Brooklyn is a borough of New York City located at the westernmost end of Long Island in the State of New York. Formerly an independent city, the borough is coextensive with Kings County, one of twelve original counties established under British rule in 1683 in the then Province of New York. As of the 2020 United States census, the population stood at 2,736,074, making it the most populous of the five boroughs of New York City, and the most populous county in the state. Brooklyn, at 37,339.9 inhabitants per square mile (14,417.0/km2), is the second most densely populated county in the U.S. after Manhattan (New York County), as of 2022. Had Brooklyn remained an independent city, it would now be the fourth most populous American city after the rest of New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago.
Brooklyn Kings County, New York | |
|---|---|
Borough and county | |
Downtown Brooklyn seen from Lower Manhattan Brooklyn Bridge Coney Island Brooklyn Museum Borough Hall Barclays Center Brooklyn College | |
 Flag  Seal | |
| Motto(s): Eendraght Maeckt Maght ("Unity makes strength") | |
 Interactive map outlining Brooklyn | |
 Brooklyn in New York State | |
  Brooklyn Location within New York City  Brooklyn Location within the State of New York  Brooklyn Location within the United States  Brooklyn Location on Earth | |
| Coordinates: 40°39′N 73°57′W / 40.650°N 73.950°W | |
| Country |  United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Kings (coterminous) |
| City | New York |
| Settled | 1634 |
| Named for | Breukelen, Netherlands |
| Government | |
| • Type | Borough |
| • Borough President | Antonio Reynoso (D) — (Borough of Brooklyn) |
| • District Attorney | Eric Gonzalez (D) — (Kings County) |
| Area | |
• Total | 97 sq mi (250 km2) |
| • Land | 70.82 sq mi (183.4 km2) |
| • Water | 26 sq mi (67 km2) 27% |
| Highest elevation | 220 ft (67 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
• Total | 2,736,074 |
| • Density | 38,634/sq mi (14,917/km2) |
| • Demonym | Brooklynite |
| GDP | |
| • Total | US$107.274 billion (2022) |
| ZIP Code prefix | 112 |
| Area codes | 718/347/929, 917 |
| Congressional districts | 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th |
| Website | brooklynbp.nyc.gov |
Named after the Dutch town of Breukelen in the Netherlands, Brooklyn shares a land border with the borough and county of Queens. It has several bridge and tunnel connections to the borough of Manhattan, across the East River (most famously, the architecturally significant Brooklyn Bridge), and is connected to Staten Island by way of the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge. With a land area of 69.38 square miles (179.7 km2) and a water area of 27.48 square miles (71.2 km2), Kings County is the state of New York's fourth-smallest county by land area and third smallest by total area.
Brooklyn was founded by the Dutch in the 17th century and grew into a busy port city on New York Harbor by the 19th century. On January 1, 1898, after a long political campaign and public-relations battle during the 1890s and despite opposition from Brooklyn residents, Brooklyn was consolidated in and annexed (along with other areas) to form the current five-borough structure of New York City in accordance to the new municipal charter of "Greater New York". The borough continues to maintain some distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves. With Jews forming around a quarter of its population, the borough has been described as "the most Jewish spot on Earth". Brooklyn's official motto, displayed on the borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght, which translates from early modern Dutch as 'Unity makes strength'.
Educational institutions in Brooklyn include the City University of New York's Brooklyn College, Medgar Evers College, and College of Technology, as well as, New York University Tandon School of Engineering. In sports, basketball's Brooklyn Nets, and New York Liberty play at the Barclays Center. In the first decades of the 21st century, Brooklyn has experienced a renaissance as a destination for hipsters, with concomitant gentrification, dramatic house-price increases, and a decrease in housing affordability. Some new developments are required to include affordable housing units. Since the 2010s, parts of Brooklyn have evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship, high-technology startup firms,postmodern art, and design.
Toponymy
The name Brooklyn is derived from the original Dutch town of Breukelen. The oldest mention of the settlement in the Netherlands is in a charter of 953 by Holy Roman Emperor Otto I as Broecklede. This form is made up of the words broeck, meaning bog or marshland, and lede, meaning small (dug) water stream, specifically in peat areas. Breuckelen on the American continent was established in 1646, and the name first appeared in print in 1663.
Over the past two millennia, the name of the ancient town in Holland has been Bracola, Broccke, Brocckede, Broiclede, Brocklandia, Broekclen, Broikelen, Breuckelen, and finally Breukelen. The New Amsterdam settlement of Breuckelen also went through many spelling variations, including Breucklyn, Breuckland, Brucklyn, Broucklyn, Brookland, Brockland, Brocklin, and Brookline/Brook-line. There have been so many variations of the name that its origin has been debated; some have claimed breuckelen means "broken land". The current name, however, is the one that best reflects its meaning.
The county's name, Kings County, was named after King Charles II of England.
History
The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years. The settlement began in the 17th century as the small Dutch-founded town of "Breuckelen" on the East River shore of Long Island, grew to be a sizeable city in the 19th century and was consolidated in 1898 with New York City (then confined to Manhattan and the Bronx), the remaining rural areas of Kings County, and the largely rural areas of Queens and Staten Island, to form the modern City of New York.
Colonial era
New Netherland
The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle Long Island's western edge, which was then largely inhabited by the Lenape, an Algonquian-speaking American Indian tribe often referred to in European documents by a variation of the place name "Canarsie". Bands were associated with place names, but the colonists thought their names represented different tribes. The Breuckelen settlement was named after Breukelen in the Netherlands; it was part of New Netherland. The Dutch West India Company lost little time in chartering the six original parishes (listed here by their later English town names):
- Gravesend: in 1645, settled under Dutch patent by English followers of Anabaptist Deborah Moody, named for 's-Gravenzande, Netherlands, or Gravesend, England;
- Brooklyn Heights: chartered as Breuckelen in 1646, after the town now spelled Breukelen, Netherlands. Breuckelen was along Fulton Street (now Fulton Mall) between Hoyt Street and Smith Street (according to H. Stiles and P. Ross). Brooklyn Heights, or Clover Hill, is where the village of Brooklyn was founded in 1816;
- Flatlands: chartered as Nieuw Amersfoort in 1647;
- Flatbush: chartered as Midwout in 1652;
- Nieuw Utrecht in 1652, named after the city of Utrecht, Netherlands; and
- Bushwick: chartered as Boswijck in 1661.
A dining table from the Dutch village of Brooklyn, c. 1664, in The Brooklyn Museum
The colony's capital of New Amsterdam, across the East River, obtained its charter in 1653. The neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North America's first tide mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today. But the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furman's 1824 compilation.
Province of New York
Present-day Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the English captured the New Netherland colony in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo-Dutch War. New Netherland was taken in a naval action, and the English renamed the new capture for their naval commander, James, Duke of York, brother of the then monarch King Charles II and future king himself as King James II. Brooklyn became a part of the West Riding of York Shire in the Province of New York, one of the Middle Colonies of nascent British America.
On November 1, 1683, Kings County was partitioned from the West Riding of York Shire, containing the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island, as one of the "original twelve counties". This tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of a Brooklyn identity.
Lacking the patroon and tenant farmer system established along the Hudson River Valley, this agricultural county unusually came to have one of the highest percentages of slaves among the population in the "Original Thirteen Colonies" along the Atlantic Ocean eastern coast of North America.
Revolutionary War
On August 27, 1776, the Battle of Long Island (also known as the 'Battle of Brooklyn') was fought, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the modern sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park, and Grand Army Plaza.
Washington, viewing particularly fierce fighting at the Gowanus Creek and Old Stone House from atop a hill near the west end of present-day Atlantic Avenue, was reported to have emotionally exclaimed: "What brave men I must this day lose!".
The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, leaving the British in control of New York Harbor. While Washington's defeat on the battlefield cast early doubts on his ability as the commander, the tactical withdrawal of all his troops and supplies across the East River in a single night is now seen by historians as one of his most brilliant triumphs.
The British controlled the surrounding region for the duration of the war, as New York City was soon occupied and became their military and political base of operations in North America for the remainder of the conflict. The Patriot residents largely fled or were cleared from the area, and afterward the British generally enjoyed a dominant Loyalist sentiment from the residents in Kings County who did not evacuate, though the region was also the center of the fledgling—and largely successful—Patriot intelligence network, headed by Washington himself.
The British set up a system of prison ships off the coast of Brooklyn in Wallabout Bay. More American patriots died there than in combat on all the battlefield engagements of the American Revolutionary War combined. One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, which was celebrated by New Yorkers into the 20th century.
Post-independence era
Urbanization
The first half of the 19th century saw the beginning of the development of urban areas on the economically strategic East River shore of Kings County, facing the adolescent City of New York confined to Manhattan Island. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay (border between Fort Greene and Williamsburg) during the 19th century and two-thirds of the 20th century.
The first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1816. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a commuter town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York. Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834.
In a parallel development, the Town of Bushwick, farther up the river, saw the incorporation of the Village of Williamsburgh in 1827, which separated as the Town of Williamsburgh in 1840 and formed the short-lived City of Williamsburgh in 1851. Industrial deconcentration in the mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the northern part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems.
However, the East River shore was growing too fast for the three-year-old infant City of Williamsburg; it, along with its Town of Bushwick hinterland, was subsumed within a greater City of Brooklyn in 1855, subsequently dropping the 'h' from its name.
By 1841, with the appearance of The Brooklyn Eagle, and Kings County Democrat published by Alfred G. Stevens, the growing city across the East River from Manhattan was producing its own prominent newspaper. It later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19, 1842, and the paper was renamed The Brooklyn Daily Eagle and Kings County Democrat on June 1, 1846. On May 14, 1849, the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle; on September 5, 1938, it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle. The establishment of the paper in the 1840s helped develop a separate identity for Brooklynites over the next century. The borough's soon-to-be-famous National League baseball team, the Brooklyn Dodgers, also assisted with this. Both major institutions were lost in the 1950s: the paper closed in 1955 after unsuccessful attempts at a sale following a reporters' strike, and the baseball team decamped for Los Angeles in a realignment of Major League Baseball in 1957.
Agitation against Southern slavery was stronger in Brooklyn than in New York, and under Republican leadership, the city was fervent in the Union cause in the Civil War. After the war the Henry Ward Beecher Monument was built downtown to honor a famous local abolitionist. A great victory arch was built at what was then the south end of town to celebrate the armed forces; this place is now called Grand Army Plaza.
The number of people living in Brooklyn grew rapidly early in the 19th century. There were 4,402 by 1810, 7,175 in 1820 and 15,396 by 1830. The city's population was 25,000 in 1834, but the police department comprised only 12 men on the day shift and another 12 on the night shift. Every time a rash of burglaries broke out, officials blamed burglars from New York City. Finally, in 1855, a modern police force was created, employing 150 men. Voters complained of inadequate protection and excessive costs. In 1857, the state legislature merged the Brooklyn force with that of New York City.
Civil War
Fervent in the Union cause, the city of Brooklyn played a major role in supplying troops and materiel for the American Civil War. The best-known regiment to be sent off to war from the city was the 14th Brooklyn "Red Legged Devils". They fought from 1861 to 1864, wore red the entire war, and were the only regiment named after a city. President Abraham Lincoln called them into service, making them part of a handful of three-year enlisted soldiers in April 1861. Unlike other regiments during the American Civil War, the 14th wore a uniform inspired by the French Chasseurs, a light infantry used for quick assaults.
As a seaport and a manufacturing center, Brooklyn was well prepared to contribute to the Union's strengths in shipping and manufacturing. The two combined in shipbuilding; the ironclad Monitor was built in Brooklyn.
Twin city
Brooklyn is referred to as the twin city of New York in the 1883 poem, "The New Colossus" by Emma Lazarus, which appears on a plaque inside the Statue of Liberty. The poem calls New York Harbor "the air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame". As a twin city to New York, it played a role in national affairs that was later overshadowed by decades of subordination by its old partner and rival.
During this period, the affluent, contiguous districts of Fort Greene and Clinton Hill (then characterized collectively as The Hill) were home to such notable figures as Astral Oil Works founder Charles Pratt and his children, including local civic leader Charles Millard Pratt; Theosophical Society co-founder William Quan Judge; and Pfizer co-founders Charles Pfizer and Charles F. Erhart. Brooklyn Heights remained one of the New York metropolitan area's most august patrician redoubts into the early 20th century under the aegis of such figures as abolitionist clergyman Henry Ward Beecher, Congregationalist theologians Lyman Abbott and Newell Dwight Hillis (who followed Beecher as the second and third pastors of Plymouth Church, respectively), financier John Jay Pierrepont (a grandson of founding Heights resident Hezekiah Pierrepont), banker/art collector David Leavitt, educator/politician Seth Low, merchant/banker Horace Brigham Claflin, attorney William Cary Sanger (who served for two years as United States Assistant Secretary of War under Presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt) and publisher Alfred Smith Barnes. Contiguous to the Heights, the less exclusive South Brooklyn was home to longtime civic leader James S. T. Stranahan, who became known (often derisively) as the "Baron Haussmann of Brooklyn" for championing Prospect Park and other public works.
Economic growth continued, propelled by immigration and industrialization, and Brooklyn established itself as the third-most populous American city for much of the 19th century. The waterfront from Gowanus to Greenpoint was developed with piers and factories. Industrial access to the waterfront was improved by the Gowanus Canal and the canalized Newtown Creek. USS Monitor was the most famous product of the large and growing shipbuilding industry of Williamsburg. After the Civil War, trolley lines and other transport brought urban sprawl beyond Prospect Park (completed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux in 1873 and widely heralded as an improvement upon the earlier Central Park) into the center of the county, as evinced by gradual settlement in the comparatively rustic villages of Windsor Terrace and Kensington in the Town of Flatbush. By century's end, Dean Alvord's Prospect Park South development (adjacent to the village of Flatbush) would serve as the template for contemporaneous "Victorian Flatbush" micro-neighborhoods and the post-consolidation emergence of outlying districts, such as Midwood and Marine Park. Along with Oak Park, Illinois, it also presaged the automobile and commuter rail-driven vogue for more remote prewar suburban communities, such as Garden City, New York and Montclair, New Jersey.
The rapidly growing population needed more water, so the City built centralized waterworks, including the Ridgewood Reservoir. The municipal Police Department, however, was abolished in 1854 in favor of a Metropolitan force covering also New York and Westchester Counties. In 1865 the Brooklyn Fire Department (BFD) also gave way to the new Metropolitan Fire District.
Throughout this period the peripheral towns of Kings County, far from Manhattan and even from urban Brooklyn, maintained their rustic independence. The only municipal change seen was the secession of the eastern section of the Town of Flatbush as the Town of New Lots in 1852. The building of rail links such as the Brighton Beach Line in 1878 heralded the end of this isolation.
Sports in Brooklyn became a business. The Brooklyn Bridegrooms played professional baseball at Washington Park in the convenient suburb of Park Slope and elsewhere. Early in the next century, under their new name of Brooklyn Dodgers, they brought baseball to Ebbets Field, beyond Prospect Park. Racetracks, amusement parks, and beach resorts opened in Brighton Beach, Coney Island, and elsewhere in the southern part of the county.
Toward the end of the 19th century, the City of Brooklyn experienced its final, explosive growth spurt. Park Slope was rapidly urbanized, with its eastern summit soon emerging as the city's third "Gold Coast" district alongside Brooklyn Heights and The Hill; notable residents of the era included American Chicle Company co-founder Thomas Adams Jr. and New York Central Railroad executive Clinton L. Rossiter. East of The Hill, Bedford-Stuyvesant coalesced as an upper middle class enclave for lawyers, shopkeepers, and merchants of German and Irish descent (notably exemplified by John C. Kelley, a water meter magnate and close friend of President Grover Cleveland), with nearby Crown Heights gradually fulfilling an analogous role for the city's Jewish population as development continued through the early 20th century. Northeast of Bedford-Stuyvesant, Bushwick (by now a working class, predominantly German district) established a considerable brewery industry; the so-called "Brewer's Row" encompassed 14 breweries operating in a 14-block area in 1890. On the southwestern waterfront of Kings County, railroads and industrialization spread to Sunset Park (then coterminous with the city's sprawling, sparsely populated Eighth Ward) and adjacent Bay Ridge (hitherto a resort-like subsection of the Town of New Utrecht). Within a decade, the city had annexed the Town of New Lots in 1886; the Towns of Flatbush, Gravesend and New Utrecht in 1894; and the Town of Flatlands in 1896. Brooklyn had reached its natural municipal boundaries at the ends of Kings County.
Seth Low as mayor
Low's time in office from 1882 to 1885 was marked by a number of reforms:
- Secured a degree of "home rule" of the city. Previously, the State Government dictated city policies, hiring, salaries, and other affairs. Low managed to secure an unofficial veto over all Brooklyn bills in the State Assembly.
- Instituted a number of educational reforms. He was the first to integrate Brooklyn schools. He introduced free textbooks for all students, not just those who had taken a pauper's oath. He instituted a competitive examination for hiring teachers, instead of giving teaching jobs to pay political debts. He set aside $430,000 (equivalent to $14,010,586 in 2024) for the construction of new schools to accommodate 10,000 new students.
- Introduced Civil Service Code to all city employees, eliminating patronage jobs.
- German Americans wanted to enjoy their local beer gardens on the Sabbath, in violation of state "dry" laws and the demands of local puritanical clergy. Low's compromise solution was that saloons could stay open as long as they were orderly. At the first sign of rowdiness, they would be closed.
- Served as a member of the board of the New York Bridge Company, the company that built the Brooklyn Bridge, and led an unsuccessful effort to remove Washington Roebling as the chief engineer on that project.
- Raised the tax rate from 2.33% of $100 assessed valuation in 1881 to 2.59% in 1883. He also went after property owners who had not paid back taxes. This increase in city revenue enabled him to reduce the city's debt and increase services. However, raising taxes proved extremely unpopular.
Mayors of the City of Brooklyn
Brooklyn elected a mayor from 1834 until 1898, after which it was consolidated into the City of Greater New York, whose own second mayor (1902–1903), Seth Low, had been Mayor of Brooklyn from 1882 to 1885. Since 1898, Brooklyn has, in place of a separate mayor, elected a Borough President.
| Mayor | Start year | End year | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| George Hall | Democratic-Republican | 1834 | 1834 | |
| Jonathan Trotter | Democratic | 1835 | 1836 | |
| Jeremiah Johnson | Whig | 1837 | 1838 | |
| Cyrus P. Smith | Whig | 1839 | 1841 | |
| Henry C. Murphy | Democratic | 1842 | 1842 | |
| Joseph Sprague | Democratic | 1843 | 1844 | |
| Thomas G. Talmage | Democratic | 1845 | 1845 | |
| Francis B. Stryker | Whig | 1846 | 1848 | |
| Whig | 1849 | 1849 | ||
| Samuel Smith | Democratic | 1850 | 1850 | |
| Conklin Brush | Whig | 1851 | 1852 | |
| Edward A. Lambert | Democratic | 1853 | 1854 | |
| George Hall | Know Nothing | 1855 | 1856 | |
| Samuel S. Powell | Democratic | 1857 | 1860 | |
| Martin Kalbfleisch | Democratic | 1861 | 1863 | |
| Alfred M. Wood | Republican | 1864 | 1865 | |
| Samuel Booth | Republican | 1866 | 1867 | |
| Martin Kalbfleisch | Democratic | 1868 | 1871 | |
| Samuel S. Powell | Democratic | 1872 | 1873 | |
| John W. Hunter | Democratic | 1874 | 1875 | |
| Frederick A. Schroeder | Republican | 1876 | 1877 | |
| James Howell | Democratic | 1878 | 1881 | |
| Seth Low | Republican | 1882 | 1885 | |
| Daniel D. Whitney | Democratic | 1886 | 1887 | |
| Alfred C. Chapin | Democratic | 1888 | 1891 | |
| David A. Boody | Democratic | 1892 | 1893 | |
| Charles A. Schieren | Republican | 1894 | 1895 | |
| Frederick W. Wurster | Republican | 1896 | 1897 |
New York City borough
In 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge was completed, transportation to Manhattan was no longer by water only, and the City of Brooklyn's ties to the City of New York were strengthened.
