	ADDR, AD	; addressee-anchored/orientated/perspective
ADV		adverb(ial) (ADVZ ~ ADVR adverbializer); adverbial case
	ADV	advancement
	ADVM	adverb marker
ADVS	ADV, ADVRS, ADVRST	(maleficiary, 'whereas')
ADVZ	ADVR, ADVZR	adverbializer
AEQ	EQ, EQL, EQTV	aequalis (equalis) case (like, as), equational particle, equative (adj in nominal clause; EQA, EQS = active, stative equative)
AFF	AFFMT, AFFM AFFIRM	affirmative
	AFFECT	affectionate
	AFM	aforementioned
AFFT	AFF	affective case
	aFOC	argument-focus marker
	AFW	away from water (= UH)
	AGG	aggregate, collective (cf. COL)
	AGN, AG.N, AGNR	agent nominalization/noun
	AGR, AG	agreement affix (typically number–gender; cf. PNG) Lehmann (2004) recommends avoiding and specifying agreement categories.
AGT	AG	agentive case (AGNZ agentive nominalizer)
AJC		adjacent
AL	ALIEN cn?	alienable possession
ALL	ADL, ADDIR	allative case ('to'; also 'aditive' [sic], 'adlative', 'addirective')
ALLOC	AL	allocutive (addressee honorific)
	ALTER	alterphoric, = N.EGO
	AMBIPH	ambiphoric pronoun
	AMP	amplifier
AN	ANM, ANIM	animate gender (ANPL animate plural; cf R; may exclude human referents)
	AN, ACNR, ACNNR	action noun, action nominalizer
	AN, ADN	adnominalizer
ANA	ANP, ANAPH	anaphoric (demonstrative, suffix)
	ANA	action narrowly averted
AND		andative ('going towards', cf venitive)
	ANP	adnominal verb
ANT		anterior tense (relative tense; used for PRF in some traditions)
	ANT	Antecedent (ANTA athematic antecedent, ANTT thematic antecedent)
	ANT, ANTC	anticipated (future), anticipating
ANT	ANTE	in front of. May be equivalent to ANTESS or ANTL. Compounded for ANTE(SS), ANTL(AT), ANTEL etc. if a single morpheme, as ANT-ESS, ANT-LAT, ANT-ELA etc. if not.
ANTEL		(antelative)
ANTESS	ANTE^[citation needed]	antessive case, anteessive ('before')
ANTIC, AC	ACAUS	anticausative
	ANTIC	anticipatory (ANT.SU anticipatory subject)
ANTIP, AP	APASS, APS, ANTI, ATP	antipassive voice
ANTLAT	ANTDIR	(ante-lative),
	AO	agent-orientated verb
	AOBL	attributive oblique
AOR	AO	aorist (= PST.PFV)
	AP	adverbial particle [note: better to gloss the actual meaning]
	APF	adjective prefix
APL	APPL, APP, AL	applicative (subtypes APL.INS etc.)
APPOS	APP	apposition, appositional mood
	APPROB	approbation
APR	APPR	apprehensive mood, apprehensional ('lest')
APRT	PRESP,^[citation needed]PRPART, PRP	active participle, present participle
APRX	APPR
APUD		near, in the vicinity of. May be equivalent to APUDESS or APUDL. Compounded for APUDE(SS), APUDL(AT), APUDEL etc. if a single morpheme, as APUD-ESS, APUD-LAT, APUD-ELA etc. if not.
	AR, AREA	areal (place/time/situation)
ARG
ART		article
	AS
	AS	actor (agent-role subject)
ASC	ASSOC, ASSC, ASS	(a) associative case ('with', 'à'; not = COM), (b) (also ASC.PL, ASSOC.PL, ASS.P), (c) (d) compounds, e.g. ASSOC.MOT associated motion
	ASP	aspect, aspectual Lehmann (2004) recommends avoiding 'aspect' as a gloss and specifying the aspect.
ASRT	ASS, ASST, ASSERT
	ASSP	asserted past participle
ASSUM	ASSU, ASS cn?	assumptive mood, assumed evidential
	AST
	ASYM	asymmetric (= NSYM)
	AT	at (locative) [English preposition as a gloss]
	ATN	attention-calling
ATR	ATTR, AT	attributive (L.ATR attributive derived from place name), attributor
ATTEN	ATT, ATTN	attenuative
AUD		auditory evidential, auditive
AUG		(a) augmentative; (b) augment (in Bantu noun classes) (c) augmented number (e.g. of imperative)
AUX		auxiliary verb Per Lehmann (2004), this should only be used if it uniquely identifies the morpheme (i.e., there is only one auxiliary morpheme in the language.)
