
This article needs additional citations for verification.(September 2014) |
The Italo-Dalmatian languages, or Central Romance languages, are a group of Romance languages spoken in Italy, Corsica (France), and formerly in Dalmatia (Croatia).
Italo-Dalmatian | |
---|---|
Central Romance | |
Geographic distribution | Italy France Croatia |
Linguistic classification | Indo-European |
Subdivisions |
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog | ital1286 |
Italo-Dalmatian can be split into:
- Italo-Romance, which includes most central and southern Italian languages.
- Dalmatian Romance, which includes Dalmatian and Istriot.
The generally accepted four branches of the Romance languages are Western Romance, Italo-Dalmatian, Sardinian and Eastern Romance. But there are other ways that the languages of Italo-Dalmatian can be classified in these branches:
- Italo-Dalmatian is sometimes included in Eastern Romance (which includes Romanian), leading to: Western, Sardinian, and Eastern branches.
- Italo-Dalmatian is sometimes included in Western Romance (which includes the Gallic and Iberian languages) as Italo-Western, leading to: Italo-Western, Sardinian, and Eastern branches.
- Italo-Romance is sometimes included in Italo-Western, with Dalmatian Romance included in Eastern Romance, leading to: Italo-Western, Sardinian, and Eastern branches.
- Corsican (from Italo-Dalmatian) and Sardinian are sometimes included together as Southern Romance, or Island Romance, leading to: Western, Italo-Dalmatian, Southern, and Eastern branches.
Languages
This section needs additional citations for verification.(November 2024) |
Based on the criterion of mutual intelligibility, Dalby lists four languages: Italian (Tuscan), Corsican, Neapolitan–Sicilian–Central Italian, and Dalmatian.
Dalmatian Romance
- The Dalmatian language was spoken in the Dalmatia region of Croatia. It became extinct in the 19th century.
- The Istriot language is a language spoken in the southwestern part of Istrian peninsula in Croatia.
Venetian
The Venetian language is sometimes added to Italo-Dalmatian when excluded from Gallo-Italic,[clarification needed] and then usually grouped with Istriot. However, Venetian is not grouped into the Italo-Dalmatian languages by Ethnologue and Glottolog, unlike Istriot.
Italian
Italian is an official language in Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City and western Istria (in Slovenia and Croatia). It used to have official status in Albania, Malta and Monaco, where it is still widely spoken, as well as in former Italian East Africa and Italian North Africa regions where it plays a significant role in various sectors. Italian is also spoken by large expatriate communities in the Americas and Australia. The Italian language was initially and primarily based on Florentine: it has been then deeply influenced by almost all regional languages of Italy while its received pronunciation (known as Pronuncia Fiorentina Emendata, Amended Florentine Pronunciation) is based on the accent of the Roman dialect; these are the reasons why Italian differs significantly from Tuscan and its Florentine variety.
Tuscan and Corsican
- Tuscan–Corsican: group of dialects spoken in the Italian region of Tuscany, and the French island of Corsica.
- Northern Tuscan dialects:
- Florentine is spoken in the city of Florence, and was the basis for Standard Italian.
- Other dialects: Pistoiese; Pesciatino or Valdinievolese; Lucchese; Versiliese; Viareggino; Pisano-Livornese.
- Southern Tuscan dialects:
- Dialects of Aretino-Chianaiolo, Senese, Grossetano.
- Corsican, spoken on Corsica, is thought to be descended from Tuscan.
- Gallurese and Sassarese, spoken on the northern tip of Sardinia, can be considered either dialects of Corsican or Corso-Sardinian transitional varieties.
- Northern Tuscan dialects:
Central Italian
Central Italian, or Latin–Umbrian–Marchegian and in Italian linguistics as "middle Italian dialects", is mainly spoken in the regions of: Lazio (which includes Rome); Umbria; central Marche; a small part of Abruzzo and Tuscany.
- Romanesco, spoken in the Rome, Lazio. As mentioned above, it is the basis of the accent of the received pronunciation in standard Italian.
- Tuscia or Viterbo: spoken in the Province of Viterbo, Lazio.
- Central-Northern Lazian: spoken in the southern areas of the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital and the northern areas of the Provinces of Frosinone and Latina Lazio.
- Umbrian: spoken in Umbria.
- Central Marchigiano: spoken in central Marche.
- Sabino: spoken in the city of L'Aquila (Abruzzo) and the Province of Rieti (Lazio).
Southern Italo-Romance
The "intermediate southern dialect group", is spoken in: southern Marche; southernmost Lazio; Abruzzo; Molise; Campania (including Naples); Basilicata; and the north of both Apulia and Calabria.