The question became whether Brooklyn was prepared to engage in the still-grander process of consolidation then developing throughout the region, whether to join with the county of Richmond and the western portion of Queens County, and the county of New York, which by then already included the Bronx, to form the five boroughs of a united City of New York. Andrew Haswell Green and other progressives said yes, and eventually, they prevailed against the Daily Eagle and other conservative forces. In 1894, residents of Brooklyn and the other counties voted by a slight majority to merge, effective in 1898.
Kings County retained its status as one of New York State's counties, but the loss of Brooklyn's separate identity as a city was met with consternation by some residents at the time. Many newspapers of the day called the merger the "Great Mistake of 1898".
Geography
Brooklyn is 97 square miles (250 km2) in area, of which 71 square miles (180 km2) is land (73%), and 26 square miles (67 km2) is water (27%); the borough is the second-largest by land area among the New York City's boroughs. However, Kings County, coterminous with Brooklyn, is New York State's fourth-smallest county by land area and third-smallest by total area. Brooklyn lies at the southwestern end of Long Island, and the borough's western border constitutes the island's western tip.
Brooklyn's water borders are extensive and varied, including Jamaica Bay; the Atlantic Ocean; The Narrows, separating Brooklyn from the borough of Staten Island in New York City and crossed by the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge; Upper New York Bay, separating Brooklyn from Jersey City and Bayonne in the U.S. state of New Jersey; and the East River, separating Brooklyn from the borough of Manhattan in New York City and traversed by the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel, the Brooklyn Bridge, the Manhattan Bridge, the Williamsburg Bridge, and numerous routes of the New York City Subway. To the east of Brooklyn lies the borough of Queens, which contains John F. Kennedy International Airport in that borough's Jamaica neighborhood, approximately two miles from the border of Brooklyn's East New York neighborhood.
Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Brooklyn experiences a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), with partial shielding from the Appalachian Mountains and moderating influences from the Atlantic Ocean. Brooklyn receives plentiful precipitation all year round, with nearly 50 in (1,300 mm) yearly. The area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually, and averages 57% of possible sunshine annually, accumulating 2,535 hours of sunshine per annum. Brooklyn lies in the USDA plant hardiness zone 7b.
| Climate data for JFK Airport, New York (normals 1981–2010, extremes 1948–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 71 (22) | 71 (22) | 85 (29) | 90 (32) | 99 (37) | 99 (37) | 104 (40) | 101 (38) | 98 (37) | 90 (32) | 77 (25) | 75 (24) | 104 (40) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 56.8 (13.8) | 57.9 (14.4) | 68.5 (20.3) | 78.1 (25.6) | 84.9 (29.4) | 92.1 (33.4) | 94.5 (34.7) | 92.7 (33.7) | 87.4 (30.8) | 78.0 (25.6) | 69.1 (20.6) | 60.1 (15.6) | 96.6 (35.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 39.1 (3.9) | 41.8 (5.4) | 49.0 (9.4) | 59.0 (15.0) | 68.5 (20.3) | 78.0 (25.6) | 83.2 (28.4) | 81.9 (27.7) | 75.3 (24.1) | 64.5 (18.1) | 54.3 (12.4) | 44.0 (6.7) | 61.6 (16.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 26.3 (−3.2) | 28.1 (−2.2) | 34.2 (1.2) | 43.5 (6.4) | 52.8 (11.6) | 62.8 (17.1) | 68.5 (20.3) | 67.8 (19.9) | 60.8 (16.0) | 49.6 (9.8) | 40.7 (4.8) | 31.5 (−0.3) | 47.3 (8.5) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 9.8 (−12.3) | 13.4 (−10.3) | 19.1 (−7.2) | 32.6 (0.3) | 42.6 (5.9) | 52.7 (11.5) | 60.7 (15.9) | 58.6 (14.8) | 49.2 (9.6) | 37.6 (3.1) | 27.4 (−2.6) | 16.3 (−8.7) | 7.5 (−13.6) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −2 (−19) | −2 (−19) | 4 (−16) | 20 (−7) | 34 (1) | 45 (7) | 55 (13) | 46 (8) | 40 (4) | 30 (−1) | 19 (−7) | 2 (−17) | −2 (−19) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.16 (80) | 2.59 (66) | 3.78 (96) | 3.87 (98) | 3.94 (100) | 3.86 (98) | 4.08 (104) | 3.68 (93) | 3.50 (89) | 3.62 (92) | 3.30 (84) | 3.39 (86) | 42.77 (1,086) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 6.3 (16) | 8.3 (21) | 3.5 (8.9) | 0.8 (2.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.2 (0.51) | 4.7 (12) | 23.8 (60) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 inch) | 10.5 | 9.6 | 11.0 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 10.7 | 9.4 | 8.7 | 8.1 | 8.5 | 9.4 | 10.6 | 119.4 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 inch) | 4.6 | 3.4 | 2.3 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 2.8 | 13.6 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 64.9 | 64.4 | 63.4 | 64.1 | 69.5 | 71.5 | 71.4 | 71.7 | 71.9 | 69.1 | 67.9 | 66.3 | 68.0 |
| Source: NOAA (relative humidity 1961–1990) | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Brooklyn, New York City (Avenue V) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 39.7 (4.3) | 42.4 (5.8) | 49.7 (9.8) | 60.5 (15.8) | 70.5 (21.4) | 79.3 (26.3) | 84.8 (29.3) | 83.3 (28.5) | 76.5 (24.7) | 65.0 (18.3) | 54.3 (12.4) | 44.5 (6.9) | 62.5 (16.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 27.5 (−2.5) | 29.1 (−1.6) | 35.2 (1.8) | 44.8 (7.1) | 54.4 (12.4) | 64.0 (17.8) | 70.3 (21.3) | 68.9 (20.5) | 62.4 (16.9) | 51.2 (10.7) | 41.4 (5.2) | 33.2 (0.7) | 48.5 (9.2) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.53 (90) | 2.97 (75) | 4.37 (111) | 3.85 (98) | 4.03 (102) | 4.44 (113) | 4.85 (123) | 3.92 (100) | 3.92 (100) | 4.02 (102) | 3.23 (82) | 4.00 (102) | 47.13 (1,197) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 6.5 (17) | 8.5 (22) | 4.4 (11) | 0.6 (1.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.2 (0.51) | 4.3 (11) | 24.5 (62) |
| Source: NOAA | |||||||||||||
Boroughscape
Neighborhoods
Brooklyn's neighborhoods are dynamic in ethnic composition. For example, the early to mid-20th century, Brownsville had a majority of Jewish residents; since the 1970s it has been majority African American. Midwood during the early 20th century was filled with ethnic Irish, then filled with Jewish residents for nearly 50 years, and is slowly becoming a Pakistani enclave. Brooklyn's most populous racial group, white, declined from 97.2% in 1930 to 46.9% by 1990.
The borough attracts people previously living in other cities in the United States. Of these, most come from Chicago, Detroit, San Francisco, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Philadelphia, Boston, Cincinnati, and Seattle.
Community diversity
Given New York City's role as a crossroads for immigration from around the world, Brooklyn has evolved a globally cosmopolitan ambiance of its own, demonstrating a robust and growing demographic and cultural diversity with respect to metrics including nationality, religion, race, and domiciliary partnership. In 2010, 51.6% of the population was counted as members of religious congregations. In 2014, there were 914 religious organizations in Brooklyn, the 10th most of all counties in the nation. Brooklyn contains dozens of distinct neighborhoods representing many of the major culturally identified groups found within New York City. Among the most prominent are listed below:
Jewish American
Over 600,000 Jews, particularly Orthodox and Hasidic Jews, have become concentrated in such historically Jewish areas as Borough Park, Williamsburg, and Midwood, where there are many yeshivas, synagogues, and kosher restaurants, as well as a variety of Jewish businesses. Adjacent to Borough Park, the Kensington area housed a significant population of Conservative Jews (under the aegis of such nationally prominent midcentury rabbis as Jacob Bosniak and Abraham Heller) when it was still considered to be a subsection of Flatbush; many of their defunct facilities have been repurposed to serve extensions of the Borough Park Hasidic community. Other notable religious Jewish neighborhoods with a longstanding cultural lineage include Canarsie, Sea Gate, and Crown Heights, home to the Chabad world headquarters. Neighborhoods with largely defunct yet historically notable Jewish populations include central Flatbush, East Flatbush, Brownsville, East New York, Bensonhurst and Sheepshead Bay (particularly its Madison subsection). Many hospitals in Brooklyn were started by Jewish charities, including Maimonides Medical Center in Borough Park and Brookdale Hospital in East Flatbush.
According to the American Jewish Population Project in 2020, Brooklyn was home to over 480,000 Jews. In 2023, the UJA-Federation of New York estimated that Brooklyn is home to 462,000 Jews, a large decrease compared to the 561,000 estimated in 2011.
The predominantly Jewish, Crown Heights (and later East Flatbush)-based Madison Democratic Club served as the borough's primary "clubhouse" political venue for decades until the ascendancy of Meade Esposito's rival, Canarsie-based Thomas Jefferson Democratic Club in the 1960s and 1970s, playing an integral role in the rise of such figures as Speaker of the New York State Assembly Irwin Steingut; his son, fellow Speaker Stanley Steingut; New York City Mayor Abraham Beame; real estate developer Fred Trump; Democratic district leader Beadie Markowitz; and political fixer Abraham "Bunny" Lindenbaum.
Many non-Orthodox Jews (ranging from observant members of various denominations to atheists of Jewish cultural heritage) are concentrated in Ditmas Park and Park Slope, with smaller observant and culturally Jewish populations in Brooklyn Heights, Cobble Hill, Brighton Beach, and Coney Island.
Chinese American
Over 200,000 Chinese Americans live throughout the southern parts of Brooklyn, primarily concentrated in Sunset Park, Bensonhurst, Gravesend, and Homecrest. Brooklyn is the borough that is home to the highest number of Chinatowns in New York City. The largest concentration is in Sunset Park along 8th Avenue, which has become known for its Chinese culture since the opening of the now-defunct Winley Supermarket in 1986 spurred widespread settlement in the area. It is called "Brooklyn's Chinatown" and originally it was a small Chinese enclave with Cantonese speakers being the main Chinese population during the late 1980s and 1990s, but since the 2000s, the Chinese population in the area dramatically shifted to majority Fuzhounese Americans, which contributed immensely to expanding this Chinatown, and bestowing the nicknames "Fuzhou Town (福州埠), Brooklyn" or the "Little Fuzhou (小福州)" of Brooklyn. Many Chinese restaurants can be found throughout Sunset Park, and the area hosts a popular Chinese New Year celebration. Since the 2000s going forward, the growing concentration of the Cantonese speaking population in Brooklyn have dramatically shifted to Bensonhurst/Gravesend and Homecrest creating newer Chinatowns of Brooklyn and these newer Brooklyn Chinatowns are known as "Brooklyn's Little Hong Kong/Guangdong" due to their Chinese populations being overwhelmingly Cantonese populated.
Caribbean and African American
Brooklyn's African American and Caribbean communities are spread throughout much of Brooklyn. Brooklyn's West Indian community is concentrated in the Crown Heights, Flatbush, East Flatbush, Kensington, and Canarsie neighborhoods in central Brooklyn. Brooklyn is home to the largest community of West Indians outside of the Caribbean. Although the largest West Indian groups in Brooklyn are Jamaicans, Guyanese and Haitians, there are West Indian immigrants from nearly every part of the Caribbean. Crown Heights and Flatbush are home to many of Brooklyn's West Indian restaurants and bakeries. Brooklyn has an annual, celebrated Carnival in the tradition of pre-Lenten celebrations in the islands. Started by natives of Trinidad and Tobago, the West Indian Labor Day Parade takes place every Labor Day on Eastern Parkway. The Brooklyn Academy of Music also holds the DanceAfrica festival in late May, featuring street vendors and dance performances showcasing food and culture from all parts of Africa. Since the opening of the IND Fulton Street Line in 1936, Bedford-Stuyvesant has been home to one of the most famous African American communities in the United States. Working-class communities remain prevalent in Brownsville, East New York and Coney Island, while remnants of similar communities in Prospect Heights, Fort Greene and Clinton Hill have endured amid widespread gentrification.
Hispanic American
In the aftermath of World War II and subsequent urban renewal initiatives that decimated longtime Manhattan enclaves (most notably on the Upper West Side), Puerto Rican migrants began to settle in such waterfront industrial neighborhoods as Sunset Park, Red Hook and Gowanus, near the shipyards and factories where they worked. The borough's Hispanic population diversified after the 1965 Hart-Cellar Act loosened restrictions on immigration from elsewhere in Latin America.
Bushwick has since emerged as the largest hub of Brooklyn's Hispanic American community. Like other Hispanic neighborhoods in New York City, Bushwick has an established Puerto Rican presence, along with an influx of many Dominicans, South Americans, Central Americans and Mexicans. As nearly 80% of Bushwick's population is Hispanic, its residents have created many businesses to support their various national and distinct traditions in food and other items. Sunset Park's population is 42% Hispanic, made up of these various ethnic groups. Brooklyn's main Hispanic groups are Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, Dominicans and Ecuadorians; they are spread out throughout the borough. Puerto Ricans and Dominicans are predominant in Bushwick, Williamsburg's South Side and East New York. Mexicans (especially from the state of Puebla) now predominate alongside Chinese immigrants in Sunset Park, although remnants of the neighborhood's once-substantial postwar Puerto Rican and Dominican communities continue to reside below 39th Street. Save for Red Hook (which remained roughly one-fifth Hispanic American as of the 2010 Census), the South Side and Sunset Park, similar postwar communities in other waterfront neighborhoods—including western Park Slope, the north end of Greenpoint, and Boerum Hill, long considered the northern subsection of Gowanus—largely disappeared by the turn of the century due to various factors, including deindustrialization, ensuing gentrification and suburbanization among more affluent Dominicans and Puerto Ricans. A Panamanian enclave exists in Crown Heights.
Russian and Ukrainian American
Brooklyn is also home to many Russians and Ukrainians, who are mainly concentrated in the areas of Brighton Beach and Sheepshead Bay. Brighton Beach features many Russian and Ukrainian businesses and has been nicknamed Little Russia and Little Odessa, respectively. In the 1970s, Soviet Jews won the right to immigrate, and many ended up in Brighton Beach. In recent years, the non-Jewish Russian and Ukrainian communities of Brighton Beach have grown, and the area is now home to a diverse collection of immigrants from across the former USSR. Smaller concentrations of Russian and Ukrainian Americans are scattered elsewhere in south Brooklyn, including Bay Ridge, Bensonhurst, Homecrest, Coney Island, and Mill Basin. A growing community of Uzbek Americans have settled alongside them in recent years due to their ability to speak Russian.
Polish American
Brooklyn's Polish inhabitants are historically concentrated in Greenpoint, home to Little Poland. Other longstanding settlements in Borough Park and Sunset Park have endured, while more recent immigrants are scattered throughout the southern parts of Brooklyn alongside the Russian and Ukrainian American communities.
Italian American
Despite widespread migration to Staten Island and more suburban areas in metropolitan New York throughout the postwar era, notable concentrations of Italian Americans continue to reside in the neighborhoods of Bensonhurst, Dyker Heights, Bay Ridge, Bath Beach and Gravesend. Less perceptible remnants of older communities have persisted in Cobble Hill and Carroll Gardens, where the homes of the remaining Italian Americans can often be contrasted with more recent upper middle class residents through the display of small Madonna statues, the retention of plastic-metal stoop awnings and the use of Formstone in house cladding. All of the aforementioned neighborhoods have retained Italian restaurants, bakeries, delicatessens, pizzerias, cafes and social clubs.
Arab American & Muslim
In the early 20th century, many Lebanese and Syrian Christians settled around Atlantic Avenue west of Flatbush Avenue in Boerum Hill; more recently, this area has evolved into a Yemeni commercial district. More recent, predominantly Muslim Arab immigrants, especially Egyptians and Lebanese, have moved into the southwest portion of Brooklyn, particularly to Bay Ridge, where many Middle Eastern restaurants, hookah lounges, halal grocers, Islamic shops and mosques line the commercial thoroughfares of Fifth and Third Avenues below 86th Street. Brighton Beach is home to a growing Pakistani American community, while Midwood is home to Little Pakistan along Coney Island Avenue (recently co-named Muhammad Ali Jinnah Way). Pakistani Independence Day is celebrated every year with parades and parties on Coney Island Avenue. Just to the north, Kensington is one of New York's several emerging Bangladeshi enclaves.
Irish American
Third-, fourth- and fifth-generation Irish Americans can be found throughout Brooklyn, with moderate concentrations[clarification needed] enduring in the neighborhoods of Windsor Terrace, Park Slope, Bay Ridge, Marine Park and Gerritsen Beach. Historical communities also existed in Vinegar Hill and other waterfront industrial neighborhoods, such as Greenpoint and Sunset Park. Paralleling the Italian American community, many moved to Staten Island and suburban areas in the postwar era. Those that stayed engendered close-knit, stable working-to-middle class communities through employment in the civil service (especially in law enforcement, transportation, and the New York City Fire Department) and the building and construction trades, while others were subsumed by the professional-managerial class and largely shed the Irish American community's distinct cultural traditions (including continued worship in the Catholic Church and other social activities, such as Irish stepdance and frequenting Irish American bars).[citation needed]
South Asian American
While not as extensive as the Indian American population in Queens, younger professionals of Asian Indian origin are finding Brooklyn to be a convenient alternative to Manhattan to find housing. Nearly 30,000 Indian Americans call Brooklyn home.[citation needed]
Brighton Beach is home to a growing Pakistani American community, while Midwood is home to Little Pakistan along Coney Island Avenue recently renamed Muhammad Ali Jinnah way. Pakistan Independence Day is celebrated every year with parades and parties on Coney Island Avenue. Just to the north, Kensington is one of New York's several emerging Bangladeshi enclaves.
Greek American
Brooklyn's Greek Americans live throughout the borough. A historical concentration has endured in Bay Ridge and adjacent areas, where there is a noticeable cluster of Hellenic-focused schools, businesses and cultural institutions. Other businesses are situated in Downtown Brooklyn near Atlantic Avenue. As in much of the New York metropolitan area, Greek-owned diners are found throughout the borough.