AV	AF, AT, A	agent/actor voice/focus/trigger (NAV, NAF non-actor voice)
AVERT
AVR	AVERS	, aversive
	BE, TB	'be' verb (a conflation of EXIST and COP) [cf. COP]	^[citation needed]
	BEL	below deictic center
BEN	BENEF	benefactive case ('for')
BG	BCKG	background
	BI	bivalent
	BOT	bottom (presumably also 'BTM')
	BOU, BOUND	boundary (a. boundary-emphasizing; b. geographic boundary)
	BR	bound root
	BT	boundary tone
BV^[citation needed]	BF	beneficiary voice/focus/trigger
C	COMM	common gender (C.SG or cs common singular, C.PL or cp common plural)
	C	current evidence
	C	conceptualizer
	-C	'compass', in languages where relative position is based on cardinal direction rather than left, right, front and behind (ABLC compass ablative, ALLC compass allative)
	C-	complementizing (prefix on case abbreviation)
	C.EXIST	ceased existence
CAR	CARIT	caritive case
CARD		cardinal numeral (morpheme or grammatical feature)
	CAU, CSL	causal-final case; causal
CAUS	CAU, CS, CSTVZR	causative
	CC	(a) conditional converb, (b) clause-chain marker
	CDM	core development
	CDN	conjunct dubitive neutral
	CDP	conjunct dubitive preterite
	CE	continued event
CEL	CELER
CENT
	CENTRIF	centrifugal (motion)
	CENTRIP	centripetal (motion)
CERT		certainty (evidential)
CESS		cessative
	CFOC	contrastive focus
CHEZ		at X's place, at the home of (from the French preposition chez)
	CHO	chômeur
	CHR	cohortative (often = HORT)
	CIF	contrary information flow
CIRC	CIR, CIRCUM	(a) circumstantive ('in', 'by') (b) circumstantial voice (= CV)
CIRC	CIRCUM, $	(empty tag to mark second element of a circumfix)
	CIRC
	CIRCUMESS		^[citation needed]
CIS	CISL, CISLOC	cislocative
CIT		citation form ending
CJT	CJ	conjoint
	CL	close link (necessary condition; temporal closeness)
	CL	nominal class (in Bantu languages)
	CL	clause-level, e.g. &CL clause-level 'and', COMPL.CL completive clause marking
CLF	CL, CLASS, CLFSR	classifier (base or morpheme) (NCL noun class). Some distinguish CLF classifier from CL class marker. The category of classifier should be specified, e.g. "CLF:round" or "CLF.HUM"
	CM	(a) conjugation marker; (b) noun-class marker; (c) concatenative marker
	CMPD	compound	^[citation needed]
CMPL	COMPL, CPL, CMP, COMP, CMPLT, COMPLET	completive (completitive) aspect (e.g. PAST.COMPL completed past) – normally = PFV
CMPR	CMP, COMP, COMPR, CMPAR	comparative
	CMT, COMM	commitment, committal
	CN	common noun (e.g. CN.DET common-noun determiner)
	CN
	CNEG, CNG, CN	connegative
CNJ	CONJ, CONJUN	conjunction
	CNS, CONSTR, CNSTR	construct state/form
	CNS, CNSQ, CONS	consequential (e.g. consequential mood)
CNTF	CF, CTR, CTRFCT, CNTR.FACT	counterfactual conditional, contrafactuality
CNTR	CONTR, CTR, CONT, CON	contrastive, contranstive focus (= CONTR.FOC), contrasted topic
	CNTR	continuer
	CNTR	counter-assertive
CEXP	CNTREXP	counterexpectation
	CO.AG	co-agency
	COCAUS	concomitative-causitive
	COH	coherence
COL	COLL	collective number/numeral
COM	CMT, COMIT	comitative case ('together with', 'in the company of')
COMP	CMP, COMPL, COMPLR	complementizer (= SUBR)
	COMP	compassion
	COMPV, COMP	comparative case (unequal comparison)
	COMPUL	compulsional
CON	CNA, CNTV
	CON	concrete	^[citation needed]
CONC	CNCS, CONCESS	concessive ('although') (> CONCP concessive particle)
	CONC	concurrent
	CONC	concord marker [to be avoided in favor of specifying the agreement]
COND	CND, CON	conditional mood ('if', 'would') (GCOND given conditional, GCCOND given concessive conditional)
CONF	CFM, CONFIRM	,
	CONGR, CNGR	congruent
CONJ	CJ	conjunctive (interpropositional relation), conjunct person marking
CONJC	CONJ	conjectural (evidential) (NCONJ negative conjectural)
CONN	CN, CNN, CT	connective (, , )
CONR	CNCT, CON	connector
	CONS	consecutive; concessive
	CONSEC, CONS	consecutive mood ('so that')
	CONST, CNS, CST	constant, constancy
CONT	CNT, CTN, CONTIN	continuous aspect, continuative aspect
CONT		on a vertical surface. (From English contact.) May be equivalent to CONTESS or CONTL(AT). Compounded for CONTE(SS), CONTL(AT), CONTEL etc. if a single morpheme, as CONT-ESS, CONT-LAT or CONT-DIR, CONT-ELA etc. if not.