- The Campano dialects of Neapolitan, Irpino, Southern Laziale: spoken in Naples and Campania; and southern Lazio.
- Abruzzese–Southern Marchigiano: spoken in the Abruzzo region and southern Marche region.
- Molisan: spoken in the Molise region.
- Basilicatine (Lucanian): spoken in the region of Basilicata, also known as Lucania.
- Pugliese or Apulian: spoken in the centre and north of Apulia.
- Cosentino, also known as or Northern Calabrian: spoken in the Province of Cosenza, in northern Calabria.
- Vastese, spoken in the town of Vasto.
Extreme Southern Italian
The Extreme Southern Italian, known in Italian linguistics as the "extreme southern dialect group", is spoken on the island of Sicily; and in the south of both Calabria and Apulia.
- Sicilian, spoken on the island of Sicily: Western Sicilian; Central Metafonetica; Southeast Metafonetica; Ennese; Eastern Nonmetafonetica; Messinese.
- Sicilian dialects on other islands: Isole Eolie, on the Aeolian Islands; Pantesco, on the island of Pantelleria.
- Calabro, or Central-Southern Calabrian: dialects are spoken in the central and southern areas of the region of Calabria.
- Salentino, spoken in the Salento region of southern Apulia.
- Southern Cilentan: spoken in Roccagloriosa and Rofrano in southern tip of Cilento, which is southern Province of Salerno, in the Campania region.
- Cilentan: spoken in Cilento, influenced by both Neapolitan language and Sicilian language.
See also
- Languages of Italy
- Italian language
- Regional Italian
References
- Hammarström, Harald & Forkel, Robert & Haspelmath, Martin & Nordhoff, Sebastian. 2014. "Italo-Dalmatian" Glottolog 2.3. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- David Dalby, 1999/2000, The Linguasphere register of the world's languages and speech communities. Observatoire Linguistique, Linguasphere Press. Volume 2. Oxford.[2][3] Archived 2014-08-27 at the Wayback Machine
- "Venetian". Ethnologue.
- "Venetian". Glottolog.
- "Istriot". Ethnologue.
- "Istriot". Glottolog.
- La pronuncia italiana (Italian). treccani.it
- Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (1997). Romance Languages. London: Routlegde. ISBN 0-415-16417-6.
- Pellegrini G., Carta dei dialetti d'Italia, CNR – Pacini ed., Pisa, 1977
- Calabrian in Italian: Calabrese (pl. Calebresi). Synonyms: Calabro, Calabra, Calabri, calabre (m., f., m.pl., f.pl.). Sicilian: calabbrìsi, calavrìsi.
This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Italo Dalmatian languages news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2014 Learn how and when to remove this message The Italo Dalmatian languages or Central Romance languages are a group of Romance languages spoken in Italy Corsica France and formerly in Dalmatia Croatia Italo DalmatianCentral RomanceGeographic distributionItaly France CroatiaLinguistic classificationIndo EuropeanItalicLatino FaliscanLatinRomanceItalo WesternItalo DalmatianSubdivisionsItalo Romance Dalmatian Romance Venetian Language codesISO 639 3 Glottologital1286 Italo Dalmatian can be split into Italo Romance which includes most central and southern Italian languages Dalmatian Romance which includes Dalmatian and Istriot The generally accepted four branches of the Romance languages are Western Romance Italo Dalmatian Sardinian and Eastern Romance But there are other ways that the languages of Italo Dalmatian can be classified in these branches Italo Dalmatian is sometimes included in Eastern Romance which includes Romanian leading to Western Sardinian and Eastern branches Italo Dalmatian is sometimes included in Western Romance which includes the Gallic and Iberian languages as Italo Western leading to Italo Western Sardinian and Eastern branches Italo Romance is sometimes included in Italo Western with Dalmatian Romance included in Eastern Romance leading to Italo Western Sardinian and Eastern branches Corsican from Italo Dalmatian and Sardinian are sometimes included together as Southern Romance or Island Romance leading to Western Italo Dalmatian Southern and Eastern branches LanguagesThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Italo Dalmatian languages news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2024 Learn how and when to remove this message Based on the criterion of mutual intelligibility Dalby lists four languages Italian Tuscan Corsican Neapolitan Sicilian Central Italian and Dalmatian Dalmatian Romance The Dalmatian language was spoken in the Dalmatia region of Croatia It became extinct in the 19th century The Istriot language is a language spoken in the southwestern part of Istrian peninsula in Croatia Venetian The Venetian language is sometimes added to Italo Dalmatian when excluded from Gallo Italic clarification needed and then usually grouped