LGBTQ community
Brooklyn is home to a large and growing number of same-sex couples. Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011, and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter. The Park Slope neighborhood spearheaded the popularity of Brooklyn among lesbians, and Prospect Heights has an LGBT residential presence. Numerous neighborhoods have since become home to LGBT communities. Brooklyn Liberation March, the largest transgender-rights demonstration in LGBTQ history, took place on June 14, 2020, stretching from Grand Army Plaza to Fort Greene, focused on supporting Black transgender lives, drawing an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 participants.
Artists-in-residence
Brooklyn became a preferred site for artists and hipsters to set up live/work spaces after being priced out of the same types of living arrangements in Manhattan. Various neighborhoods in Brooklyn, including Williamsburg, DUMBO, Red Hook, and Park Slope evolved as popular neighborhoods for artists-in-residence. However, rents and costs of living have since increased dramatically in these same neighborhoods, forcing artists to move to somewhat less expensive neighborhoods in Brooklyn or across Upper New York Bay to locales in New Jersey, such as Jersey City or Hoboken.
Demographics
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1731 | 2,150 | — |
| 1756 | 2,707 | +25.9% |
| 1771 | 3,623 | +33.8% |
| 1786 | 3,966 | +9.5% |
| 1790 | 4,549 | +14.7% |
| 1800 | 5,740 | +26.2% |
| 1810 | 8,303 | +44.7% |
| 1820 | 11,187 | +34.7% |
| 1830 | 20,535 | +83.6% |
| 1840 | 47,613 | +131.9% |
| 1850 | 138,822 | +191.6% |
| 1860 | 279,122 | +101.1% |
| 1870 | 419,921 | +50.4% |
| 1880 | 599,495 | +42.8% |
| 1890 | 838,547 | +39.9% |
| 1900 | 1,166,582 | +39.1% |
| 1910 | 1,634,351 | +40.1% |
| 1920 | 2,018,356 | +23.5% |
| 1930 | 2,560,401 | +26.9% |
| 1940 | 2,698,285 | +5.4% |
| 1950 | 2,738,175 | +1.5% |
| 1960 | 2,627,319 | −4.0% |
| 1970 | 2,602,012 | −1.0% |
| 1980 | 2,230,936 | −14.3% |
| 1990 | 2,300,664 | +3.1% |
| 2000 | 2,465,326 | +7.2% |
| 2010 | 2,504,700 | +1.6% |
| 2020 | 2,736,074 | +9.2% |
| 1731–1786 U.S. Decennial Census 1790–1960 1900–1990 1990–2000 2010 2020 Source: U.S. Decennial Census | ||
| Jurisdiction | Population | Land area | Density of population | GDP | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Borough | County | Census (2020) | square miles | square km | people/ sq. mile | people/ sq. km | billions (2022 US$) 2 | |
Bronx | 1,472,654 | 42.2 | 109.2 | 34,920 | 13,482 | 51.574 | ||
Kings | 2,736,074 | 69.4 | 179.7 | 39,438 | 15,227 | 125.867 | ||
Manhattan | New York | 1,694,251 | 22.7 | 58.7 | 74,781 | 28,872 | 885.652 | |
Queens | Queens | 2,405,464 | 108.7 | 281.6 | 22,125 | 8,542 | 122.288 | |
Staten Island | Richmond | 495,747 | 57.5 | 149.0 | 8,618 | 3,327 | 21.103 | |
| 8,804,190 | 300.5 | 778.2 | 29,303 | 11,314 | 1,206.484 | |||
| 20,201,249 | 47,123.6 | 122,049.5 | 429 | 166 | 2,163.209 | |||
| Sources: and see individual borough articles. | ||||||||
| Racial composition | 2020 | 2010 | 1990 | 1950 | 1900 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | 37.6% | 42.8% | 46.9% | 92.2% | 98.3% |
| —Non-Hispanic | 35.4% | 35.7% | 40.1% | n/a | n/a |
| Black or African American | 26.7% | 34.3% | 37.9% | 7.6% | 1.6% |
| Hispanic or Latino (of any race) | 18.9% | 19.8% | 20.1% | n/a | n/a |
| Asian | 13.6% | 10.5% | 4.8% | 0.1% | 0.1% |
| Two or more races | 8.7% | 3.0% | n/a | n/a | n/a |
At the 2020 census, 2,736,074 people lived in Brooklyn. The United States Census Bureau had estimated Brooklyn's population increased by 2.2% to 2,559,903 between 2010 and 2019. Brooklyn's estimated population represented 30.7% of New York City's estimated population of 8,336,817; 33.5% of Long Island's population of 7,701,172; and 13.2% of New York State's population of 19,542,209. In 2020, the government of New York City projected Brooklyn's population at 2,648,403. The 2019 census estimates determined there were 958,567 households with an average of 2.66 persons per household. There were 1,065,399 housing units in 2019 and a median gross rent of $1,426. Citing growth, Brooklyn gained 9,696 building permits at the 2019 census estimates program.
Ethnic groups
The 2020 American Community Survey estimated the racial and ethnic makeup of Brooklyn was 35.4% non-Hispanic white, 26.7% Black or African American, 0.9% American Indian or Alaska Native, 13.6% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 4.1% two or more races, and 18.9% Hispanic or Latin American of any race. According to the 2010 United States census, Brooklyn's population was 42.8% White, including 35.7% non-Hispanic White; 34.3% Black, including 31.9% non-Hispanic black; 10.5% Asian; 0.5% Native American; 0.0% (rounded) Pacific Islander; 3.0% Multiracial American; and 8.8% from other races. Hispanics and Latinos made up 19.8% of Brooklyn's population. In 2010, Brooklyn had some neighborhoods segregated based on race, ethnicity, and religion. Overall, the southwest half of Brooklyn is racially mixed although it contains few black residents; the northeast section is mostly black and Hispanic/Latino.
Languages
Brooklyn has a high degree of linguistic diversity. As of 2010, 54.1% (1,240,416) of Brooklyn residents ages 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 17.2% (393,340) spoke Spanish, 6.5% (148,012) Chinese, 5.3% (121,607) Russian, 3.5% (79,469) Yiddish, 2.8% (63,019) French Creole, 1.4% (31,004) Italian, 1.2% (27,440) Hebrew, 1.0% (23,207) Polish, 1.0% (22,763) French, 1.0% (21,773) Arabic, 0.9% (19,388) various Indic languages, 0.7% (15,936) Urdu, and African languages were spoken as a main language by 0.5% (12,305) of the population over the age of five. In total, 45.9% (1,051,456) of Brooklyn's population ages 5 and older spoke a mother tongue other than English.
Culture
Brooklyn has played a major role in various aspects of American culture, including literature, cinema, and theater. Brooklyn's accent has often been portrayed as the "typical New Yorker accent" in American media, although this accent and its stereotypes are supposedly diminishing in currency. Brooklyn's official colors are blue and gold.
Cultural venues
Brooklyn hosts the world-renowned Brooklyn Academy of Music, the Brooklyn Philharmonic, and the second-largest public art collection in the United States, housed in the Brooklyn Museum.
The Brooklyn Museum, opened in 1897, is New York City's second-largest public art museum. It has in its permanent collection more than 1.5 million objects, from ancient Egyptian masterpieces to contemporary art. The Brooklyn Children's Museum, the world's first museum dedicated to children, opened in December 1899. The only such New York State institution accredited by the American Alliance of Museums, it is one of the few globally to have a permanent collection – over 30,000 cultural objects and natural history specimens.
The Brooklyn Academy of Music (BAM) includes a 2,109-seat opera house, an 874-seat theater, and the art-house BAM Rose Cinemas. Bargemusic and St. Ann's Warehouse are on the other side of Downtown Brooklyn in the DUMBO arts district. Brooklyn Technical High School has the second-largest auditorium in New York City (after Radio City Music Hall), with a seating capacity of over 3,000.
Media
Local periodicals
Brooklyn has several local newspapers: The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Bay Currents (Oceanfront Brooklyn), Brooklyn View, The Brooklyn Paper, and Courier-Life Publications. Courier-Life Publications, owned by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation, is Brooklyn's largest chain of newspapers. Brooklyn is also served by the major New York dailies, including The New York Times, the New York Daily News, and the New York Post. Several others are now defunct, including the Brooklyn Union (1867–1937), and the Brooklyn Times.
The borough is home to the arts and politics monthly Brooklyn Rail, as well as the arts and cultural quarterly Cabinet. Hello Mr. is also published in Brooklyn.
Brooklyn Magazine is one of the few glossy magazines about Brooklyn. Several others are now defunct, including BKLYN Magazine (a bimonthly lifestyle book owned by Joseph McCarthy, that saw itself as a vehicle for high-end advertisers in Manhattan and was mailed to 80,000 high-income households), Brooklyn Bridge Magazine, The Brooklynite (a free, glossy quarterly edited by Daniel Treiman), and NRG (edited by Gail Johnson and originally marketed as a local periodical for Clinton Hill and Fort Greene, but expanded in scope to become the self-proclaimed "Pulse of Brooklyn" and then the "Pulse of New York").
Ethnic press
Brooklyn has a thriving ethnic press. El Diario La Prensa, the largest and oldest Spanish-language daily newspaper in the United States, maintains its corporate headquarters at 1 MetroTech Center in downtown Brooklyn. Major ethnic publications include the Brooklyn–Queens Catholic paper The Tablet, Hamodia, an Orthodox Jewish daily, and The Jewish Press, an Orthodox Jewish weekly. Many nationally distributed ethnic newspapers are based in Brooklyn. Over 60 ethnic groups, writing in 42 languages, publish some 300 non-English language magazines and newspapers in New York City. Among them is the quarterly L'Idea, a bilingual magazine printed in Italian and English since 1974. In addition, many newspapers published abroad, such as The Daily Gleaner and The Star of Jamaica, are available in Brooklyn.[citation needed]Our Time Press, published weekly by DBG Media, covers the Village of Brooklyn with a motto of "The Local Paper with the Global View".
Television
The City of New York has an official television station, run by NYC Media, which features programming based in Brooklyn. is the borough's public access channel. Its studios are at the BRIC Arts Media venue, called BRIC House, located on Fulton Street in the Fort Greene section of the borough.
Events
- The annual Coney Island Mermaid Parade (mid-to-late June) is a costume-and-float parade.
- Coney Island also hosts the annual Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest (July 4).
- The annual Labor Day Carnival (also known as the Labor Day Parade or West Indian Day Parade) takes place along Eastern Parkway in Crown Heights.
- The Art of Brooklyn Film Festival runs annually around the second week of June.
Economy
Brooklyn's job market is driven by three main factors: the performance of the national and city economy, population flows and the borough's position as a convenient back office for New York's businesses.
Forty-four percent of Brooklyn's employed population, or 410,000 people, work in the borough; more than half of the borough's residents work outside its boundaries. As a result, economic conditions in Manhattan are important to the borough's jobseekers. Strong international immigration to Brooklyn generates jobs in services, retailing and construction.
Since the late 20th century, Brooklyn has benefited from a steady influx of financial back office operations from Manhattan, the rapid growth of a high-tech and entertainment economy in DUMBO, and strong growth in support services such as accounting, personal supply agencies, and computer services firms.
Jobs in the borough have traditionally been concentrated in manufacturing, but since 1975, Brooklyn has shifted from a manufacturing-based to a service-based economy. In 2004, 215,000 Brooklyn residents worked in the services sector, while 27,500 worked in manufacturing. Although manufacturing has declined, a substantial base has remained in apparel and niche manufacturing concerns such as furniture, fabricated metals, and food products. The pharmaceutical company Pfizer was founded in Brooklyn in 1869 and had a manufacturing plant in the borough for many years that employed thousands of workers, but the plant shut down in 2008. However, new light-manufacturing concerns in packaging organic and high-end food have sprung up in the old plant.
First established as a shipbuilding facility in 1801, the Brooklyn Navy Yard employed 70,000 people at its peak during World War II and was then the largest employer in the borough. The Missouri, the ship on which the Japanese formally surrendered, was built there, as was the Maine, whose sinking off Havana led to the start of the Spanish–American War. The iron-sided Civil War vessel the Monitor was built in Greenpoint. From 1968 to 1979 Seatrain Shipbuilding was the major employer. Later tenants include industrial design firms, food processing businesses, artisans, and the film and television production industry. About 230 private-sector firms providing 4,000 jobs are at the Yard.
Construction and services are the fastest-growing sectors. Most employers in Brooklyn are small businesses. In 2000, 91% of the approximately 38,704 business establishments in Brooklyn had fewer than 20 employees. As of August 2008[update], the borough's unemployment rate was 5.9%.
Brooklyn is also home to many banks and credit unions. According to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, there were 37 banks and 26 credit unions operating in the borough in 2010.
The rezoning of Downtown Brooklyn has generated over US$10 billion of private investment and $300 million in public improvements since 2004. Brooklyn is also attracting numerous high technology start-up companies, as Silicon Alley, the metonym for New York City's entrepreneurship ecosystem, has expanded from Lower Manhattan into Brooklyn.
Parks and other attractions
- Brooklyn Botanic Garden: adjacent to Prospect Park is the 52-acre (21 ha) botanical garden, which includes a cherry tree esplanade, a one-acre (0.4 ha) rose garden, a Japanese hill, and pond garden, a fragrance garden, a water lily pond esplanade, several conservatories, a rock garden, a native flora garden, a bonsai tree collection, and children's gardens and discovery exhibits.
- Coney Island developed as a playground for the rich in the early 1900s, but it grew as one of America's first amusement grounds and attracted crowds from all over New York. The Cyclone rollercoaster, built-in 1927, is on the National Register of Historic Places. The 1920 Wonder Wheel and other rides are still operational. Coney Island went into decline in the 1970s but has undergone a renaissance.
- Floyd Bennett Field: the first municipal airport in New York City and long-closed for operations, is now part of the National Park System. Many of the historic hangars and runways are still extant. Nature trails and diverse habitats are found within the park, including salt marsh and a restored area of shortgrass prairie that was once widespread on the Hempstead Plains.
- Green-Wood Cemetery, founded by the social reformer Henry Evelyn Pierrepont in 1838, is an early Rural cemetery. It is the burial ground of many notable New Yorkers.
- Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge: a unique Federal wildlife refuge straddling the Brooklyn–Queens border, part of Gateway National Recreation Area
- New York Transit Museum displays historical artifacts of Greater New York's subway, commuter rail, and bus systems; it is at Court Street, a former Independent Subway System station in Brooklyn Heights on the Fulton Street Line.
- Prospect Park is a public park in central Brooklyn encompassing 585 acres (2.37 km2). The park was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, who created Manhattan's Central Park. Attractions include the Long Meadow, a 90-acre (36 ha) meadow, the Picnic House, which houses offices and a hall that can accommodate parties with up to 175 guests; Litchfield Villa, Prospect Park Zoo, the Boathouse, housing a visitors center and the first urban Audubon Center; Brooklyn's only lake, covering 60 acres (24 ha); the Prospect Park Bandshell that hosts free outdoor concerts in the summertime; and various sports and fitness activities including seven baseball fields. Prospect Park hosts a popular annual Halloween Parade.
- Fort Greene Park is a public park in the Fort Greene Neighborhood. The park contains the Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument, a monument to American prisoners during the Revolutionary War.
Sports
Brooklyn's major professional sports team is the NBA's Brooklyn Nets. The Nets moved into the borough in 2012, and play their home games at Barclays Center in Prospect Heights. Previously, the Nets had played in Uniondale, New York and in New Jersey. In April 2020, the New York Liberty of the WNBA were sold to the Nets' owners and moved their home venue from Madison Square Garden to the Barclays Center.
Barclays Center was also the home arena for the NHL's New York Islanders full-time from 2015 to 2018, then part-time from 2018 to 2020 (alternating with Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale). The Islanders had originally played at Nassau Coliseum full-time since their inception until 2015 when their lease at the venue expired and the team moved to Barclays Center. In 2020, the team returned to Nassau Coliseum full-time for one season before moving to the UBS Arena in Elmont, New York in 2021.
Brooklyn also has a storied sports history. It has been home to many famous sports figures such as Joe Paterno, Vince Lombardi, Mike Tyson, Zab Judah, Joe Torre, Sandy Koufax, Billy Cunningham and Vitas Gerulaitis. Basketball legend Michael Jordan was born in Brooklyn though he grew up in Wilmington, North Carolina.
In the earliest days of organized baseball, Brooklyn teams dominated the new game. The second recorded game of baseball was played near what is now Fort Greene Park on October 24, 1845. Brooklyn's Excelsiors, Atlantics and Eckfords were the leading teams from the mid-1850s through the Civil War, and there were dozens of local teams with neighborhood league play, such as at Mapleton Oval. During this "Brooklyn era", baseball evolved into the modern game: the first fastball, first changeup, first batting average, first triple play, first pro baseball player, first enclosed ballpark, first scorecard, first known African-American team, first black championship game, first road trip, first gambling scandal, and first eight pennant winners were all in or from Brooklyn.
Brooklyn's most famous historical team, the Brooklyn Dodgers, named for "trolley dodgers" played at Ebbets Field. In 1947 Jackie Robinson was hired by the Dodgers as the first African-American player in Major League Baseball in the modern era. In 1955, the Dodgers, perennial National League pennant winners, won the only World Series for Brooklyn against their rival New York Yankees. The event was marked by mass euphoria and celebrations. Just two years later, the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles. Walter O'Malley, the team's owner at the time, is still vilified, even by Brooklynites too young to remember the Dodgers as Brooklyn's ball club.
After a 43-year hiatus, professional baseball returned to the borough in 2001 with the Brooklyn Cyclones, a minor league team that plays in MCU Park in Coney Island. They are an affiliate of the New York Mets.
The minor-league New York Cosmos soccer club played its home games at MCU Park in 2017. A new Brooklyn FC will begin play in 2024, fielding a women's team in the first-division USL Super League and a men's team in the second-division USL Championship beginning in 2025.
Brooklyn once had a National Football League team named the Brooklyn Lions in 1926, who played at Ebbets Field.
In rugby union, Rugby United New York joined Major League Rugby in 2019 and played their home games at MCU Park through the 2021 season.
Brooklyn has one of the most active recreational fishing fleets in the United States. In addition to a large private fleet along Jamaica Bay, there is a substantial public fleet within Sheepshead Bay. Species caught include Black Fish, Porgy, Striped Bass, Black Sea Bass, Fluke, and Flounder.
Government and politics
Each of New York City's five counties (coterminous with each borough) has its own criminal court system and District Attorney, the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote. Brooklyn has 16 City Council members, the largest number of any of the five boroughs. The Brooklyn Borough Government includes a borough government president as well as a court, library, borough government board, head of borough government, deputy head of borough government and deputy borough government president.
Brooklyn has 18 of the city's 59 community districts, each served by an unpaid community board with advisory powers under the city's Uniform Land Use Review Procedure. Each board has a paid district manager who acts as an interlocutor with city agencies. The Kings County Democratic County Committee (aka the Brooklyn Democratic Party) is the county committee of the Democratic Party in Brooklyn.