	CONT	continuous direction
	CONT
COOP		cooperative
COORD		coordination, coordinative
COP	BE	copula, copulative (BE identity copula, BE.LOC locative-existential copula)
COR	COREF, CO.REF	coreference, coreferential
	CP	conjunctive participle
	CQ	content question (= WH.Q)
CRAS		crastinal tense ('tomorrow')
	CRD, CARD	cardinal pronoun
CRS		current relevance marker, currently relevant state (as in the perfect)
	CSM	change of state marker
	CSO	cosubordinator
	CT	circumstantial topic
	CTEXP
CTG	CNTG
	CNTG	contiguous
CTM	CTEMP, COTEMP, CONTEMP, CONT	(at that/the same time)
	CTR	control
CUS	CU, CUST, CUSTOM	customary (cf. USIT
CV^[citation needed]	CF, TF	circumstantial/theme voice/focus/trigger
	CV	copula verbalizer
	CV	characteristic vowel
	CV	conveyance voice (cf. CV circumstantial voice)
CVB	CONV, CNV, C	converb
DAT		dative case
	DC	dectic center
	DC	downcoast	^[citation needed]
	DD	discourse definite
DE		different event, change of event (cf DS)
	DE	discontinued event
-de	DE	dual exclusive (= DU.EX)
	DEAG
DEB	OBLG, OBLIG, OBL	debitive /
	DEC
DECL	DEC, DCL	declarative mood
DED		deductive evidential
DEF	DF	definite
	DEFIN	definitive
	DEFOC	defocus
	DEFR	deferential (speaker-humble)
	DEI cn?, DEIC, DEIX, DX, D	deixis, deictic (D12 deictic of 12 person)
	DEL.IMP	(a command for later; cf. IMM)
DEL		delative case ('off of', 'down from')
	DEL, DLM^[citation needed]	delimiter, delimitative ('just, only'), delimiting
	DEL	deliberative mood	^[citation needed]
DEM	D	demonstrative (DEM1 proximate dem, DEM2 present/given dem, DEM3 remote dem; DEM.ADDR near addressee, DEM.DOWN lower than reference point, DEM.NEAR ~ DEM.NR near, DEM.SP near speaker, DEM.UP higher than reference point)
	DEN	denizen
DENOM
DEO	DEONT	deontic mood
DEOBJ
DEP	D	dependent (as in DEP.FUT), dependent clause marking (use SJV)
	DEPO
DEPR		,
DER	DERIV	derivation, derivational morpheme (e.g. ADJ.DER adjective-derived)
	DEREL
DES	DESI cn?, DESID	desiderative mood (= OPT) (DESN desiderative noun)
DEST		or case ('to') (non-finite verb form = supine)
DET	D	determiner
DETR	DTRNZ	detransitivizer,
	DETR	detrimental
	DFLT	default
	DH	downhill, seaward (cf DR)	^[citation needed]
-di	DI	dual inclusive (= DU.IN)
	DIF	direct information flow
DIM	DIMIN	diminutive
DIR.EV	DIREV, DIR, DR, DRCT	direct evidential (= EXP; DIR/INFR direct/inferred)
DIR	DIREC	directive, directional (= LAT); typically suffixed to another element such as AD-, POST-, SUB-, SUPER-.