with Istriot However Venetian is not grouped into the Italo Dalmatian languages by Ethnologue and Glottolog unlike Istriot Italian Italian is an official language in Italy Switzerland San Marino Vatican City and western Istria in Slovenia and Croatia It used to have official status in Albania Malta and Monaco where it is still widely spoken as well as in former Italian East Africa and Italian North Africa regions where it plays a significant role in various sectors Italian is also spoken by large expatriate communities in the Americas and Australia The Italian language was initially and primarily based on Florentine it has been then deeply influenced by almost all regional languages of Italy while its received pronunciation known as Pronuncia Fiorentina Emendata Amended Florentine Pronunciation is based on the accent of the Roman dialect these are the reasons why Italian differs significantly from Tuscan and its Florentine variety Tuscan and Corsican Tuscan Corsican group of dialects spoken in the Italian region of Tuscany and the French island of Corsica Northern Tuscan dialects Florentine is spoken in the city of Florence and was the basis for Standard Italian Other dialects Pistoiese Pesciatino or Valdinievolese Lucchese Versiliese Viareggino Pisano Livornese Southern Tuscan dialects Dialects of Aretino Chianaiolo Senese Grossetano Corsican spoken on Corsica is thought to be descended from Tuscan Gallurese and Sassarese spoken on the northern tip of Sardinia can be considered either dialects of Corsican or Corso Sardinian transitional varieties Central Italian Central Italian or Latin Umbrian Marchegian and in Italian linguistics as middle Italian dialects is mainly spoken in the regions of Lazio which includes Rome Umbria central Marche a small part of Abruzzo and Tuscany Romanesco spoken in the Rome Lazio As mentioned above it is the basis of the accent of the received pronunciation in standard Italian Tuscia or Viterbo spoken in the Province of Viterbo Lazio Central Northern Lazian spoken in the southern areas of the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital and the northern areas of the Provinces of Frosinone and Latina Lazio Umbrian spoken in Umbria Central Marchigiano spoken in central Marche Sabino spoken in the city of L Aquila Abruzzo and the Province of Rieti Lazio Southern Italo Romance The intermediate southern dialect group is spoken in southern Marche southernmost Lazio Abruzzo Molise Campania including Naples Basilicata and the north of both Apulia and Calabria The Campano dialects of Neapolitan Irpino Southern Laziale spoken in Naples and Campania and southern Lazio Abruzzese Southern Marchigiano spoken in the Abruzzo region and southern Marche region Molisan spoken in the Molise region Basilicatine Lucanian spoken in the region of Basilicata also known as Lucania Pugliese or Apulian spoken in the centre and north of Apulia Cosentino also known as or Northern Calabrian spoken in the Province of Cosenza in northern Calabria Vastese spoken in the town of Vasto Extreme Southern Italian The Extreme Southern Italian known in Italian linguistics as the extreme southern dialect group is spoken on the island of Sicily and in the south of both Calabria and Apulia Sicilian spoken on the island of Sicily Western Sicilian Central Metafonetica Southeast Metafonetica Ennese Eastern Nonmetafonetica Messinese Sicilian dialects on other islands Isole Eolie on the Aeolian Islands Pantesco on the island of Pantelleria Calabro or Central Southern Calabrian dialects are spoken in the central and southern areas of the region of Calabria Salentino spoken in the Salento region of southern Apulia Southern Cilentan spoken in Roccagloriosa and Rofrano in southern tip of Cilento which is southern Province of Salerno in the Campania region Cilentan spoken in Cilento influenced by both Neapolitan language and Sicilian language See alsoLanguages of Italy Italian language Regional ItalianReferencesHammarstrom Harald amp Forkel Robert amp Haspelmath Martin amp Nordhoff Sebastian 2014 Italo Dalmatian Glottolog 2 3 Leipzig Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology David Dalby 1999 2000 The Linguasphere register of the world s languages and speech communities Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Press Volume 2 Oxford 2 3 Archived 2014 08 27 at the Wayback Machine Venetian Ethnologue Venetian Glottolog Istriot Ethnologue Istriot Glottolog La pronuncia italiana Italian treccani it Harris Martin Vincent Nigel 1997 Romance Languages London Routlegde ISBN 0 415 16417 6 Pellegrini G Carta dei dialetti d Italia CNR Pacini ed Pisa 1977 Calabrian in Italian Calabrese pl Calebresi Synonyms Calabro Calabra Calabri calabre m f m pl f pl Sicilian calabbrisi calavrisi