The United States Postal Service operates post offices in Brooklyn. The Brooklyn Main Post Office is located at 271 Cadman Plaza East in Downtown Brooklyn.
| Year | Republican / Whig | Democratic | Third party(ies) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
| 2024 | 233,964 | 27.40% | 601,265 | 70.43% | 18,515 | 2.17% |
| 2020 | 202,772 | 22.14% | 703,310 | 76.78% | 9,927 | 1.08% |
| 2016 | 141,044 | 17.51% | 640,553 | 79.51% | 24,008 | 2.98% |
| 2012 | 124,551 | 16.90% | 604,443 | 82.02% | 7,988 | 1.08% |
| 2008 | 151,872 | 19.99% | 603,525 | 79.43% | 4,451 | 0.59% |
| 2004 | 167,149 | 24.30% | 514,973 | 74.86% | 5,762 | 0.84% |
| 2000 | 96,609 | 15.65% | 497,513 | 80.60% | 23,115 | 3.74% |
| 1996 | 81,406 | 15.08% | 432,232 | 80.07% | 26,195 | 4.85% |
| 1992 | 133,344 | 22.93% | 411,183 | 70.70% | 37,067 | 6.37% |
| 1988 | 178,961 | 32.60% | 363,916 | 66.28% | 6,142 | 1.12% |
| 1984 | 230,064 | 38.29% | 368,518 | 61.34% | 2,189 | 0.36% |
| 1980 | 200,306 | 38.44% | 288,893 | 55.44% | 31,893 | 6.12% |
| 1976 | 190,728 | 31.08% | 419,382 | 68.34% | 3,533 | 0.58% |
| 1972 | 373,903 | 48.96% | 387,768 | 50.78% | 1,949 | 0.26% |
| 1968 | 247,936 | 31.99% | 489,174 | 63.12% | 37,859 | 4.89% |
| 1964 | 229,291 | 25.05% | 684,839 | 74.80% | 1,373 | 0.15% |
| 1960 | 327,497 | 33.51% | 646,582 | 66.16% | 3,227 | 0.33% |
| 1956 | 460,456 | 45.23% | 557,655 | 54.77% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1952 | 446,708 | 39.82% | 656,229 | 58.50% | 18,765 | 1.67% |
| 1948 | 330,494 | 30.49% | 579,922 | 53.51% | 173,401 | 16.00% |
| 1944 | 393,926 | 34.01% | 758,270 | 65.46% | 6,168 | 0.53% |
| 1940 | 394,534 | 34.44% | 742,668 | 64.83% | 8,365 | 0.73% |
| 1936 | 212,852 | 21.85% | 738,306 | 75.78% | 23,143 | 2.38% |
| 1932 | 192,536 | 25.04% | 514,172 | 66.86% | 62,300 | 8.10% |
| 1928 | 245,622 | 36.13% | 404,393 | 59.48% | 29,822 | 4.39% |
| 1924 | 236,877 | 47.50% | 158,907 | 31.87% | 102,903 | 20.63% |
| 1920 | 292,692 | 63.32% | 119,612 | 25.88% | 49,944 | 10.80% |
| 1916 | 120,752 | 46.90% | 125,625 | 48.79% | 11,080 | 4.30% |
| 1912 | 51,239 | 20.94% | 109,748 | 44.86% | 83,676 | 34.20% |
| 1908 | 119,789 | 50.64% | 96,756 | 40.90% | 20,025 | 8.46% |
| 1904 | 113,246 | 48.12% | 111,855 | 47.53% | 10,216 | 4.34% |
| 1900 | 108,977 | 49.57% | 106,232 | 48.32% | 4,639 | 2.11% |
| 1896 | 109,135 | 56.35% | 76,882 | 39.70% | 7,659 | 3.95% |
| 1892 | 70,505 | 39.97% | 100,160 | 56.78% | 5,720 | 3.24% |
| 1888 | 70,052 | 45.49% | 82,507 | 53.58% | 1,430 | 0.93% |
| 1884 | 53,516 | 42.37% | 69,264 | 54.83% | 3,541 | 2.80% |
| 1880 | 51,751 | 45.66% | 61,062 | 53.88% | 516 | 0.46% |
| 1876 | 39,066 | 40.41% | 57,556 | 59.53% | 62 | 0.06% |
| 1872 | 33,369 | 46.68% | 38,108 | 53.31% | 10 | 0.01% |
| 1868 | 27,707 | 41.02% | 39,838 | 58.98% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1864 | 20,838 | 44.75% | 25,726 | 55.25% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1860 | 15,883 | 43.56% | 20,583 | 56.44% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1856 | 7,846 | 25.58% | 14,174 | 46.22% | 8,647 | 28.20% |
| 1852 | 8,496 | 43.97% | 10,628 | 55.00% | 199 | 1.03% |
| 1848 | 7,511 | 56.59% | 4,882 | 36.78% | 879 | 6.62% |
| 1844 | 5,107 | 51.94% | 4,648 | 47.27% | 77 | 0.78% |
| 1840 | 3,293 | 50.86% | 3,157 | 48.76% | 24 | 0.37% |
| 1836 | 1,868 | 44.59% | 2,321 | 55.41% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1832 | 1,264 | 42.06% | 1,741 | 57.94% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1828 | 1,053 | 43.84% | 1,349 | 56.16% | 0 | 0.00% |
As is the case with sister boroughs Manhattan and the Bronx, Brooklyn has not voted for a Republican in a national presidential election since Calvin Coolidge in 1924. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 79.4% of the vote in Brooklyn while Republican John McCain received 20.0%. In 2012, Barack Obama increased his Democratic margin of victory in the borough, dominating Brooklyn with 82.0% of the vote to Republican Mitt Romney's 16.9%.
Federal representation
As of 2023, four Democrats and one Republican represented Brooklyn in the United States House of Representatives. One congressional district lies entirely within the borough.
- Nydia Velázquez (first elected in 1992) represents New York's 7th congressional district, which includes the central-west Brooklyn neighborhoods of Boerum Hill, Brooklyn Heights, Bushwick, Carroll Gardens, Cobble Hill, Dumbo, East New York, East Williamsburg, Greenpoint, Gowanus, Red Hook, Sunset Park, and Williamsburg. The district also covers a small portion of Queens.
- Hakeem Jeffries (first elected in 2012) represents New York's 8th congressional district, which includes the southern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Bedford-Stuyvesant, Bergen Beach, Brighton Beach, Brownsville, Canarsie, Clinton Hill, Coney Island, East Flatbush, East New York, Fort Greene, Gerritsen Beach, Marine Park, Mill Basin, Ocean Hill, Sheepshead Bay, and Spring Creek. The district also covers a small portion of Queens.
- Yvette Clarke (first elected in 2006) represents New York's 9th congressional district, which includes the central and southern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Crown Heights, East Flatbush, Flatbush, Midwood, Park Slope, Prospect Heights, Prospect Lefferts Gardens, and Windsor Terrace.
- Dan Goldman (first elected in 2022) represents New York's 10th congressional district, which includes the southwestern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Midwood, Red Hook, Sunset Park, Bensonhurst, Borough Park, Gravesend, Kensington, and Mapleton. The district also covers the West Side of Manhattan.
- Nicole Malliotakis (first elected in 2020) represents New York's 11th congressional district, which includes the southwestern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Bensonhurst, Gravesend, Bath Beach, Bay Ridge, and Dyker Heights. The district also covers all of Staten Island.
| Party | 2005 | 2004 | 2003 | 2002 | 2001 | 2000 | 1999 | 1998 | 1997 | 1996 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | 69.7 | 69.2 | 70.0 | 70.1 | 70.6 | 70.3 | 70.7 | 70.8 | 70.8 | 71.0 |
| Republican | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.5 | 10.9 | 11.1 | 11.3 | 11.5 |
| Other | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 2.3 |
| No affiliation | 16.5 | 16.9 | 16.1 | 16.2 | 16.3 | 16.5 | 15.9 | 15.5 | 15.4 | 15.2 |
Housing
Brooklyn offers a wide array of private housing, as well as public housing, which is administered by the New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA). Affordable rental and co-operative housing units throughout the borough were created under the Mitchell–Lama Housing Program. There were 1,101,441 housing units in 2022 at an average density of 15,876 units per square mile (6,130/km2). Public housing administered by NYCHA accounts for more than 100,000 residents in nearly 50,000 units in 2023.
Education
Education in Brooklyn is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions. Non-charter public schools in the borough are managed by the New York City Department of Education, the largest public school system in the United States.
Brooklyn Technical High School (commonly called Brooklyn Tech), a New York City public high school, is the largest specialized high school for science, mathematics, and technology in the United States. Brooklyn Tech opened in 1922. Brooklyn Tech is across the street from Fort Greene Park. This high school was built from 1930 to 1933 at a cost of about $6 million and is 12 stories high. It covers about half of a city block. Brooklyn Tech is noted for its famous alumni (including two Nobel Laureates), its academics, and a large number of graduates attending prestigious universities.
Higher education
Public colleges
Brooklyn College is a senior college of the City University of New York, and was the first public coeducational liberal arts college in New York City. The college ranked in the top 10 nationally for the second consecutive year in Princeton Review's 2006 guidebook, America's Best Value Colleges. Many of its students are first and second-generation Americans. Founded in 1970, Medgar Evers College is a senior college of the City University of New York. The college offers programs at the baccalaureate and associate degree levels, as well as adult and continuing education classes for central Brooklyn residents, corporations, government agencies, and community organizations. Medgar Evers College is a few blocks east of Prospect Park in Crown Heights.
CUNY's New York City College of Technology (City Tech) of The City University of New York (CUNY) (Downtown Brooklyn/Brooklyn Heights) is the largest public college of technology in New York State and a national model for technological education. Established in 1946, City Tech can trace its roots to 1881 when the Technical Schools of the Metropolitan Museum of Art were renamed the New York Trade School. That institution—which became the Voorhees Technical Institute many decades later—was soon a model for the development of technical and vocational schools worldwide. In 1971, Voorhees was incorporated into City Tech.
SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, founded as the Long Island College Hospital in 1860, is the oldest hospital-based medical school in the United States. The Medical Center comprises the College of Medicine, College of Health Related Professions, College of Nursing, School of Public Health, School of Graduate Studies, and University Hospital of Brooklyn. The Nobel Prize winner Robert F. Furchgott was a member of its faculty. Half of the Medical Center's students are minorities or immigrants. The College of Medicine has the highest percentage of minority students of any medical school in New York State.
Private colleges
Adelphi University, based in Garden City, moved its Manhattan Campus in 2023 to a new location on Livingston Street in Downtown Brooklyn. The move marks a return to Brooklyn for the university, which originated on Adelphi Street with the Adelphi Academy. The facility is shared with St. Francis College, which has created a new campus at 179 Livingston Street.
Brooklyn Law School was founded in 1901 and is notable for its diverse student body. Women and African Americans were enrolled in 1909. According to the Leiter Report, a compendium of law school rankings published by Brian Leiter, Brooklyn Law School places 31st nationally for the quality of students.
Long Island University is a private university headquartered in Brookville on Long Island, with a campus in Downtown Brooklyn with 6,417 undergraduate students. The Brooklyn campus has strong science and medical technology programs, at the graduate and undergraduate levels.
Pratt Institute, in Clinton Hill, is a private college founded in 1887 with programs in engineering, architecture, and the arts. Some buildings in the school's Brooklyn campus are official landmarks. Pratt has over 4700 students, with most at its Brooklyn campus. Graduate programs include a library and information science, architecture, and urban planning. Undergraduate programs include architecture, construction management, writing, critical and visual studies, industrial design and fine arts, totaling over 25 programs in all.
The New York University Tandon School of Engineering, the United States' second oldest private institute of technology, founded in 1854, has its main campus in Downtown's MetroTech Center, a commercial, civic and educational redevelopment project of which it was a key sponsor. NYU-Tandon is one of the 18 schools and colleges that comprise New York University (NYU).
St. Francis College is a Catholic college in Downtown Brooklyn founded in 1859 by Franciscan friars. Over 2,400 students attend the small liberal arts college. St. Francis is considered by The New York Times as one of the more diverse colleges, and was ranked one of the best baccalaureate colleges by Forbes magazine and U.S. News & World Report.
Brooklyn also has smaller liberal arts institutions, such as Saint Joseph's College in Clinton Hill and Boricua College in Williamsburg.
Community colleges
Kingsborough Community College is a junior college in the City University of New York system in Manhattan Beach.
Brooklyn Public Library
As an independent system, separate from the New York and Queens public library systems, the Brooklyn Public Library offers thousands of public programs, millions of books, and use of more than 850 free Internet-accessible computers. It also has books and periodicals in all the major languages spoken in Brooklyn, including English, Russian, Chinese, Spanish, Hebrew, and Haitian Creole, as well as French, Yiddish, Hindi, Bengali, Polish, Italian, and Arabic. The Central Library is a landmarked building facing Grand Army Plaza.
There are 58 library branches, placing one within a half-mile of each Brooklyn resident. In addition to its specialized Business Library in Brooklyn Heights, the Library is preparing to construct its new Visual & Performing Arts Library (VPA) in the BAM Cultural District, which will focus on the link between new and emerging arts and technology and house traditional and digital collections. It will provide access and training to arts applications and technologies not widely available to the public. The collections will include the subjects of art, theater, dance, music, film, photography, and architecture. A special archive will house the records and history of Brooklyn's arts communities.
Transportation
Public transport
About 57 percent of all households in Brooklyn were households without automobiles. The citywide rate is 55 percent in New York City.
Brooklyn features extensive public transit. Nineteen New York City Subway services, including the Franklin Avenue Shuttle, traverse the borough. Approximately 92.8% of Brooklyn residents traveling to Manhattan use the subway, despite the fact some neighborhoods like Flatlands and Marine Park are poorly served by subway service. Major stations, out of the 170 currently in Brooklyn, include:
- Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center
- Broadway Junction
- DeKalb Avenue
- Jay Street–MetroTech
- Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue
Proposed New York City Subway lines never built include a line along Nostrand or Utica Avenues to Marine Park, as well as a subway line to Spring Creek.
Brooklyn was once served by an extensive network of streetcars, but many were replaced by the public bus network that covers the entire borough. There is also daily express bus service into Manhattan. New York's famous yellow cabs also provide transportation in Brooklyn, although they are less numerous in the borough. There are three commuter rail stations in Brooklyn: East New York, Nostrand Avenue, and Atlantic Terminal, the terminus of the Atlantic Branch of the Long Island Rail Road. The terminal is near the Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center subway station, with ten connecting subway services.
In February 2015, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would begin a citywide ferry service called NYC Ferry to extend ferry transportation to communities in the city that have been traditionally underserved by public transit. The ferry opened in May 2017, with the Bay Ridge ferry serving southwestern Brooklyn and the East River Ferry serving northwestern Brooklyn. A third route, the Rockaway ferry, makes one stop in the borough at Brooklyn Army Terminal.
A streetcar line, the Brooklyn–Queens Connector, was proposed by the city in February 2016, with the planned timeline calling for service to begin around 2024.
Roadways
Most of the limited-access expressways and parkways are in the western and southern sections of Brooklyn, where the borough's two interstate highways are located; Interstate 278, which uses the Gowanus Expressway and the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway, traverses Sunset Park and Brooklyn Heights, while Interstate 478 is an unsigned route designation for the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel, which connects to Manhattan. Other prominent roadways are the Prospect Expressway (New York State Route 27), the Belt Parkway, and the Jackie Robinson Parkway (formerly the Interborough Parkway). Planned expressways that were never built include the Bushwick Expressway, an extension of I-78 and the Cross-Brooklyn Expressway, I-878. Major thoroughfares include Atlantic Avenue, Fourth Avenue, 86th Street, Kings Highway, Bay Parkway, Ocean Parkway, Eastern Parkway, Linden Boulevard, McGuinness Boulevard, Flatbush Avenue, Pennsylvania Avenue, and Nostrand Avenue.
Much of Brooklyn has only named streets, but Park Slope, Bay Ridge, Sunset Park, Bensonhurst, and Borough Park and the other western sections have numbered streets running approximately northwest to southeast, and numbered avenues going approximately northeast to southwest. East of Dahill Road, lettered avenues (like Avenue M) run east and west, and numbered streets have the prefix "East". South of Avenue O, related numbered streets west of Dahill Road use the "West" designation. This set of numbered streets ranges from West 37th Street to East 108 Street, and the avenues range from A–Z with names substituted for some of them in some neighborhoods (notably Albemarle, Beverley, Cortelyou, Dorchester, Ditmas, Foster, Farragut, Glenwood, Quentin). Numbered streets prefixed by "North" and "South" in Williamsburg, and "Bay", "Beach", "Brighton", "Plumb", "Paerdegat" or "Flatlands" along the southern and southwestern waterfront are loosely based on the old grids of the original towns of Kings County that eventually consolidated to form Brooklyn. These names often reflect the bodies of water or beaches around them, such as Plumb Beach or Paerdegat Basin.
Brooklyn is connected to Manhattan by three bridges, the Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Williamsburg Bridge; a vehicular tunnel, the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel (also known as the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel); and several subway tunnels. The Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge links Brooklyn with the more suburban borough of Staten Island. Though much of its border is on land, Brooklyn shares several water crossings with Queens, including the Pulaski Bridge, the Greenpoint Avenue Bridge, the Kosciuszko Bridge (part of the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway), and the Grand Street Bridge, all of which carry traffic over Newtown Creek, and the Marine Parkway Bridge connecting Brooklyn to the Rockaway Peninsula.
Waterways
Brooklyn was long a major shipping port, especially at the Brooklyn Army Terminal and Bush Terminal in Sunset Park. Most container ship cargo operations have shifted to the New Jersey side of New York Harbor, while the Brooklyn Cruise Terminal in Red Hook is a focal point for New York's growing cruise industry. The Queen Mary 2, one of the world's largest ocean liners, was designed specifically to fit under the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, the longest suspension bridge in the United States. She makes regular ports of call at the Red Hook terminal on her transatlantic crossings from Southampton, England. The Brooklyn waterfront formerly employed tens of thousands of borough residents and acted as an incubator for industries across the entire city, and the decline of the port exacerbated Brooklyn's decline in the second half of the 20th century.
In February 2015, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would begin NYC Ferry to extend ferry transportation to traditionally underserved communities in the city. The ferry opened in May 2017, offering commuter services from the western shore of Brooklyn to Manhattan via three routes. The East River Ferry serves points in Lower Manhattan, Midtown, Long Island City, and northwestern Brooklyn via its East River route. The South Brooklyn and Rockaway routes serve southwestern Brooklyn before terminating in lower Manhattan. Ferries to Coney Island are also planned.NY Waterway offers tours and charters. SeaStreak also offers a weekday ferry service between the Brooklyn Army Terminal and the Manhattan ferry slips at Pier 11/Wall Street downtown and East 34th Street Ferry Landing in midtown. A Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel, originally proposed in the 1920s as a core project for the then-new Port Authority of New York is again being studied and discussed as a way to ease freight movements across a large swath of the metropolitan area.