	DIR, DR	(a) direct case (> NDIR indirect case), (b) direct voice (opposite of INV)
	DIR	directed (DIRA athematic directed, DIRT thematic directed)
	DIS
DISC	DM, DSC, D	discourse marker
	DIS.CON	discursive connector
DISJ	DIS, DJ	disjunction, disjunctive, disjunct person marking
	DISSAT	dissatisfaction
DIST	DIS, DS, D, DSTL, FAR	distal, distant (DIST.FUT, DIST.PST, D.PRF; DIST.IMPV distal imperative)
DISTR	DSTR, DISB, DIST	(a) distributive case; (b) distributive plural^[citation needed] (c) distributive aspect
	DITR	ditransitive
DIV
	DN	deverbal noun
DNZ		denizen
	DM	a) demonstrative marker; directive marker (polite command)
DO	DO, DOBJ	direct object(ive)
	DO	do like a ... (verbalizing suffix)
DOM		(a) differential object marking; (b) direct-object marker
DON		donative (auxiliary of benefactive)
DOX		doxastic
	DP	distant past. = REM.PST
	DP	discourse particle [use actual gloss if possible]
	DP	destinative participle
	DPAST	direct past (evidentiality)
	DPC	distant past continuative
	DPP	distant past completive
DR		downriver (cf DH toward the water)
	DR	different reference
DS	DA	different-subject/actor/agent (change of subject) marker (cf DE)
DSC	DISCNT, DISCONT	discontinuative aspect
	DT	different taxis
DTR
DU	DL, d	dual number (M.DU or md masculine dual, F.DU or fd feminine dual)
DUB	DBT, DUBIT	dubitative mood,
	DUMMY	dummy affix
	DUPLIC, DV
DUR		durative aspect (continuous aspect)
DV^[citation needed]	DF	direction voice/focus/trigger
	DWN, DN DOWN	downward
DY	DYAD cn?	dyadic (e.g. wife-DY 'man and wife')
DYN	DYNM	/ eventive
	-E	(used to form various essive cases)
	EA	epistemic authority (= EGO)
	EC	euphonic consonant (= EP)
	EFF	effector
	EFOC	extra-focal
EGO		egophoric (NEGO non-egophoric)
EGR		egressive
	EI	euphonic insertion
ELA	EL, ELAT, ELV	elative case ('out of')
	ELPA	existential + locative + possessive + attributive
	EM	a) extension marker; b) evaluative marker
EMO	EMOT^[citation needed]	emotive
EMP	EMPH, EM, E	(a) emphatic (e.g. emphatic base of pronouns), (b) emphasizer, emphatic marker (ETOP emphatic topic)
	END, FP, FIN	clause-final particle (joshi) Per Lehmann (2004), glosses as 'particle' should be avoided; instead translate/gloss the meaning.
	ENDO	endopathic (= EGO)
	ENC	enunciative particle, as in Gascon	,Marcus, Nicole Elise (2010). The Gascon Énonciatif System: Past, Present, and Future: A study of language contact, change, endangerment, and maintenance (PDF) (PhD). Retrieved 12 February 2023.
EP	E, EPENTH, EPENT, 0	epenthetic morpheme, epenthetical
	EPI, EPIS, EM, EPST, EPIST	epistemic mood or modality
EPIT		epithet
	EQU	equative (= COP
ERG		ergative case
	ES	echo subject
ESS		essive case ('as')
EV	EVD, EVI, EVID	evidential (DIR.EV etc.) [per Lehmann (2004), the particular evidential should be specified] (PREV.EVID.EV previous-evidence evidential)
	EV	euphonic vowel (= EP)
	EV	experiencer voice
EVIT		evitative case (= aversive case)
	EVT	eventual
EXAL	DEF	/deferential (high-status register)
	EXC, XS	excessive [cf. EXESS 'ex-essive', which is commonly misspelled 'excessive']
EXCL, EX	EXC, e	exclusive person (as in 1EX, 1PL.EX, 1e)
EXCLAM	EXCLM, EXCL, EXC	, exclamatory
	EX.DUR	excessive duration
	EXEC	executive (auxiliary)
EXESS		exessive case
	EXFOC	extrafocal (cleft subordinate clause
EXH	ADH	exhortative, adhortative
	EXH.FOC	exhaustive focus
EXIST	EXS, EXST, EXIS, EX, EX.BE	existential ('there is')
EXO
	EXP, EXPER cn?	experiencer, experiencer case
EXP	EXPER, EXP.EV	experiential, eyewitness = direct evidential (cf. WIT). EXPER.PAST experienced past.
	EXPECT	expectational
	EXPL, EXP	expletive (dummy / meaningless form)
	EXPR	expressive
EXT		extended (, demonstrative), extendible; extension (sound stretch)
	EXT	extent
	EXT	external evidential
	EXTRV	(trz by addition of ugr)
	EXTT	extended topic
	EZF, EZ, IZAF	ezafe = izafet
F	FEM	feminine gender (F.SG, FSG or fs feminine singular, F.PL, FPL or fp feminine plural) (FEM also 'female speaker')
	FA	future actor
FAC	FACT	(a) factive evidential/mood, factual; (b) factitive (A-FACT NP 'make NP A')
FAM		familiar, as for familiar register (as the T–V distinction) and familiar pronominal
	FC	future conjunct (NFC non-future conjunct)
	FCL
	FD	future disjunct
	FH, FIRSTH	firsthand (NFH non-firsthand)
	FI	feminine indefinite
	FILL, SFL	morphological filler, sentence filler (expletive)
FIN		finite verb (NFIN non-finite)
	FIN	finalis
FMR	DCSC	former, deceased, 'late'
	FN	first (= given) name
	FNL	phrase-final suffix
FOC		focus (confusingly used both for symmetrical voice and for true grammatical focus: A.FOC, AGFOC agent/actor focus; P.FOC, PFOC patient focus; LFOC location focus, BFOC beneficiary focus, ACFOC accompanier focus, IFOC instrument focus, CFOC conveyance focus)
FOR	FRM, FORM, FRML	(a) formal register (as the T–V distinction); (b) formal mood; (c) formal case ('in the capacity of...')
FPRT	FP	future participle
	FPST, FP	far past
FRACT		fraction, fractional (numeral)
FREQ	FRQ, FR cn?	frequentative aspect
	FRT	front
FRUS	FRUST, FRST, FR, FRUSTR	frustrative
FS		false start
FTV	FACT	(PRES if stative, PAST if not)
	FUNC	functional
	FUNC
FUT	F, FT	future tense (FOBJ future objective)
	FUT.INT, ITF	future intention, intentional future
	FV, TV	final/terminal vowel
G1, G2, G3, G4 etc.	GND etc.	gender / noun class (e.g. G4 = 4th gender; may be used alongside M, F etc.)
	GEM	generalized evaluative marker
GEN	GN, G	genitive case, genitive form of pronoun
	GENZ	generalized
GER	GRD	gerund, gerundive (for the latter, use obligative)
GIV		given
	GKN	general knowledge (evidential)
	GM	gender marker [or specify the gender]
	GNF	general non-finite
GNO	GNOMIC	gnomic (generic) aspect
GNR	GENR, GNRL, GENER, GENRL, GEN	generic, general (e.g. classifier, tense; APPL.GEN general applicative)
	GNT
	GO&, AM, DK	associated motion. GO&DO (go to a place and perform the verb) (= ASC.MOT)
	GPST	general past
	GRP	group numeral
	gTOP	given topic
GV	GF, GT	[how d this diff from PV?]
	H	head
	H	hearer/reader
	H	high variety/code, in adiglossic situation
H	HUM	human, anthropic gender (H.SG or hs human singular, H.PL or hp human plural, ALLH human allative) (cf. R)
	H	higher animacy, higher object (cf. LA)
HAB	HABIT	habitual aspect
	HBL
HCR		hypocoristic
HES	HESIT	hesitation,
HEST		hesternal tense ('yesterday')
HIST		historic(al), as in historical present or past historic tense
	HNDR	number of hundreds (in a numeral)
HOD	TOD	hodiernal tense ('today' in HOD.FUT/HODFUT hodernial future, HOD.PST/TODP hodernial past)
HON	HNR, H, HS ^[suffix]	honorific (subject honorific)
	HOR	horizon of interest
	HOR	horizontal
HORT	HOR [cn]	hortative (1st-person imperative)
	HPL	human plural (H.PL)
	HR.EV	heard evidential (= AUD)
HRS	HSY, HS, HRSY, EH	hearsay/reported evidential
HUM	HML, HBL cn?	, humble (low-status register)
HYP	HYPO, HYPOTH cn?	hypothetical mood
	I	inflected (AUX.I inflected auxiliary)
	IA	involuntary agent
	IA	indirect agent(ive)
	IA	instrumental advancement
IAM
	IC	involuntary causative (natural or accidental events)
	IC	indirective copula
	ICOM	involuntary comitative
	ICVB, IC	imperfective converb
	IDENT, ID^[citation needed]	identity, identical (~ NID),
	IDENT	identificational
	IDENTIF	identifiable
IDEO	IDPH, IDEOPH	ideophone (≈ MIM)
	IE	informal ending
	IFUT	indefinite future
IGN	IGNOR
ILL	ILLA, ILLAT	illative case ('into')
	IM	interrogative marker
	IMI	impersonal infinitive
IMM	IM, IMD, IMMED	immediate, as in IM.IMP immediate imperative mood, IM.FUT near future tense, IM.PAST/IMPST ; immediate evidential
	IMMED	immediate past, = IMM.PST
	IMN	imminent (future) = IMM.FUT
IMP	IMPER, IMPV, IMPRT	imperative mood
	IMPARF	imparfait
IMPF	IMPERF, IMPRF, IMPFT, IM	imperfect (= PST.NPFV)
	IMPL	implicated
	IMPOSS	modal impossibility
IMPR	IMPREC cn?	imprecative mood
IMPRS	IMPERS, IMPR, IMPS cn?, IMPL, IMP	impersonal, impersonal verb
IN		in a container. May be equivalent to INESS or INL. Compounded for INE(SS), INL(AT), INEL etc. if a single morpheme, as IN-ESS, IN-LAT, IN-ELA etc. if not.