Partnerships with districts of foreign cities
- Anzio, Lazio, Italy (since 1990)
- Huế, Vietnam
- Gdynia, Poland (since 1991)
- Beşiktaş, Istanbul Province, Turkey (since 2005)
- Leopoldstadt, Vienna, Austria (since 2007)
- London Borough of Lambeth, United Kingdom
- Bnei Brak, Israel
- Konak, İzmir, Turkey (since 2010)
- Chaoyang District, Beijing, China (since 2014)
- Yiwu, China (since 2014)
- Üsküdar, Istanbul, Turkey (since 2015)
Hospitals and healthcare
- Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center
- Kings County Hospital Center
- Maimonides Medical Center
- Mount Sinai Brooklyn
- New York Community Hospital
- NYC Health + Hospitals/Kings County
- NYU Langone Hospital – Brooklyn
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center
See also
General links
| History of neighborhoods
| General history
|
Notes
- Mostly Multiracial American, other Asian or other European ancestry
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Brooklyn is a borough of New York City located at the westernmost end of Long Island in the State of New York Formerly an independent city the borough is coextensive with Kings County one of twelve original counties established under British rule in 1683 in the then Province of New York As of the 2020 United States census the population stood at 2 736 074 making it the most populous of the five boroughs of New York City and the most populous county in the state Brooklyn at 37 339 9 inhabitants per square mile 14 417 0 km2 is the second most densely populated county in the U S after Manhattan New York County as of 2022 Had Brooklyn remained an independent city it would now be the fourth most populous American city after the rest of New York City Los Angeles and Chicago Brooklyn Kings County New YorkBorough and countyDowntown Brooklyn seen from Lower ManhattanBrooklyn BridgeConey IslandBrooklyn MuseumBorough HallBarclays CenterBrooklyn CollegeFlagSealMotto s Eendraght Maeckt Maght Unity makes strength Interactive map outlining BrooklynBrooklyn in New York StateBrooklynLocation within New York CityShow map of New York CityBrooklynLocation within the State of New YorkShow map of New YorkBrooklynLocation within the United StatesShow map of the United StatesBrooklynLocation on EarthShow map of EarthCoordinates 40 39 N 73 57 W 40 650 N 73 950 W 40 650 73 950Country United StatesStateNew YorkCountyKings coterminous CityNew YorkSettled1634Named forBreukelen NetherlandsGovernment TypeBorough Borough PresidentAntonio Reynoso D Borough of Brooklyn District AttorneyEric Gonzalez D Kings County Area Total97 sq mi 250 km2 Land70 82 sq mi 183 4 km2 Water26 sq mi 67 km2 27 Highest elevation220 ft 67 m Population 2020 Total2 736 074 Density38 634 sq mi 14 917 km2 DemonymBrooklyniteGDP TotalUS 107 274 billion 2022 ZIP Code prefix112Area codes718 347 929 917Congressional districts7th 8th 9th 10th 11thWebsitebrooklynbp nyc gov Named after the Dutch town of Breukelen in the Netherlands Brooklyn shares a land border with the borough and county of Queens It has several bridge and tunnel connections to the borough of Manhattan across the East River most famously the architecturally significant Brooklyn Bridge and is connected to Staten Island by way of the Verrazzano Narrows Bridge With a land area of 69 38 square miles 179 7 km2 and a water area of 27 48 square miles 71 2 km2 Kings County is the state of New York s fourth smallest county by land area and third smallest by total area Brooklyn was founded by the Dutch in the 17th century and grew into a busy port city on New York Harbor by the 19th century On January 1 1898 after a long political campaign and public relations battle during the 1890s and despite opposition from Brooklyn residents Brooklyn was consolidated in and annexed along with other areas to form the current five borough structure of New York City in accordance to the new municipal charter of Greater New York The borough continues to maintain some distinct culture Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves With Jews forming around a quarter of its population the borough has been described as the most Jewish spot on Earth Brooklyn s official motto displayed on the borough seal and flag is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength Educational institutions in Brooklyn include the City University of New York s Brooklyn College Medgar Evers College and College of Technology as well as New York University Tandon School of Engineering In sports basketball s Brooklyn Nets and New York Liberty play at the Barclays Center In the first decades of the 21st century Brooklyn has experienced a renaissance as a destination for hipsters with concomitant gentrification dramatic house price increases and a decrease in housing affordability Some new developments are required to include affordable housing units Since the 2010s parts of Brooklyn have evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship high technology startup firms postmodern art and design ToponymyThe name Brooklyn is derived from the original Dutch town of Breukelen The oldest mention of the settlement in the Netherlands is in a charter of 953 by Holy Roman Emperor Otto I as Broecklede This form is made up of the words broeck meaning bog or marshland and lede meaning small dug water stream specifically in peat areas Breuckelen on the American continent was established in 1646 and the name first appeared in print in 1663 Over the past two millennia the name of the ancient town in Holland has been Bracola Broccke Brocckede Broiclede Brocklandia Broekclen Broikelen Breuckelen and finally Breukelen The New Amsterdam settlement of Breuckelen also went through many spelling variations including Breucklyn Breuckland Brucklyn Broucklyn Brookland Brockland Brocklin and Brookline Brook line There have been so many variations of the name that its origin has been debated some have claimed breuckelen means broken land The current name however is the one that best reflects its meaning The county s name Kings County was named after King Charles II of England HistoryThe history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years The settlement began in the 17th century as the small Dutch founded town of Breuckelen on the East River shore of Long Island grew to be a sizeable city in the 19th century and was consolidated in 1898 with New York City then confined to Manhattan and the Bronx the remaining rural areas of Kings County and the largely rural areas of Queens and Staten Island to form the modern City of New York Colonial era New Netherland The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle Long Island s western edge which was then largely inhabited by the Lenape an Algonquian speaking American Indian tribe often referred to in European documents by a variation of the place name Canarsie Bands were associated with place names but the colonists thought their names represented different tribes The Breuckelen settlement was named after Breukelen in the Netherlands it was part of New Netherland The Dutch West India Company lost little time in chartering the six original parishes listed here by their later English town names Gravesend in 1645 settled under Dutch patent by English followers of Anabaptist Deborah Moody named for s Gravenzande Netherlands or Gravesend England Brooklyn Heights chartered as Breuckelen in 1646 after the town now spelled Breukelen Netherlands Breuckelen was along Fulton Street now Fulton Mall between Hoyt Street and Smith Street according to H Stiles and P Ross Brooklyn Heights or Clover Hill is where the village of Brooklyn was founded in 1816 Flatlands chartered as Nieuw Amersfoort in 1647 Flatbush chartered as Midwout in 1652 Nieuw Utrecht in 1652 named after the city of Utrecht Netherlands and Bushwick chartered as Boswijck in 1661 A dining table from the Dutch village of Brooklyn c 1664 in The Brooklyn Museum The colony s capital of New Amsterdam across the East River obtained its charter in 1653 The neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North America s first tide mill It was built by the Dutch and the foundation can be seen today But the area was not formally settled as a town Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furman s 1824 compilation Province of New York Village of Brooklyn and environs 1766 Present day Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the English captured the New Netherland colony in 1664 a prelude to the Second Anglo Dutch War New Netherland was taken in a naval action and the English renamed the new capture for their naval commander James Duke of York brother of the then monarch King Charles II and future king himself as King James II Brooklyn became a part of the West Riding of York Shire in the Province of New York one of the Middle Colonies of nascent British America On November 1 1683 Kings County was partitioned from the West Riding of York Shire containing the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as one of the original twelve counties This tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of a Brooklyn identity Lacking the patroon and tenant farmer system established along the Hudson River Valley this agricultural county unusually came to have one of the highest percentages of slaves among the population in the Original Thirteen Colonies along the Atlantic Ocean eastern coast of North America Revolutionary War The Battle of Long Island was fought across Kings County On August 27 1776 the Battle of Long Island also known as the Battle of Brooklyn was fought the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared and the largest of the entire conflict British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the modern sites of Green Wood Cemetery Prospect Park and Grand Army Plaza Washington viewing particularly fierce fighting at the Gowanus Creek and Old Stone House from atop a hill near the west end of present day Atlantic Avenue was reported to have emotionally exclaimed What brave men I must this day lose The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later leaving the British in control of New York Harbor While Washington s defeat on the battlefield cast early doubts on his ability as the commander the tactical withdrawal of all his troops and supplies across the East River in a single night is now seen by historians as one of his most brilliant triumphs The British controlled the surrounding region for the duration of the war as New York City was soon occupied and became their military and political base of operations in North America for the remainder of the conflict The Patriot residents largely fled or were cleared from the area and afterward the British generally enjoyed a dominant Loyalist sentiment from the residents in Kings County who did not evacuate though the region was also the center of the fledgling and largely successful Patriot intelligence network headed by Washington himself The British set up a system of prison ships off the coast of Brooklyn in Wallabout Bay More American patriots died there than in combat on all the battlefield engagements of the American Revolutionary War combined One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City which was celebrated by New Yorkers into the 20th century Post independence era Urbanization Winter Scene in Brooklyn c 1819 20 by Francis Guy Brooklyn Museum The first half of the 19th century saw the beginning of the development of urban areas on the economically strategic East River shore of Kings County facing the adolescent City of New York confined to Manhattan Island The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay border between Fort Greene and Williamsburg during the 19th century and two thirds of the 20th century The first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn directly across from Lower Manhattan which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1816 Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a commuter town for Wall Street Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York Town and Village were combined to form the first kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834 In a parallel development the Town of Bushwick farther up the river saw the incorporation of the Village of Williamsburgh in 1827 which separated as the Town of Williamsburgh in 1840 and formed the short lived City of Williamsburgh in 1851 Industrial deconcentration in the mid century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the northern part of the county Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities and purposely created non aligning street grids with different naming systems However the East River shore was growing too fast for the three year old infant City of Williamsburg it along with its Town of Bushwick hinterland was subsumed within a greater City of Brooklyn in 1855 subsequently dropping the h from its name By 1841 with the appearance of The Brooklyn Eagle and Kings County Democrat published by Alfred G Stevens the growing city across the East River from Manhattan was producing its own prominent newspaper It later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America The publisher changed to L Van Anden on April 19 1842 and the paper was renamed The Brooklyn Daily Eagle and Kings County Democrat on June 1 1846 On May 14 1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle on September 5 1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle The establishment of the paper in the 1840s helped develop a separate identity for Brooklynites over the next century The borough s soon to be famous National League baseball team the Brooklyn Dodgers also assisted with this Both major institutions were lost in the 1950s the paper closed in 1955 after unsuccessful attempts at a sale following a reporters strike and the baseball team decamped for Los Angeles in a realignment of Major League Baseball in 1957 Agitation against Southern slavery was stronger in Brooklyn than in New York and under Republican leadership the city was fervent in the Union cause in the Civil War After the war the Henry Ward Beecher Monument was built downtown to honor a famous local abolitionist A great victory arch was built at what was then the south end of town to celebrate the armed forces this place is now called Grand Army Plaza The number of people living in Brooklyn grew rapidly early in the 19th century There were 4 402 by 1810 7 175 in 1820 and 15 396 by 1830 The city s population was 25 000 in 1834 but the police department comprised only 12 men on the day shift and another 12 on the night shift Every time a rash of burglaries broke out officials blamed burglars from New York City Finally in 1855 a modern police force was created employing 150 men Voters complained of inadequate protection and excessive costs In 1857 the state legislature merged the Brooklyn force with that of New York City Civil War Fervent in the Union cause the city of Brooklyn played a major role in supplying troops and materiel for the American Civil War The best known regiment to be sent off to war from the city was the 14th Brooklyn Red Legged Devils They fought from 1861 to 1864 wore red the entire war and were the only regiment named after a city President Abraham Lincoln called them into service making them part of a handful of three year enlisted soldiers in April 1861 Unlike other regiments during the American Civil War the 14th wore a uniform inspired by the French Chasseurs a light infantry used for quick assaults As a seaport and a manufacturing center Brooklyn was well prepared to contribute to the Union s strengths in shipping and manufacturing The two combined in shipbuilding the ironclad Monitor was built in Brooklyn Twin city Brooklyn is referred to as the twin city of New York in the 1883 poem The New Colossus by Emma Lazarus which appears on a plaque inside the Statue of Liberty The poem calls New York Harbor the air bridged harbor that twin cities frame As a twin city to New York it played a role in national affairs that was later overshadowed by decades of subordination by its old partner and rival During this period the affluent contiguous districts of Fort Greene and Clinton Hill then characterized collectively as The Hill were home to such notable figures as Astral Oil Works founder Charles Pratt and his children including local civic leader Charles Millard Pratt Theosophical Society co founder William Quan Judge and Pfizer co founders Charles Pfizer and Charles F Erhart Brooklyn Heights remained one of the New York metropolitan area s most august patrician redoubts into the early 20th century under the aegis of such figures as abolitionist clergyman Henry Ward Beecher Congregationalist theologians Lyman Abbott and Newell Dwight Hillis who followed Beecher as the second and third pastors of Plymouth Church respectively financier John Jay Pierrepont a grandson of founding Heights resident Hezekiah Pierrepont banker art collector David Leavitt educator politician Seth Low merchant banker Horace Brigham Claflin attorney William Cary Sanger who served for two years as United States Assistant Secretary of War under Presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt and publisher Alfred Smith Barnes Contiguous to the Heights the less exclusive South Brooklyn was home to longtime civic leader James S T Stranahan who became known often derisively as the Baron Haussmann of Brooklyn for championing Prospect Park and other public works Economic growth continued propelled by immigration and industrialization and Brooklyn established itself as the third most populous American city for much of the 19th century The waterfront from Gowanus to Greenpoint was developed with piers and factories Industrial access to the waterfront was improved by the Gowanus Canal and the canalized Newtown Creek USS Monitor was the most famous product of the large and growing shipbuilding industry of Williamsburg After the Civil War trolley lines and other transport brought urban sprawl beyond Prospect Park completed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux in 1873 and widely heralded as an improvement upon the earlier Central Park into the center of the county as evinced by gradual settlement in the comparatively rustic villages of Windsor Terrace and Kensington in the Town of Flatbush By century s end Dean Alvord s Prospect Park South development adjacent to the village of Flatbush would serve as the template for contemporaneous Victorian Flatbush micro neighborhoods and the post consolidation emergence of outlying districts such as Midwood and Marine Park Along with Oak Park Illinois it also presaged the automobile and commuter rail driven vogue for more remote prewar suburban communities such as Garden City New York and Montclair New Jersey Brooklyn Bridge in 1883 by Currier and Ives The rapidly growing population needed more water so the City built centralized waterworks including the Ridgewood Reservoir The municipal Police Department however was abolished in 1854 in favor of a Metropolitan force covering also New York and Westchester Counties In 1865 the Brooklyn Fire Department BFD also gave way to the new Metropolitan Fire District Throughout this period the peripheral towns of Kings County far from Manhattan and even from urban Brooklyn maintained their rustic independence The only municipal change seen was the secession of the eastern section of the Town of Flatbush as the Town of New Lots in 1852 The building of rail links such as the Brighton Beach Line in 1878 heralded the end of this isolation Sports in Brooklyn became a business The Brooklyn Bridegrooms played professional baseball at Washington Park in the convenient suburb of Park Slope and elsewhere Early in the next century under their new name of Brooklyn Dodgers they brought baseball to Ebbets Field beyond Prospect Park Racetracks amusement parks and beach resorts opened in Brighton Beach Coney Island and elsewhere in the southern part of the county Currier and Ives print of Brooklyn 1886 Toward the end of the 19th century the City of Brooklyn experienced its final explosive growth spurt Park Slope was rapidly urbanized with its eastern summit soon emerging as the city s third Gold Coast district alongside Brooklyn Heights and The Hill notable residents of the era included American Chicle Company co founder Thomas Adams Jr and New York Central Railroad executive Clinton L Rossiter East of The Hill Bedford Stuyvesant coalesced as an upper middle class enclave for lawyers shopkeepers and merchants of German and Irish descent notably exemplified by John C Kelley a water meter magnate and close friend of President Grover Cleveland with nearby Crown Heights gradually fulfilling an analogous role for the city s Jewish population as development continued through the early 20th century Northeast of Bedford Stuyvesant Bushwick by now a working class predominantly German district established a considerable brewery industry the so called Brewer s Row encompassed 14 breweries operating in a 14 block area in 1890 On the southwestern waterfront of Kings County railroads and industrialization spread to Sunset Park then coterminous with the city s sprawling sparsely populated Eighth Ward and adjacent Bay Ridge hitherto a resort like subsection of the Town of New Utrecht Within a decade the city had annexed the Town of New Lots in 1886 the Towns of Flatbush Gravesend and New Utrecht in 1894 and the Town of Flatlands in 1896 Brooklyn had reached its natural municipal boundaries at the ends of Kings County Seth Low as mayor Low s time in office from 1882 to 1885 was marked by a number of reforms Secured a degree of home rule of the city Previously the State Government dictated city policies hiring salaries and other affairs Low managed to secure an unofficial veto over all Brooklyn bills in the State Assembly Instituted a number of educational reforms He was the first to integrate Brooklyn schools He introduced free textbooks for all students not just those who had taken a