	INAB, IMPOT
	INABL	inablative
	INACT	inactive
INAL		inalienable possession
INAN	INANIM	inanimate gender
	INC	increment
	INCEP, INC, INCP, IP	inceptive (= inchoative or ingressive)
INCH	INCHO, INC, INH	inchoative
INCL, IN	INC	inclusive person (as 1IN or 1PL.IN)
	INCP, INCIP	incipient (INCPA athematic incipient, INCPT thematic incipient)
IND	INDIC	indicative mood
	INDCAUS	indirect causative
	INDEP, INDP, IND	independent
	INDET	indeterminate
INDH		('somebody')
	INDIR	indirective (motion inward); indirect(?) (INDIR.COP indirective copula); indirect evidential
	INDIV	individualizer
INDN		('something')
INEL		inelative case ('from within')
INESS	INE, INES, INSV, IN	inessive case ('in')
INF		infinitive
INFL		inflectional
INFR	INFER, INFERN, INF	inferential mood, inferred evidential
	ING, INGR	ingressive case
INJ	INTERJ, INTRJ, INTJ, INT, INTER	interjection (incl. 'filler'), interjective
INS	INST, INSTR	instrumental case
	INS	instantiated
INT	INTER, INTERR	interrogative (= Q); C.INT content interrogative mood
	INT	internal evidential
INTER		within (a solid object). May be equivalent to INTERESS or INTERL. Compounded for INTERE(SS), INTERL(AT), INTEREL etc. if a single morpheme, as INTER-ESS, INTER-LAT, INTER-ELA etc. if not.
	INTERESS
	INTERP
INTF		interfix
INTL	INTEN, INT	intentional conditional, intentive future
	INTRST	complement of interest
INTRV
INTS	INT, ITS, INTN, INTNS, INTEN, INTENS	intensifier, intensive
INTV	INTENTV
INV		inverse
	INVN	inverse number (as in Kiowa: sg of default pl, pl of default sg)
	INW	inward
IO	IO, IOBJ	indirect object(ive)
	IP	immediate past. = IM.PST
	IPAST	indirective past
	IPD
IPS		(a) impersonal passive (passive w/o promotion to subject); (b) (AGIPS agent impersonalizer)
	IQ	indirect question, self-addressed question
	IR	irregular (compounded with other glosses, e.g. LOC.IR irregular locative)
IRR	IRLS cn?, IRREAL, IR	irrealis mood
	IRREL, IRRELEV	irrelevence (= NRELEV
	IS	indirect speech
	IS
	IS	immediate scope
ITER	IT, ITE, ITR	iterative aspect
	ITG	intangible
	ITM	intermittent
ITV	ITIV, IT
IV^[citation needed]	IF	instrument voice/focus/trigger
	IVC	impersonal verb construction
	J	thematic
JUS	JUSS	jussive mood
KIN		kinship suffix
KNWN		known
	-L	(used to form various lative cases)
	L	low variety/code, in adiglossic situation
	L	local (exophoric) person (= 1/2)
L2	B	tags translation as code-switching.
	LA	lower animacy (cf. H)
LAT		lative case (= MVMT, direction)
	LC	limited control
	LCL	locational
	LENGTH	vowel or consonant emphasis lengthening	^[citation needed]
	LEX	lexical-thematic (affix), lexical
LIG		ligature, possessor ligature
LIM	LMT
	LKLY	likely (modality)
	LL	land gender
	LL	lower level (spatial deixis)
	LM	landmark
	LM, LI	linking morph, linking interfix
	LN	last (= family) name
LNK	LK, LINK	linker, linking element: an interfix or a ligature
LOC	LCV	locative case (includes essive case), locative verb (EXIST)
LOG		logophoric (LOG.A speaker-logophoric PN, LOG.B addressee-logophoric PN)
	LOQ
	LP	linking particle
	LQ	limiting quantifier
	LS	lexical stem
LV	LF	locative/location voice/focus/trigger
	LV	linking vowel
	LV	lengthened vowel
M	MASC	masculine gender (M.SG, MSG or ms masculine singular, M.PL, MPL or mp masculine plural)
	M-	(a) modal case (prefix on case abbreviation, e.g. MABL modal ablative) (b) marked (e.g. MNF marked non-future)
MAL
	MALE	male speaker
MAN	MNR	manner; mood–aspect–negation (e.g. purpose-manner converb)
	MATUT	matutinal (in the morning, upon waking)
	MC	modal clitic
	MDT, MEDIT	meditative
	M.E.	multiple event
	MEA	measure
MED		(a) mediative; (b) medial (e.g. medial past, medial demonstrative = GIV); (c) middle voice (= MID)
	MF	maximal field of view
MID	MD, MP, M, MDL	middle voice, mediopassive
	MIM	mimetic (≈ IDEO)
	MIN	minimal number
MIR	ADM	mirative / admirative
	MIRN	negative mirative
	MIS	miscellaneous gender
MIT		mitigation
	MLOC	modal locative
	MOD, MO	modal case (modalis), e.g. certainty
MOD	MDL, MP^(modal particle)	mood, modal, modal particle
	MOD	modifier
MOM		momentane, (single-event verb)
MONO		monofocal person
	MOT	motion (combined with location glosses), mutative
MOV	MVMT	movement
	MS	maximal scope
	MSAP	main speech-act participant (= 1st person in assertions, 2nd in questions)
MSD	MASD	maṣdar (verbal noun)
	MT	mental state (classifier)
MUL	MULT, MLT,^[citation needed]MLTP^[citation needed]	multiplicative case, numeral
	MULT
	MVR	mover
N	NEUT, NT	neuter gender (N.SG, NSG or ns neuter singular [cf. NSG non-singular], N.PL, NPL or np neuter plural) Sometimes = non-human.
N		noun (as a gloss in NZ nominalizer)
N-	n-, NON-	non-, in-, un-, a- (e.g. NSG, nSG non-singular; NPST, nPST non-past; NPRS, nPRS non-present; NFUT, nFUT non-future; NF, nF non-feminine; NFIN, nFIN non-finite; NPOSS, nPOS non-possessed; N1, n1 non-1st person [i.e. 2/3], N3 non-3rd person; NPFV, nPFV imperfective)
	-N	name (FN feminine name, GN geographic name, MN masculine name, PN proper name or place name, PLN place name, PSN personal name)
NARR	NAR cn?	narrative tense
	NC	noncontrol
	NC	noun-class marker
NCOMPL	ICP, INC, INCMP, INCPL, INCMPL, INCOMPL	incompletive/noncompletive aspect (normally = NPFV)
NCTM	ICM	in (perfective appositional)
	NCUR
NDEF	INDF, IDF, INDEF, IND	indefinite
NEC		necessitative
NEG	NOT, NG	negation, negative (EX.NEG existential negation, ID.NEG identity negation)
	NEGAT	negatory, negator
	NEGF	final negator
	NEGN	negative nominalization
NEUT	NEUTR, NTR	neutral aspect
	NEX	non-extended
	NF	non-final form/marker (cf. non-feminine)
	NF	non-finite (cf. non-feminine)
	NFC	non-finite conditional
NFIN	NF cn?	non-finite (nonfinite verb, non-finite clause) (NF may be ambiguous with non-feminine)
	NFND	non-future neutral disjunct
	NFPD	non-future perfective disjunct
NH	NHUM, nH	non-human
	NM, NMASC	non-masculine
NMZ	NMLZ, NLZ, NOMZ, NOMZR, NM, NML, NMNL, NOM, NOMI, NOMIN, NOMN, NOML, NZR, NR, NZ	nominalizer/nominalization (e.g. PAT.NZ patient nominalizer)
NOM	NM	nominative case
	NOMS	S-only nominative (S case in tripartite system, = NTR)
	NONDUM	'not yet'
	NONIN
	N/P	neuter plural
	NP	noun particle (cf. NP 'noun phrase')
	NP	near past
	NPC	non-past completive
	NPDL	noun-phrase delimiter
	NPF	noun prefix
NPFV	IPFV, IPF, IMP, IMPFV, IMPERFV, IMPRF, IMPF	imperfective aspect
	NPOSS, UNPOSS	non-possessed (marker of unpossessed noun)
	NPP	non-past progressive
	NR	near (as in NR.DIST 'near distal')
	NS	non-subject (see oblique case)
	NS	non-singular
	NSIT, NEWSIT	new situation
	NSP	non–speech-participant perspective (cf. NSP non-specific)
	NTEL, ATEL, AT	atelic
	NTL	neutral direction
NTR	INTR cn?, INTRANS, ITR	intransitive (covers an intransitive case for the S argument, = NOMS)
	NTS	non-topical subject
NUM	NUMV	numeral, (NUM.CL numeral classifier)
	NV	neutral version (cf. SBV subjective version)
	NVEXP	nonvisual experiential (evidential)
NVIS	INVIS, NVSEN	non-visual (evidential: NVSEN non-visual sensory); invisible (deixis)
	NVN	nominal cyclical expansion (cf. VNV)
NVOL	AVOL, INVOL	nonvolitional, avolitional, /
	NW	non-witnessed
	NX.PST (= UWPST)	non-experienced past
	-O	object(ive) (ABLO objective ablative, EVITO objective evitative), 3mO 3m object, 2SG.O 2sg object
OBJ	OBJV, OB	object(ive), object agreement (TOP.OB topical object); objective case
OBL	O	oblique case, oblique form of pronoun
	OBS	observation
OBV		obviative
	OFC	object focus. = O.FOC or P.FOC
	OINV	inverted object
	OM	object marker
ONOM		onomatopoeia
	OP	object prefix
	OPP	opposite
OPT		optative mood (= DES)
	OR	orientation (direction) marker
	OR	open reference (not specifically DS or SS)
ORD		ordinal numeral
	ORD	ordinary
ORIG		origin,
	OS	oblique stem
	OS	onstage region
	OTHER	non-main speech-act participant (= 2nd or 3rd persion in assertions, 1st or 3rd in questions)
	OUT	outward
	OV	objective version
	P	pre-, post- (P.HOD prehodiernal, P.CRAS postcrastinal)
	P	proper (as opposed to common: ABS.P absolutitive proper case; GEN.P genitive proper case. Cf. PERS personal (proper) article.