pauper s oath He instituted a competitive examination for hiring teachers instead of giving teaching jobs to pay political debts He set aside 430 000 equivalent to 14 010 586 in 2024 for the construction of new schools to accommodate 10 000 new students Introduced Civil Service Code to all city employees eliminating patronage jobs German Americans wanted to enjoy their local beer gardens on the Sabbath in violation of state dry laws and the demands of local puritanical clergy Low s compromise solution was that saloons could stay open as long as they were orderly At the first sign of rowdiness they would be closed Served as a member of the board of the New York Bridge Company the company that built the Brooklyn Bridge and led an unsuccessful effort to remove Washington Roebling as the chief engineer on that project Raised the tax rate from 2 33 of 100 assessed valuation in 1881 to 2 59 in 1883 He also went after property owners who had not paid back taxes This increase in city revenue enabled him to reduce the city s debt and increase services However raising taxes proved extremely unpopular Mayors of the City of Brooklyn Brooklyn elected a mayor from 1834 until 1898 after which it was consolidated into the City of Greater New York whose own second mayor 1902 1903 Seth Low had been Mayor of Brooklyn from 1882 to 1885 Since 1898 Brooklyn has in place of a separate mayor elected a Borough President Mayors of the City of Brooklyn Mayor Party Start year End yearGeorge Hall Democratic Republican 1834 1834Jonathan Trotter Democratic 1835 1836Jeremiah Johnson Whig 1837 1838Cyrus P Smith Whig 1839 1841Henry C Murphy Democratic 1842 1842Joseph Sprague Democratic 1843 1844Thomas G Talmage Democratic 1845 1845Francis B Stryker Whig 1846 1848Whig 1849 1849Samuel Smith Democratic 1850 1850Conklin Brush Whig 1851 1852Edward A Lambert Democratic 1853 1854George Hall Know Nothing 1855 1856Samuel S Powell Democratic 1857 1860Martin Kalbfleisch Democratic 1861 1863Alfred M Wood Republican 1864 1865Samuel Booth Republican 1866 1867Martin Kalbfleisch Democratic 1868 1871Samuel S Powell Democratic 1872 1873John W Hunter Democratic 1874 1875Frederick A Schroeder Republican 1876 1877James Howell Democratic 1878 1881Seth Low Republican 1882 1885Daniel D Whitney Democratic 1886 1887Alfred C Chapin Democratic 1888 1891David A Boody Democratic 1892 1893Charles A Schieren Republican 1894 1895Frederick W Wurster Republican 1896 1897New York City borough Brooklyn in 1897 In 1883 the Brooklyn Bridge was completed transportation to Manhattan was no longer by water only and the City of Brooklyn s ties to the City of New York were strengthened The question became whether Brooklyn was prepared to engage in the still grander process of consolidation then developing throughout the region whether to join with the county of Richmond and the western portion of Queens County and the county of New York which by then already included the Bronx to form the five boroughs of a united City of New York Andrew Haswell Green and other progressives said yes and eventually they prevailed against the Daily Eagle and other conservative forces In 1894 residents of Brooklyn and the other counties voted by a slight majority to merge effective in 1898 Kings County retained its status as one of New York State s counties but the loss of Brooklyn s separate identity as a city was met with consternation by some residents at the time Many newspapers of the day called the merger the Great Mistake of 1898 GeographyLocation of Brooklyn red within New York City remainder yellow USGS map of Brooklyn 2019 Brooklyn is 97 square miles 250 km2 in area of which 71 square miles 180 km2 is land 73 and 26 square miles 67 km2 is water 27 the borough is the second largest by land area among the New York City s boroughs However Kings County coterminous with Brooklyn is New York State s fourth smallest county by land area and third smallest by total area Brooklyn lies at the southwestern end of Long Island and the borough s western border constitutes the island s western tip Brooklyn s water borders are extensive and varied including Jamaica Bay the Atlantic Ocean The Narrows separating Brooklyn from the borough of Staten Island in New York City and crossed by the Verrazzano Narrows Bridge Upper New York Bay separating Brooklyn from Jersey City and Bayonne in the U S state of New Jersey and the East River separating Brooklyn from the borough of Manhattan in New York City and traversed by the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel the Brooklyn Bridge the Manhattan Bridge the Williamsburg Bridge and numerous routes of the New York City Subway To the east of Brooklyn lies the borough of Queens which contains John F Kennedy International Airport in that borough s Jamaica neighborhood approximately two miles from the border of Brooklyn s East New York neighborhood Climate Under the Koppen climate classification Brooklyn experiences a humid subtropical climate Cfa with partial shielding from the Appalachian Mountains and moderating influences from the Atlantic Ocean Brooklyn receives plentiful precipitation all year round with nearly 50 in 1 300 mm yearly The area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually and averages 57 of possible sunshine annually accumulating 2 535 hours of sunshine per annum Brooklyn lies in the USDA plant hardiness zone 7b Climate data for JFK Airport New York normals 1981 2010 extremes 1948 present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high F C 71 22 71 22 85 29 90 32 99 37 99 37 104 40 101 38 98 37 90 32 77 25 75 24 104 40 Mean maximum F C 56 8 13 8 57 9 14 4 68 5 20 3 78 1 25 6 84 9 29 4 92 1 33 4 94 5 34 7 92 7 33 7 87 4 30 8 78 0 25 6 69 1 20 6 60 1 15 6 96 6 35 9 Mean daily maximum F C 39 1 3 9 41 8 5 4 49 0 9 4 59 0 15 0 68 5 20 3 78 0 25 6 83 2 28 4 81 9 27 7 75 3 24 1 64 5 18 1 54 3 12 4 44 0 6 7 61 6 16 4 Mean daily minimum F C 26 3 3 2 28 1 2 2 34 2 1 2 43 5 6 4 52 8 11 6 62 8 17 1 68 5 20 3 67 8 19 9 60 8 16 0 49 6 9 8 40 7 4 8 31 5 0 3 47 3 8 5 Mean minimum F C 9 8 12 3 13 4 10 3 19 1 7 2 32 6 0 3 42 6 5 9 52 7 11 5 60 7 15 9 58 6 14 8 49 2 9 6 37 6 3 1 27 4 2 6 16 3 8 7 7 5 13 6 Record low F C 2 19 2 19 4 16 20 7 34 1 45 7 55 13 46 8 40 4 30 1 19 7 2 17 2 19 Average precipitation inches mm 3 16 80 2 59 66 3 78 96 3 87 98 3 94 100 3 86 98 4 08 104 3 68 93 3 50 89 3 62 92 3 30 84 3 39 86 42 77 1 086 Average snowfall inches cm 6 3 16 8 3 21 3 5 8 9 0 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 51 4 7 12 23 8 60 Average precipitation days 0 01 inch 10 5 9 6 11 0 11 4 11 5 10 7 9 4 8 7 8 1 8 5 9 4 10 6 119 4Average snowy days 0 1 inch 4 6 3 4 2 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 8 13 6Average relative humidity 64 9 64 4 63 4 64 1 69 5 71 5 71 4 71 7 71 9 69 1 67 9 66 3 68 0Source NOAA relative humidity 1961 1990 Climate data for Brooklyn New York City Avenue V Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearMean daily maximum F C 39 7 4 3 42 4 5 8 49 7 9 8 60 5 15 8 70 5 21 4 79 3 26 3 84 8 29 3 83 3 28 5 76 5 24 7 65 0 18 3 54 3 12 4 44 5 6 9 62 5 16 9 Mean daily minimum F C 27 5 2 5 29 1 1 6 35 2 1 8 44 8 7 1 54 4 12 4 64 0 17 8 70 3 21 3 68 9 20 5 62 4 16 9 51 2 10 7 41 4 5 2 33 2 0 7 48 5 9 2 Average precipitation inches mm 3 53 90 2 97 75 4 37 111 3 85 98 4 03 102 4 44 113 4 85 123 3 92 100 3 92 100 4 02 102 3 23 82 4 00 102 47 13 1 197 Average snowfall inches cm 6 5 17 8 5 22 4 4 11 0 6 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 51 4 3 11 24 5 62 Source NOAA Boroughscape The Downtown Brooklyn skyline the Manhattan Bridge far left and the Brooklyn Bridge near left are seen across the East River from Lower Manhattan at sunset in 2013 View of the Brooklyn skyline from the Gowanus Canal in 2021NeighborhoodsLandmark 19th century rowhouses on tree lined Kent Street in Greenpoint Historic DistrictPark Slope150 159 Willow Street three original red brick early 19th century Federal Style houses in Brooklyn Heights Brooklyn s neighborhoods are dynamic in ethnic composition For example the early to mid 20th century Brownsville had a majority of Jewish residents since the 1970s it has been majority African American Midwood during the early 20th century was filled with ethnic Irish then filled with Jewish residents for nearly 50 years and is slowly becoming a Pakistani enclave Brooklyn s most populous racial group white declined from 97 2 in 1930 to 46 9 by 1990 The borough attracts people previously living in other cities in the United States Of these most come from Chicago Detroit San Francisco Washington D C Baltimore Philadelphia Boston Cincinnati and Seattle Community diversity Imatra Society consisting of Finnish immigrants celebrating its summer festival in Fort Hamilton Brooklyn in 1894 Given New York City s role as a crossroads for immigration from around the world Brooklyn has evolved a globally cosmopolitan ambiance of its own demonstrating a robust and growing demographic and cultural diversity with respect to metrics including nationality religion race and domiciliary partnership In 2010 51 6 of the population was counted as members of religious congregations In 2014 there were 914 religious organizations in Brooklyn the 10th most of all counties in the nation Brooklyn contains dozens of distinct neighborhoods representing many of the major culturally identified groups found within New York City Among the most prominent are listed below Jewish American The world s largest metropolitan Hasidic Jewish community resides in Brooklyn Over 600 000 Jews particularly Orthodox and Hasidic Jews have become concentrated in such historically Jewish areas as Borough Park Williamsburg and Midwood where there are many yeshivas synagogues and kosher restaurants as well as a variety of Jewish businesses Adjacent to Borough Park the Kensington area housed a significant population of Conservative Jews under the aegis of such nationally prominent midcentury rabbis as Jacob Bosniak and Abraham Heller when it was still considered to be a subsection of Flatbush many of their defunct facilities have been repurposed to serve extensions of the Borough Park Hasidic community Other notable religious Jewish neighborhoods with a longstanding cultural lineage include Canarsie Sea Gate and Crown Heights home to the Chabad world headquarters Neighborhoods with largely defunct yet historically notable Jewish populations include central Flatbush East Flatbush Brownsville East New York Bensonhurst and Sheepshead Bay particularly its Madison subsection Many hospitals in Brooklyn were started by Jewish charities including Maimonides Medical Center in Borough Park and Brookdale Hospital in East Flatbush According to the American Jewish Population Project in 2020 Brooklyn was home to over 480 000 Jews In 2023 the UJA Federation of New York estimated that Brooklyn is home to 462 000 Jews a large decrease compared to the 561 000 estimated in 2011 The predominantly Jewish Crown Heights and later East Flatbush based Madison Democratic Club served as the borough s primary clubhouse political venue for decades until the ascendancy of Meade Esposito s rival Canarsie based Thomas Jefferson Democratic Club in the 1960s and 1970s playing an integral role in the rise of such figures as Speaker of the New York State Assembly Irwin Steingut his son fellow Speaker Stanley Steingut New York City Mayor Abraham Beame real estate developer Fred Trump Democratic district leader Beadie Markowitz and political fixer Abraham Bunny Lindenbaum Many non Orthodox Jews ranging from observant members of various denominations to atheists of Jewish cultural heritage are concentrated in Ditmas Park and Park Slope with smaller observant and culturally Jewish populations in Brooklyn Heights Cobble Hill Brighton Beach and Coney Island Chinese American 8th Avenue in Brooklyn s Sunset Park Chinatown Over 200 000 Chinese Americans live throughout the southern parts of Brooklyn primarily concentrated in Sunset Park Bensonhurst Gravesend and Homecrest Brooklyn is the borough that is home to the highest number of Chinatowns in New York City The largest concentration is in Sunset Park along 8th Avenue which has become known for its Chinese culture since the opening of the now defunct Winley Supermarket in 1986 spurred widespread settlement in the area It is called Brooklyn s Chinatown and originally it was a small Chinese enclave with Cantonese speakers being the main Chinese population during the late 1980s and 1990s but since the 2000s the Chinese population in the area dramatically shifted to majority Fuzhounese Americans which contributed immensely to expanding this Chinatown and bestowing the nicknames Fuzhou Town 福州埠 Brooklyn or the Little Fuzhou 小福州 of Brooklyn Many Chinese restaurants can be found throughout Sunset Park and the area hosts a popular Chinese New Year celebration Since the 2000s going forward the growing concentration of the Cantonese speaking population in Brooklyn have dramatically shifted to Bensonhurst Gravesend and Homecrest creating newer Chinatowns of Brooklyn and these newer Brooklyn Chinatowns are known as Brooklyn s Little Hong Kong Guangdong due to their Chinese populations being overwhelmingly Cantonese populated Caribbean and African American The West Indian Day Parade marching by the Brooklyn Museum Brooklyn s African American and Caribbean communities are spread throughout much of Brooklyn Brooklyn s West Indian community is concentrated in the Crown Heights Flatbush East Flatbush Kensington and Canarsie neighborhoods in central Brooklyn Brooklyn is home to the largest community of West Indians outside of the Caribbean Although the largest West Indian groups in Brooklyn are Jamaicans Guyanese and Haitians there are West Indian immigrants from nearly every part of the Caribbean Crown Heights and Flatbush are home to many of Brooklyn s West Indian restaurants and bakeries Brooklyn has an annual celebrated Carnival in the tradition of pre Lenten celebrations in the islands Started by natives of Trinidad and Tobago the West Indian Labor Day Parade takes place every Labor Day on Eastern Parkway The Brooklyn Academy of Music also holds the DanceAfrica festival in late May featuring street vendors and dance performances showcasing food and culture from all parts of Africa Since the opening of the IND Fulton Street Line in 1936 Bedford Stuyvesant has been home to one of the most famous African American communities in the United States Working class communities remain prevalent in Brownsville East New York and Coney Island while remnants of similar communities in Prospect Heights Fort Greene and Clinton Hill have endured amid widespread gentrification Hispanic American In the aftermath of World War II and subsequent urban renewal initiatives that decimated longtime Manhattan enclaves most notably on the Upper West Side Puerto Rican migrants began to settle in such waterfront industrial neighborhoods as Sunset Park Red Hook and Gowanus near the shipyards and factories where they worked The borough s Hispanic population diversified after the 1965 Hart Cellar Act loosened restrictions on immigration from elsewhere in Latin America Bushwick has since emerged as the largest hub of Brooklyn s Hispanic American community Like other Hispanic neighborhoods in New York City Bushwick has an established Puerto Rican presence along with an influx of many Dominicans South Americans Central Americans and Mexicans As nearly 80 of Bushwick s population is Hispanic its residents have created many businesses to support their various national and distinct traditions in food and other items Sunset Park s population is 42 Hispanic made up of these various ethnic groups Brooklyn s main Hispanic groups are Puerto Ricans Mexicans Dominicans and Ecuadorians they are spread out throughout the borough Puerto Ricans and Dominicans are predominant in Bushwick Williamsburg s South Side and East New York Mexicans especially from the state of Puebla now predominate alongside Chinese immigrants in Sunset Park although remnants of the neighborhood s once substantial postwar Puerto Rican and Dominican communities continue to reside below 39th Street Save for Red Hook which remained roughly one fifth Hispanic American as of the 2010 Census the South Side and Sunset Park similar postwar communities in other waterfront neighborhoods including western Park Slope the north end of Greenpoint and Boerum Hill long considered the northern subsection of Gowanus largely disappeared by the turn of the century due to various factors including deindustrialization ensuing gentrification and suburbanization among more affluent Dominicans and Puerto Ricans A Panamanian enclave exists in Crown Heights Russian and Ukrainian American Brooklyn is also home to many Russians and Ukrainians who are mainly concentrated in the areas of Brighton Beach and Sheepshead Bay Brighton Beach features many Russian and Ukrainian businesses and has been nicknamed Little Russia and Little Odessa respectively In the 1970s Soviet Jews won the right to immigrate and many ended up in Brighton Beach In recent years the non Jewish Russian and Ukrainian communities of Brighton Beach have grown and the area is now home to a diverse collection of immigrants from across the former USSR Smaller concentrations of Russian and Ukrainian Americans are scattered elsewhere in south Brooklyn including Bay Ridge Bensonhurst Homecrest Coney Island and Mill Basin A growing community of Uzbek Americans have settled alongside them in recent years due to their ability to speak Russian Polish American Brooklyn s Polish inhabitants are historically concentrated in Greenpoint home to Little Poland Other longstanding settlements in Borough Park and Sunset Park have endured while more recent immigrants are scattered throughout the southern parts of Brooklyn alongside the Russian and Ukrainian American communities Italian American Despite widespread migration to Staten Island and more suburban areas in metropolitan New York throughout the postwar era notable concentrations of Italian Americans continue to reside in the neighborhoods of Bensonhurst Dyker Heights Bay Ridge Bath Beach and Gravesend Less perceptible remnants of older communities have persisted in Cobble Hill and Carroll Gardens where the homes of the remaining Italian Americans can often be contrasted with more recent upper middle class residents through the display of small Madonna statues the retention of plastic metal stoop awnings and the use of Formstone in house cladding All of the aforementioned neighborhoods have retained Italian restaurants bakeries delicatessens pizzerias cafes and social clubs Arab American amp Muslim In the early 20th century many Lebanese and Syrian Christians settled around Atlantic Avenue west of Flatbush Avenue in Boerum Hill more recently this area has evolved into a Yemeni commercial district More recent predominantly Muslim Arab immigrants especially Egyptians and Lebanese have moved into the southwest portion of Brooklyn particularly to Bay Ridge where many Middle Eastern restaurants hookah lounges halal grocers Islamic shops and mosques line the commercial thoroughfares of Fifth and Third Avenues below 86th Street Brighton Beach is home to a growing Pakistani American community while Midwood is home to Little Pakistan along Coney Island Avenue recently co named Muhammad Ali Jinnah Way Pakistani Independence Day is celebrated every year with parades and parties on Coney Island Avenue Just to the north Kensington is one of New York s several emerging Bangladeshi enclaves Irish American Third fourth and fifth generation Irish Americans can be found throughout Brooklyn with moderate concentrations clarification needed enduring in the neighborhoods of Windsor Terrace Park Slope Bay Ridge Marine Park and Gerritsen Beach Historical communities also existed in Vinegar Hill and other waterfront industrial neighborhoods such as Greenpoint and Sunset Park Paralleling the Italian American community many moved to Staten Island and suburban areas in the postwar era Those that stayed engendered close knit stable working to middle class communities through employment in the civil service especially in law enforcement transportation and the New York City Fire Department and the building and construction trades while others were subsumed by the professional managerial class and largely shed the Irish American community s distinct cultural traditions including continued worship in the Catholic Church and other social activities such as Irish stepdance and frequenting Irish American bars citation needed South Asian American While not as extensive as the Indian American population in Queens younger professionals of Asian Indian origin are finding Brooklyn to be a convenient alternative to Manhattan to find housing Nearly 30 000 Indian Americans call Brooklyn home citation needed Brighton Beach is home to a growing Pakistani American community while Midwood is home to Little Pakistan along Coney Island Avenue recently renamed Muhammad Ali Jinnah way Pakistan Independence Day is celebrated every year with parades and parties on Coney Island Avenue Just to the north Kensington is one of New York s several emerging Bangladeshi enclaves Greek American Brooklyn s Greek Americans live throughout the borough A historical concentration has endured in Bay Ridge and adjacent areas where there is a noticeable cluster of Hellenic focused schools businesses and cultural institutions Other businesses are situated in Downtown Brooklyn near Atlantic Avenue As in much of the New York metropolitan area Greek owned diners are found throughout the borough LGBTQ community Brooklyn is home to a large and growing number of same sex couples Same sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter The Park Slope neighborhood spearheaded the popularity of Brooklyn among lesbians and Prospect Heights has an LGBT residential presence Numerous neighborhoods have since become home to LGBT communities Brooklyn Liberation March