	P	previous (evidence)
	-P	possessor: 1P, 2P, 3fP, 3mP (1st, 2nd, 3rd masc & fem possessor). = 1POSS etc.
	P.ANT	past anterior
	P.IMP	plural imperative
	P/I	passive/imperative (= PAS/IMP)
PASS	PAS, PSS, PSV	passive voice
	PABS	past absolutive
	PAT	patientive (= UND) Lehmann (2004) recommends avoiding, as it is not the value of a morphological category.
PAUS		, pause
PAU	PAUC, PA cn?, pc	paucal number (M.PAU or mpc masculine paucal, F.PAU or fpc feminine paucal; GPAUC greater paucal)
	PC	past completive
	PC	concord particle
	PC	perfective converb
	PCL	'polysemic clause linkage marker'
	PCP	(a) completive participle; (b) participatory evidence
	PDR	past, deferred realization
	PDS	previous event, different subject
	PE	perpetuity
	PE	previous event
-pe	PE	plural exclusive (= PL.EX)
PEG		pegative case (a special case for the giver)
PEJ		pejorative
PERAMB
	PERI	peripheral
PERL	PER cn?, PRL	perlative case
PERM		permission, permissive mood
	PERM	permanent
PERS	P	personal (PERS.EV personal evidential / personal experience, PERS.AG personal agency, PERS.EXP personal experience); personal/proper article (= PERS.ART); 'personal' affix (= 4th person)
	PERS, PERSIS
	PERSE	personal experience (= PERS.EV)
	PERT	pertensive
	PERV	pervasive
PFV	PF, PERFV	perfective aspect
	PHAB	past habitual
	PHAS
-pi	PI	plural inclusive (= PL.IN)
	PIMPF	progressive imperfective	^[citation needed]
	PIMPV	past imperfective
	PINF	physical inferential
	PK	personal knowledge
PL	p, PLUR	plural (but 1PL also 1p, 3PL.M also 3mp)
PLUP	PLU, PPRF, PPERF, PLUPERF, PLUPRF, PLPF, PLPERF, PPF^[citation needed]	pluperfect
PLUR, VPL	PLU, PLR, PL, PLURAC	pluractional (= VPL verbal plural)
	PM	predicate marker
	PN, PROPN, PR cn	proper noun/name, personal name (e.g. PN.DET proper-noun determiner)
PO		primary object
	PO	patient-orientated verb
	PODIR	postdirective (= postlative)
POEL	POSTEL	postelative case
POESS	POSTE, POSTESS	postessive case ('after')
POL		polite register
	POS	positive
POSS	POS, PO, PSR	possessive, possessor (2POSS 2nd-person possessive; POSS.CL possessive classifier)
POSB	POSSB, POSSIB	possible, modal possibility
	POSSD	possessed
POST	PO-	(behind). May be equivalent to POSTESS or POSTL. Compounded for POSTE(SS) (POESS), POSTL(AT) (PODIR), POSTEL (POEL) etc. if a single morpheme, as POST-ESS, POST-LAT or POST-DIR, POST-ELA etc. if not.
	POST, POSTP	postposition, postpositional case
	POST	post-terminal aspect
POSTL	PODIR, POSTLAT, POSTDIR	, or 'postdirective'
POT	POTEN cn?	potential mood (cf. VER)
	PP	(a) predicative possessive particle; (b) present progressive; (c) past perfect; (d) pragmatic particle
	PPA	active perfect participle
	PPAST	post-terminal past
	PPF	perfect participle
	PPFV	past perfective (= perfect)
	PPP	(a) past passive participle; (b) past perfect participle
PPRT	PP, PPT, [cn] PPART, PASTP [cn]	passive participle, past participle
	PPS	pseudo-passive
	PR	pragmatic (in PR.PART pragmatic particle)
	PRC	precedence
PREC		precative mood (requests)
	PREC, PRECON	precondition (PRECA athematic precondition, PRECT thematic precondition)
	PREC, PRE	precise, precision
PRED		predicative affix, predicative