the largest transgender rights demonstration in LGBTQ history took place on June 14 2020 stretching from Grand Army Plaza to Fort Greene focused on supporting Black transgender lives drawing an estimated 15 000 to 20 000 participants Artists in residence Brooklyn became a preferred site for artists and hipsters to set up live work spaces after being priced out of the same types of living arrangements in Manhattan Various neighborhoods in Brooklyn including Williamsburg DUMBO Red Hook and Park Slope evolved as popular neighborhoods for artists in residence However rents and costs of living have since increased dramatically in these same neighborhoods forcing artists to move to somewhat less expensive neighborhoods in Brooklyn or across Upper New York Bay to locales in New Jersey such as Jersey City or Hoboken DemographicsHistorical populationYearPop 17312 150 17562 707 25 9 17713 623 33 8 17863 966 9 5 17904 549 14 7 18005 740 26 2 18108 303 44 7 182011 187 34 7 183020 535 83 6 184047 613 131 9 1850138 822 191 6 1860279 122 101 1 1870419 921 50 4 1880599 495 42 8 1890838 547 39 9 19001 166 582 39 1 19101 634 351 40 1 19202 018 356 23 5 19302 560 401 26 9 19402 698 285 5 4 19502 738 175 1 5 19602 627 319 4 0 19702 602 012 1 0 19802 230 936 14 3 19902 300 664 3 1 20002 465 326 7 2 20102 504 700 1 6 20202 736 074 9 2 1731 1786 U S Decennial Census 1790 1960 1900 1990 1990 2000 2010 2020 Source U S Decennial CensusNew York City s five boroughsvteJurisdiction Population Land area Density of population GDPBorough County Census 2020 square miles square km people sq mile people sq km billions 2022 US 2The Bronx Bronx 1 472 654 42 2 109 2 34 920 13 482 51 574Brooklyn Kings 2 736 074 69 4 179 7 39 438 15 227 125 867Manhattan New York 1 694 251 22 7 58 7 74 781 28 872 885 652Queens Queens 2 405 464 108 7 281 6 22 125 8 542 122 288Staten Island Richmond 495 747 57 5 149 0 8 618 3 327 21 103City of New York 8 804 190 300 5 778 2 29 303 11 314 1 206 484State of New York 20 201 249 47 123 6 122 049 5 429 166 2 163 209Sources and see individual borough articles Racial composition 2020 2010 1990 1950 1900White 37 6 42 8 46 9 92 2 98 3 Non Hispanic 35 4 35 7 40 1 n a n aBlack or African American 26 7 34 3 37 9 7 6 1 6 Hispanic or Latino of any race 18 9 19 8 20 1 n a n aAsian 13 6 10 5 4 8 0 1 0 1 Two or more races 8 7 3 0 n a n a n a At the 2020 census 2 736 074 people lived in Brooklyn The United States Census Bureau had estimated Brooklyn s population increased by 2 2 to 2 559 903 between 2010 and 2019 Brooklyn s estimated population represented 30 7 of New York City s estimated population of 8 336 817 33 5 of Long Island s population of 7 701 172 and 13 2 of New York State s population of 19 542 209 In 2020 the government of New York City projected Brooklyn s population at 2 648 403 The 2019 census estimates determined there were 958 567 households with an average of 2 66 persons per household There were 1 065 399 housing units in 2019 and a median gross rent of 1 426 Citing growth Brooklyn gained 9 696 building permits at the 2019 census estimates program Ethnic origins in BrooklynEthnic groups Ancestry in Brooklyn Borough 2014 2018 not specific enough to verify Origin percentAfrican American Does not include West Indian or African 16 4 West Indian American Except Hispanic Groups 11 5 East Asian American Includes Chinese Japanese Vietnamese etc 8 4 English American Includes American ancestry 7 6 Puerto Rican American 5 7 Italian American 4 8 Russian and Eastern European Includes Russian Ukrainian Soviet Union etc 4 3 Central European Includes Slovakian Slovenian Slavic Czech etc 4 2 Mexican American 4 1 Irish American 3 8 Dominican American 3 5 German American 2 8 South Asian American 2 4 South American Includes Peruvian Ecuadorian Argentinian etc 2 3 2 Central American Includes Honduran Salvadoran Costa Rican etc 1 9 Other 14 7 The 2020 American Community Survey estimated the racial and ethnic makeup of Brooklyn was 35 4 non Hispanic white 26 7 Black or African American 0 9 American Indian or Alaska Native 13 6 Asian 0 1 Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander 4 1 two or more races and 18 9 Hispanic or Latin American of any race According to the 2010 United States census Brooklyn s population was 42 8 White including 35 7 non Hispanic White 34 3 Black including 31 9 non Hispanic black 10 5 Asian 0 5 Native American 0 0 rounded Pacific Islander 3 0 Multiracial American and 8 8 from other races Hispanics and Latinos made up 19 8 of Brooklyn s population In 2010 Brooklyn had some neighborhoods segregated based on race ethnicity and religion Overall the southwest half of Brooklyn is racially mixed although it contains few black residents the northeast section is mostly black and Hispanic Latino Languages Brooklyn has a high degree of linguistic diversity As of 2010 54 1 1 240 416 of Brooklyn residents ages 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language while 17 2 393 340 spoke Spanish 6 5 148 012 Chinese 5 3 121 607 Russian 3 5 79 469 Yiddish 2 8 63 019 French Creole 1 4 31 004 Italian 1 2 27 440 Hebrew 1 0 23 207 Polish 1 0 22 763 French 1 0 21 773 Arabic 0 9 19 388 various Indic languages 0 7 15 936 Urdu and African languages were spoken as a main language by 0 5 12 305 of the population over the age of five In total 45 9 1 051 456 of Brooklyn s population ages 5 and older spoke a mother tongue other than English CultureThe Brooklyn Museum on Eastern ParkwayBrooklyn Botanic GardenThe Soldiers and Sailors Arch at Grand Army Plaza Brooklyn has played a major role in various aspects of American culture including literature cinema and theater Brooklyn s accent has often been portrayed as the typical New Yorker accent in American media although this accent and its stereotypes are supposedly diminishing in currency Brooklyn s official colors are blue and gold Cultural venues Brooklyn hosts the world renowned Brooklyn Academy of Music the Brooklyn Philharmonic and the second largest public art collection in the United States housed in the Brooklyn Museum The Brooklyn Museum opened in 1897 is New York City s second largest public art museum It has in its permanent collection more than 1 5 million objects from ancient Egyptian masterpieces to contemporary art The Brooklyn Children s Museum the world s first museum dedicated to children opened in December 1899 The only such New York State institution accredited by the American Alliance of Museums it is one of the few globally to have a permanent collection over 30 000 cultural objects and natural history specimens The Brooklyn Academy of Music BAM includes a 2 109 seat opera house an 874 seat theater and the art house BAM Rose Cinemas Bargemusic and St Ann s Warehouse are on the other side of Downtown Brooklyn in the DUMBO arts district Brooklyn Technical High School has the second largest auditorium in New York City after Radio City Music Hall with a seating capacity of over 3 000 Media Local periodicals Brooklyn has several local newspapers The Brooklyn Daily Eagle Bay Currents Oceanfront Brooklyn Brooklyn View The Brooklyn Paper and Courier Life Publications Courier Life Publications owned by Rupert Murdoch s News Corporation is Brooklyn s largest chain of newspapers Brooklyn is also served by the major New York dailies including The New York Times the New York Daily News and the New York Post Several others are now defunct including the Brooklyn Union 1867 1937 and the Brooklyn Times The borough is home to the arts and politics monthly Brooklyn Rail as well as the arts and cultural quarterly Cabinet Hello Mr is also published in Brooklyn Brooklyn Magazine is one of the few glossy magazines about Brooklyn Several others are now defunct including BKLYN Magazine a bimonthly lifestyle book owned by Joseph McCarthy that saw itself as a vehicle for high end advertisers in Manhattan and was mailed to 80 000 high income households Brooklyn Bridge Magazine The Brooklynite a free glossy quarterly edited by Daniel Treiman and NRG edited by Gail Johnson and originally marketed as a local periodical for Clinton Hill and Fort Greene but expanded in scope to become the self proclaimed Pulse of Brooklyn and then the Pulse of New York Ethnic press Brooklyn has a thriving ethnic press El Diario La Prensa the largest and oldest Spanish language daily newspaper in the United States maintains its corporate headquarters at 1 MetroTech Center in downtown Brooklyn Major ethnic publications include the Brooklyn Queens Catholic paper The Tablet Hamodia an Orthodox Jewish daily and The Jewish Press an Orthodox Jewish weekly Many nationally distributed ethnic newspapers are based in Brooklyn Over 60 ethnic groups writing in 42 languages publish some 300 non English language magazines and newspapers in New York City Among them is the quarterly L Idea a bilingual magazine printed in Italian and English since 1974 In addition many newspapers published abroad such as The Daily Gleaner and The Star of Jamaica are available in Brooklyn citation needed Our Time Press published weekly by DBG Media covers the Village of Brooklyn with a motto of The Local Paper with the Global View Television The City of New York has an official television station run by NYC Media which features programming based in Brooklyn is the borough s public access channel Its studios are at the BRIC Arts Media venue called BRIC House located on Fulton Street in the Fort Greene section of the borough Events The annual Coney Island Mermaid Parade mid to late June is a costume and float parade Coney Island also hosts the annual Nathan s Hot Dog Eating Contest July 4 The annual Labor Day Carnival also known as the Labor Day Parade or West Indian Day Parade takes place along Eastern Parkway in Crown Heights The Art of Brooklyn Film Festival runs annually around the second week of June EconomyThe Brooklyn Tower the tallest building in Brooklyn and the tallest in New York State outside Manhattan Brooklyn s job market is driven by three main factors the performance of the national and city economy population flows and the borough s position as a convenient back office for New York s businesses Forty four percent of Brooklyn s employed population or 410 000 people work in the borough more than half of the borough s residents work outside its boundaries As a result economic conditions in Manhattan are important to the borough s jobseekers Strong international immigration to Brooklyn generates jobs in services retailing and construction Since the late 20th century Brooklyn has benefited from a steady influx of financial back office operations from Manhattan the rapid growth of a high tech and entertainment economy in DUMBO and strong growth in support services such as accounting personal supply agencies and computer services firms Jobs in the borough have traditionally been concentrated in manufacturing but since 1975 Brooklyn has shifted from a manufacturing based to a service based economy In 2004 215 000 Brooklyn residents worked in the services sector while 27 500 worked in manufacturing Although manufacturing has declined a substantial base has remained in apparel and niche manufacturing concerns such as furniture fabricated metals and food products The pharmaceutical company Pfizer was founded in Brooklyn in 1869 and had a manufacturing plant in the borough for many years that employed thousands of workers but the plant shut down in 2008 However new light manufacturing concerns in packaging organic and high end food have sprung up in the old plant First established as a shipbuilding facility in 1801 the Brooklyn Navy Yard employed 70 000 people at its peak during World War II and was then the largest employer in the borough The Missouri the ship on which the Japanese formally surrendered was built there as was the Maine whose sinking off Havana led to the start of the Spanish American War The iron sided Civil War vessel the Monitor was built in Greenpoint From 1968 to 1979 Seatrain Shipbuilding was the major employer Later tenants include industrial design firms food processing businesses artisans and the film and television production industry About 230 private sector firms providing 4 000 jobs are at the Yard Construction and services are the fastest growing sectors Most employers in Brooklyn are small businesses In 2000 91 of the approximately 38 704 business establishments in Brooklyn had fewer than 20 employees As of August 2008 update the borough s unemployment rate was 5 9 Brooklyn is also home to many banks and credit unions According to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation there were 37 banks and 26 credit unions operating in the borough in 2010 The rezoning of Downtown Brooklyn has generated over US 10 billion of private investment and 300 million in public improvements since 2004 Brooklyn is also attracting numerous high technology start up companies as Silicon Alley the metonym for New York City s entrepreneurship ecosystem has expanded from Lower Manhattan into Brooklyn Parks and other attractionsKwanzan Cherries in bloom at Brooklyn Botanic GardenAstroland in Coney IslandBrooklyn Botanic Garden adjacent to Prospect Park is the 52 acre 21 ha botanical garden which includes a cherry tree esplanade a one acre 0 4 ha rose garden a Japanese hill and pond garden a fragrance garden a water lily pond esplanade several conservatories a rock garden a native flora garden a bonsai tree collection and children s gardens and discovery exhibits Coney Island developed as a playground for the rich in the early 1900s but it grew as one of America s first amusement grounds and attracted crowds from all over New York The Cyclone rollercoaster built in 1927 is on the National Register of Historic Places The 1920 Wonder Wheel and other rides are still operational Coney Island went into decline in the 1970s but has undergone a renaissance Floyd Bennett Field the first municipal airport in New York City and long closed for operations is now part of the National Park System Many of the historic hangars and runways are still extant Nature trails and diverse habitats are found within the park including salt marsh and a restored area of shortgrass prairie that was once widespread on the Hempstead Plains Green Wood Cemetery founded by the social reformer Henry Evelyn Pierrepont in 1838 is an early Rural cemetery It is the burial ground of many notable New Yorkers Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge a unique Federal wildlife refuge straddling the Brooklyn Queens border part of Gateway National Recreation Area New York Transit Museum displays historical artifacts of Greater New York s subway commuter rail and bus systems it is at Court Street a former Independent Subway System station in Brooklyn Heights on the Fulton Street Line Prospect Park is a public park in central Brooklyn encompassing 585 acres 2 37 km2 The park was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux who created Manhattan s Central Park Attractions include the Long Meadow a 90 acre 36 ha meadow the Picnic House which houses offices and a hall that can accommodate parties with up to 175 guests Litchfield Villa Prospect Park Zoo the Boathouse housing a visitors center and the first urban Audubon Center Brooklyn s only lake covering 60 acres 24 ha the Prospect Park Bandshell that hosts free outdoor concerts in the summertime and various sports and fitness activities including seven baseball fields Prospect Park hosts a popular annual Halloween Parade Fort Greene Park is a public park in the Fort Greene Neighborhood The park contains the Prison Ship Martyrs Monument a monument to American prisoners during the Revolutionary War Sports Barclays Center in Pacific Park within Prospect Heights home of the Nets and Liberty Brooklyn s major professional sports team is the NBA s Brooklyn Nets The Nets moved into the borough in 2012 and play their home games at Barclays Center in Prospect Heights Previously the Nets had played in Uniondale New York and in New Jersey In April 2020 the New York Liberty of the WNBA were sold to the Nets owners and moved their home venue from Madison Square Garden to the Barclays Center Barclays Center was also the home arena for the NHL s New York Islanders full time from 2015 to 2018 then part time from 2018 to 2020 alternating with Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale The Islanders had originally played at Nassau Coliseum full time since their inception until 2015 when their lease at the venue expired and the team moved to Barclays Center In 2020 the team returned to Nassau Coliseum full time for one season before moving to the UBS Arena in Elmont New York in 2021 Brooklyn also has a storied sports history It has been home to many famous sports figures such as Joe Paterno Vince Lombardi Mike Tyson Zab Judah Joe Torre Sandy Koufax Billy Cunningham and Vitas Gerulaitis Basketball legend Michael Jordan was born in Brooklyn though he grew up in Wilmington North Carolina In the earliest days of organized baseball Brooklyn teams dominated the new game The second recorded game of baseball was played near what is now Fort Greene Park on October 24 1845 Brooklyn s Excelsiors Atlantics and Eckfords were the leading teams from the mid 1850s through the Civil War and there were dozens of local teams with neighborhood league play such as at Mapleton Oval During this Brooklyn era baseball evolved into the modern game the first fastball first changeup first batting average first triple play first pro baseball player first enclosed ballpark first scorecard first known African American team first black championship game first road trip first gambling scandal and first eight pennant winners were all in or from Brooklyn Brooklyn s most famous historical team the Brooklyn Dodgers named for trolley dodgers played at Ebbets Field In 1947 Jackie Robinson was hired by the Dodgers as the first African American player in Major League Baseball in the modern era In 1955 the Dodgers perennial National League pennant winners won the only World Series for Brooklyn against their rival New York Yankees The event was marked by mass euphoria and celebrations Just two years later the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles Walter O Malley the team s owner at the time is still vilified even by Brooklynites too young to remember the Dodgers as Brooklyn s ball club After a 43 year hiatus professional baseball returned to the borough in 2001 with the Brooklyn Cyclones a minor league team that plays in MCU Park in Coney Island They are an affiliate of the New York Mets The minor league New York Cosmos soccer club played its home games at MCU Park in 2017 A new Brooklyn FC will begin play in 2024 fielding a women s team in the first division USL Super League and a men s team in the second division USL Championship beginning in 2025 Brooklyn once had a National Football League team named the Brooklyn Lions in 1926 who played at Ebbets Field In rugby union Rugby United New York joined Major League Rugby in 2019 and played their home games at MCU Park through the 2021 season Brooklyn has one of the most active recreational fishing fleets in the United States In addition to a large private fleet along Jamaica Bay there is a substantial public fleet within Sheepshead Bay Species caught include Black Fish Porgy Striped Bass Black Sea Bass Fluke and Flounder Government and politicsBrooklyn Borough Hall Each of New York City s five counties coterminous with each borough has its own criminal court system and District Attorney the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote Brooklyn has 16 City Council members the largest number of any of the five boroughs The Brooklyn Borough Government includes a borough government president as well as a court library borough government board head of borough government deputy head of borough government and deputy borough government president Brooklyn has 18 of the city s 59 community districts each served by an unpaid community board with advisory powers under the city s Uniform Land Use Review Procedure Each board has a paid district manager who acts as an interlocutor with city agencies The Kings County Democratic County Committee aka the Brooklyn Democratic Party is the county committee of the Democratic Party in Brooklyn The United States Postal Service operates post offices in Brooklyn The Brooklyn Main Post Office is located at 271 Cadman Plaza East in Downtown Brooklyn United States presidential election results for Kings County New York Year Republican Whig Democratic Third party ies No No No 2024 233 964 27 40 601 265 70 43 18 515 2 17 2020 202 772 22 14 703 310 76 78 9 927 1 08 2016 141 044 17 51 640 553 79 51 24 008 2 98 2012 124 551 16 90 604 443 82 02 7 988 1 08 2008 151 872 19 99 603 525 79 43 4 451 0 59 2004 167 149 24 30 514 973 74 86 5 762 0 84 2000 96 609 15 65 497 513 80 60 23 115 3 74 1996 81 406 15 08 432 232 80 07 26 195 4 85 1992 133 344 22 93 411 183 70 70 37 067 6 37 1988 178 961 32 60 363 916 66 28 6 142 1 12 1984 230 064 38 29 368 518 61 34 2 189 0 36 1980 200 306 38 44 288 893 55 44 31 893 6 12 1976 190 728 31 08 419 382 68 34 3 533 0 58 1972 373 903 48 96 387 768 50 78 1 949 0 26 1968 247 936 31 99 489 174 63 12 37 859 4 89 1964 229 291 25 05 684 839 74 80 1 373 0 15 1960 327 497 33 51 646 582 66 16 3 227 0 33 1956 460 456 45 23 557 655 54 77 0 0 00 1952 446 708 39 82 656 229 58 50 18 765 1 67 1948 330 494 30 49 579 922 53 51 173 401 16 00 1944 393 926 34 01 758 270 65 46 6 168 0 53 1940 394 534 34 44 742 668 64 83 8 365 0 73 1936 212 852 21 85 738 306 75 78 23 143 2 38 1932 192 536 25 04 514 172 66 86 62 300 8 10 1928 245 622 36 13 404 393 59 48 29 822 4 39 1924 236 877 47 50 158 907 31 87 102 903 20 63 1920 292 692 63 32 119 612 25 88 49 944 10 80 1916 120 752 46 90 125 625 48 79 11 080 4 30 1912 51 239 20 94 109 748 44 86 83 676 34 20 1908 119 789 50 64 96 756 40 90 20 025 8 46 1904 113 246 48 12 111 855 47 53 10 216 4 34 1900 108 977 49 57 106 232 48 32 4 639 2 11 1896 109 135 56 35 76 882 39 70 7 659 3 95 1892 70 505 39 97 100 160 56 78 5 720 3 24 1888 70 052 45 49 82 507 53 58 1 430 0 93 1884 53 516 42 37 69 264 54 83 3 541 2 80 1880 51 751 45 66 61 062 53 88 516 0 46 1876 39 066 40 41 57 556 59 53 62 0 06 1872 33 369 46 68 38 108 53 31 10 0 01 1868 27 707 41 02 39 838 58 98 0 0 00 1864 20 838 44 75 25 726 55 25 0 0 00 1860 15 883 43 56 20 583 56 44 0 0 00 1856 7 846 25 58 14 174 46 22 8 647 28 20 1852 8 496 43 97 10 628 55 00 199 1 03 1848 7 511 56 59 4 882 36 78 879 6 62 1844 5 107 51 94 4 648 47 27 77 0 78 1840 3 293 50 86 3 157 48 76 24 0 37 1836 1 868 44 59 2 321 55 41 0 0 00 1832 1 264 42 06 1 741 57 94 0 0 00 1828 1 053 43 84 1 349 56 16 0 0 00 As is the case with sister boroughs Manhattan and the Bronx Brooklyn has not voted for a Republican in a national presidential election since Calvin Coolidge in 1924 In the 2008 presidential election Democrat Barack Obama received 79 4 of the vote in Brooklyn while Republican John McCain received 20 0 In 2012 Barack Obama increased his Democratic margin of victory in the borough dominating Brooklyn with 82 0 of the vote to Republican Mitt Romney s 16 9 Federal representation As of 2023 four Democrats and one Republican represented Brooklyn in the United States House of Representatives One congressional district lies entirely within the borough Nydia Velazquez first elected in 1992 represents New York s 7th congressional district which includes the central west Brooklyn neighborhoods of Boerum Hill Brooklyn Heights Bushwick Carroll Gardens Cobble Hill Dumbo East New York East Williamsburg Greenpoint Gowanus Red Hook Sunset Park and Williamsburg The district also covers a small portion of Queens Hakeem Jeffries first elected in 2012 represents New York s 8th congressional district which includes the southern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Bedford Stuyvesant Bergen Beach Brighton Beach Brownsville Canarsie Clinton Hill Coney Island East Flatbush East New York Fort Greene Gerritsen Beach Marine Park Mill Basin Ocean Hill Sheepshead Bay and Spring Creek The district also covers a small portion of Queens Yvette Clarke first elected in 2006 represents New York s 9th congressional district which includes the central and southern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Crown Heights East Flatbush Flatbush Midwood Park Slope Prospect Heights Prospect Lefferts Gardens and Windsor Terrace Dan Goldman first elected in 2022 represents New York s 10th congressional district which includes the southwestern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Midwood Red Hook Sunset Park Bensonhurst Borough Park Gravesend Kensington and Mapleton The district also covers the West Side of Manhattan Nicole Malliotakis first elected in 2020 represents New York s 11th congressional district which includes the southwestern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Bensonhurst Gravesend Bath Beach Bay Ridge and Dyker Heights The district also covers all of Staten Island Party affiliation of Brooklyn registered voters relative percentages Party 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996Democratic 69 7 69 2 70 0 70 1 70 6 70 3 70 7 70 8 70 8 71 0Republican 10 1 10 1 10 1 10 1 10 2 10 5 10 9 11 1 11 3 11 5Other 3 7 3 9 3 8 3 6 2 9 2 8 2 5 2 8 2 3 2 3No affiliation 16 5 16 9 16 1 16 2 16 3 16 5 15 9 15 5 15 4 15 2HousingBrooklyn offers a wide array of private housing as well as public housing which is administered by the New York City Housing Authority NYCHA Affordable rental and co operative housing units throughout the borough were created under the Mitchell Lama Housing Program There were 1 101 441 housing units in 2022 at an average density of 15 876 units per square mile 6 130 km2 Public housing administered by NYCHA accounts for more than 100 000 residents in nearly 50 000 units in 2023 EducationBrooklyn Tech as seen from Ashland Place in Fort GreeneThe Brooklyn College library part of the original campus laid out by Randolph Evans now known as East Quad Brooklyn Law School s 1994 new classical Fell Hall tower by architect Robert A M SternNYU Tandon Wunsch Building Education in Brooklyn is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions Non charter public schools in the borough are managed by the New York City Department of Education the largest public school system in the United States Brooklyn Technical High School commonly called Brooklyn Tech a New York City public high school is the largest specialized high school for science mathematics and technology in the United States Brooklyn Tech opened in 1922 Brooklyn Tech is across the street from Fort Greene Park This high school was built from 1930 to 1933 at a cost of about 6 million and is 12 stories high It covers about half of a city block Brooklyn Tech is noted for its famous alumni including two Nobel Laureates its academics and a large number of graduates attending prestigious universities Higher education Public colleges Brooklyn College is a senior college of the City University of New York and was the first public coeducational liberal arts college in New York City The college ranked in the top 10 nationally for the second consecutive year in Princeton Review s 2006 guidebook America s Best Value Colleges Many of its students are first and second generation Americans Founded in 1970 Medgar Evers College is a senior college of the City University of New York The college offers programs at the baccalaureate and associate degree levels as well as adult and continuing education classes for central Brooklyn residents corporations government agencies and community organizations Medgar Evers College is a few blocks east of Prospect Park in Crown Heights CUNY s New York City College of Technology City Tech of The City University of New York CUNY Downtown Brooklyn Brooklyn Heights is the largest public college of technology in New York State and a national model for technological education Established in 1946 City Tech can trace its roots to 1881 when the Technical Schools of the Metropolitan Museum of Art were renamed the New York Trade School That institution which became the Voorhees Technical Institute many decades later was soon a model for the development of technical and vocational schools worldwide In 1971 Voorhees was incorporated into City Tech SUNY Downstate College of Medicine founded as the Long Island College Hospital in 1860 is the oldest hospital based medical school in the United States The Medical Center comprises the College of Medicine College of Health Related Professions College of Nursing School of Public Health School of Graduate Studies and University Hospital of Brooklyn The Nobel Prize winner Robert F Furchgott was a member of its faculty Half of the Medical Center s students are minorities or immigrants The College of Medicine has the highest percentage of minority students of any medical school in New York State Private colleges Adelphi University based in Garden City moved its Manhattan Campus in 2023 to a new location on Livingston Street in Downtown Brooklyn The move marks a return to Brooklyn for the university which originated on Adelphi Street with the Adelphi Academy The facility is shared with St Francis College which has created a new campus at 179 Livingston Street Brooklyn Law School was founded in 1901 and is notable for its diverse student body Women and African Americans were enrolled in 1909 According to the Leiter Report a compendium of law school rankings published by Brian Leiter Brooklyn Law School places 31st nationally for the quality of students Long Island University is a private university headquartered in Brookville on Long Island with a campus in Downtown Brooklyn with 6 417 undergraduate students The Brooklyn campus has strong science and medical technology programs at the graduate and undergraduate levels Pratt Institute in Clinton Hill is a private college founded in 1887 with programs in engineering architecture and the arts Some buildings in the school s Brooklyn campus are official landmarks Pratt has over 4700 students with most at its Brooklyn campus Graduate programs include a library and information science architecture and urban planning Undergraduate programs include architecture construction management writing critical and visual studies industrial design and fine arts totaling over 25 programs in all The New York University Tandon School of Engineering the United States second oldest private institute of technology founded in 1854 has its main campus in Downtown s MetroTech Center a commercial civic and educational redevelopment project of which it was a key sponsor NYU Tandon is one of the 18 schools and colleges that comprise New York University NYU St Francis College is a Catholic college in Downtown Brooklyn founded in 1859 by Franciscan friars Over 2 400 students attend the small liberal arts college St Francis is considered by The New York Times as one of the more diverse colleges and was ranked one of the best baccalaureate colleges by Forbes magazine and U S News amp World Report Brooklyn also has smaller liberal arts institutions such as Saint Joseph s College in Clinton Hill and Boricua College in Williamsburg Community colleges Kingsborough Community College is a junior college in the City University of New York system in Manhattan Beach Brooklyn Public LibraryThe Central Library at Grand Army Plaza As an independent system separate from the New York and Queens public library systems the Brooklyn Public Library offers thousands of public programs millions of books and use of more than 850 free Internet accessible computers It also has books and periodicals in all the major languages spoken in Brooklyn including English Russian Chinese Spanish Hebrew and Haitian Creole as well as French Yiddish Hindi Bengali Polish Italian and Arabic The Central Library is a landmarked building facing Grand Army Plaza There are 58 library branches placing one within a half mile of each Brooklyn resident In addition to its specialized Business Library in Brooklyn Heights the Library is preparing to construct its new Visual amp Performing Arts Library VPA in the BAM Cultural District which will focus on the link between new and emerging arts and technology and house traditional and digital collections It will provide access and training to arts applications and technologies not widely available to the public The collections will include the subjects of art theater dance music film photography and architecture A special archive will house the records and history of Brooklyn s arts communities TransportationPublic transport About 57 percent of all households in Brooklyn were households without automobiles The citywide rate is 55 percent in New York City Coney Island Stillwell Avenue subway stationAtlantic Terminal is a major hub in Brooklyn Brooklyn features extensive public transit Nineteen New York City Subway services including the Franklin Avenue Shuttle traverse the borough Approximately 92 8 of Brooklyn residents traveling to Manhattan use the subway despite the fact some neighborhoods like Flatlands and Marine Park are poorly served by subway service Major stations out of the 170 currently in Brooklyn include Atlantic Avenue Barclays Center Broadway Junction DeKalb Avenue Jay Street MetroTech Coney Island Stillwell Avenue Proposed New York City Subway lines never built include a line along Nostrand or Utica Avenues to Marine Park as well as a subway line to Spring Creek Brooklyn was once served by an extensive network of streetcars but many were replaced by the public bus network that covers the entire borough There is also daily express bus service into Manhattan New York s famous yellow cabs also provide transportation in Brooklyn although they are less numerous in the borough There are three commuter rail stations in Brooklyn East New York Nostrand Avenue and Atlantic Terminal the terminus of the Atlantic Branch of the Long Island Rail Road The terminal is near the Atlantic Avenue Barclays Center subway station with ten connecting subway services In February 2015 Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would begin a citywide ferry service called NYC Ferry to extend ferry transportation to communities in the city that have been traditionally underserved by public transit The ferry opened in May 2017 with the Bay Ridge ferry serving southwestern Brooklyn and the East River Ferry serving northwestern Brooklyn A third route the Rockaway ferry makes one stop in the borough at Brooklyn Army Terminal A streetcar line the Brooklyn Queens Connector was proposed by the city in February 2016 with the planned timeline calling for service to begin around 2024 Roadways The BQE between Red Hook and Brooklyn HeightsThe Marine Parkway BridgeWilliamsburg Bridge as seen from Wallabout Bay with Greenpoint and Long Island City in background Most of the limited access expressways and parkways are in the western and southern sections of Brooklyn where the borough s two interstate highways are located Interstate 278 which uses the Gowanus Expressway and the Brooklyn Queens Expressway traverses Sunset Park and Brooklyn Heights while Interstate 478 is an unsigned route designation for the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel which connects to Manhattan Other prominent roadways are the Prospect Expressway New York State Route 27 the Belt Parkway and the Jackie Robinson Parkway formerly the Interborough Parkway Planned expressways that were never built include the Bushwick Expressway an extension of I 78 and the Cross Brooklyn Expressway I 878 Major thoroughfares include Atlantic Avenue Fourth Avenue 86th Street Kings Highway Bay Parkway Ocean Parkway Eastern Parkway Linden Boulevard McGuinness Boulevard Flatbush Avenue Pennsylvania Avenue and Nostrand Avenue Much of Brooklyn has only named streets but Park Slope Bay Ridge Sunset Park Bensonhurst and Borough Park and the other western sections have numbered streets running approximately northwest to southeast and numbered avenues going approximately northeast to southwest East of Dahill Road lettered avenues like Avenue M run east and west and numbered streets have the prefix East South of Avenue O related numbered streets west of Dahill Road use the West designation This set of numbered streets ranges from West 37th Street to East 108 Street and the avenues range from A Z with names substituted for some of them in some neighborhoods notably Albemarle Beverley Cortelyou Dorchester Ditmas Foster Farragut Glenwood Quentin Numbered streets prefixed by North and South in Williamsburg and Bay Beach Brighton Plumb Paerdegat or Flatlands along the southern and southwestern waterfront are loosely based on the old grids of the original towns of Kings County that eventually consolidated to form Brooklyn These names often reflect the bodies of water or beaches around them such as Plumb Beach or Paerdegat Basin Brooklyn is connected to Manhattan by three bridges the Brooklyn Manhattan and Williamsburg Bridge a vehicular tunnel the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel also known as the Hugh L Carey Tunnel and several subway tunnels The Verrazzano Narrows Bridge links Brooklyn with the more suburban borough of Staten Island Though much of its border is on land Brooklyn shares several water crossings with Queens including the Pulaski Bridge the Greenpoint Avenue Bridge the Kosciuszko Bridge part of the Brooklyn Queens Expressway and the Grand Street Bridge all of which carry traffic over Newtown Creek and the Marine Parkway Bridge connecting Brooklyn to the Rockaway Peninsula Waterways Brooklyn was long a major shipping port especially at the Brooklyn Army Terminal and Bush Terminal in Sunset Park Most container ship cargo operations have shifted to the New Jersey side of New York Harbor while the Brooklyn Cruise Terminal in Red Hook is a focal point for New York s growing cruise industry The Queen Mary 2 one of the world s largest ocean liners was designed specifically to fit under the Verrazzano Narrows Bridge the longest suspension bridge in the United States She makes regular ports of call at the Red Hook terminal on her transatlantic crossings from Southampton England The Brooklyn waterfront formerly employed tens of thousands of borough residents and acted as an incubator for industries across the entire city and the decline of the port exacerbated Brooklyn s decline in the second half of the 20th century In February 2015 Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would begin NYC Ferry to extend ferry transportation to traditionally underserved communities in the city The ferry opened in May 2017 offering commuter services from the western shore of Brooklyn to Manhattan via three routes The East River Ferry serves points in Lower Manhattan Midtown Long Island City and northwestern Brooklyn via its East River route The South Brooklyn and Rockaway routes serve southwestern Brooklyn before terminating in lower Manhattan Ferries to Coney Island are also planned NY Waterway offers tours and charters SeaStreak also offers a weekday ferry service between the Brooklyn Army Terminal and the Manhattan ferry slips at Pier 11 Wall Street downtown and East 34th Street Ferry Landing in midtown A Cross Harbor Rail Tunnel originally proposed in the 1920s as a core project for the then new Port Authority of New York is again being studied and discussed as a way to ease freight movements across a large swath of the metropolitan area Manhattan Bridge seen from Brooklyn Bridge ParkPartnerships with districts of foreign citiesAnzio Lazio Italy since 1990 Huế Vietnam Gdynia Poland since 1991 Besiktas Istanbul Province Turkey since 2005 Leopoldstadt Vienna Austria since 2007 London Borough of Lambeth United Kingdom Bnei Brak Israel Konak Izmir Turkey since 2010 Chaoyang District Beijing China since 2014 Yiwu China since 2014 Uskudar Istanbul Turkey since 2015 Hospitals and healthcareBrookdale University Hospital and Medical Center Kings County Hospital Center Maimonides Medical Center Mount Sinai Brooklyn New York Community Hospital NYC Health Hospitals Kings County NYU Langone Hospital Brooklyn SUNY Downstate Medical CenterSee alsoNew York City portalGeneral links List of people from Brooklyn List of tallest buildings in Brooklyn National Register of Historic Places listings in Kings County New York USS Brooklyn 3 ships History of neighborhoods Bedford Stuyvesant Bushwick Canarsie Coney Island Crown Heights East Williamsburg Flatbush Gravesend Greenpoint New Utrecht Park Slope Williamsburg General history Brooklyn Visual Heritage History of New York City List of former municipalities in New York City Timeline of Brooklyn historyNotesMostly Multiracial American other Asian or other European ancestryReferences 2020 Census Demographic Data Map Viewer US Census Bureau Retrieved August 12 2021 Battle Hill Moynihan Colin F Y I The New York Times September 19 1999 Accessed December 17 2019 There are well known names for inhabitants of four boroughs Manhattanites Brooklynites Bronxites and Staten Islanders But what are residents of Queens called Gross Domestic Product by County and Metropolitan Area 2022 PDF www bea gov Bureau of Economic Analysis Table 2 Population Land Area and Population Density by County New York State 2020 New York State Department of Health Accessed January 2 2024 2010 Gazetteer for New York State United States Census Bureau Accessed September 18 2016 Most Populaous States Counties and Cities 2022 United States Census Bureau Accessed January 2 2024 Highest Density States Counties and Cities 2022 United States Census Bureau Accessed January 2 2024 2020 Census Gazetteer for New York State United States Census Bureau Accessed January 2 2024 Consolidation of the Five Borough City 1898 New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission Accessed January 18 2024 On January 1 1898 the separate jurisdictions of New York Manhattan Brooklyn the Bronx Queens and Staten Island joined together to form a single metropolis the City of Greater New York Resistance was strongest among residents of Brooklyn who did not want to see their city s independent identity smothered by New York and their Republican government swamped by the huge numbers of Democrats in Manhattan The question was put to a public referendum and in the end the Greater New York movement won by a razor thin margin 64 744 votes for consolidation 64 467 against Danailova Hilary January 2018 Brooklyn the Most Jewish Spot on Earth Hadassah Magazine Sherman John Why Is Brooklyn s Flag So Lame Brooklyn Magazine August 6 2014 Accessed January 18 2024 If you aren t familiar Brooklyn has a flag And it s a bummer It s plain white first of all with a sort of wonky blue oval shape at the center Inside the oval is a bored looking woman in a yellow robe carrying a fasces a symbol of unity The oval is ringed with a motto in Dutch Een Draght Maekt Maght Unity Makes Strength and the words Borough of Brooklyn Henry Alford May 1 2013 How I Became a Hipster The New York Times Archived from the original on May 2 2013 Retrieved March 30 2016 Oshrat Carmiel April 9 2015 Brooklyn Home Prices Jump 18 to Record as Buyers Compete Bloomberg com Bloomberg L P Retrieved July 27 2020 Mandatory Inclusionary Housing DCP www nyc gov Retrieved May 21 2024 19 Reasons Why Brooklyn Is New York s New Start Up Hotspot CB Insights October 19 2015 Retrieved March 30 2016 Vanessa Friedman April 30 2016 Brooklyn s Wearable Revolution The New York Times Retrieved April 30 2016 Alexandria Symonds April 29 2016 One Celebrated Brooklyn Artist s Futuristic New Practice The New York Times Archived from the original on April 30 2016 Retrieved April 29 2016 Manten A A June 19 2020 Hoe oud is Breukelen Tijdschrift Historische Kring Breukelen 1983 volume 2 72 hdl 1874 215105 via Utrecht University Faber Hans June 19 2020 Attingahem Bridge www frisiacoasttrail com Carroll Maurice September 16 1971 Historical District Named in Brooklyn The New York Times Retrieved July 16 2017 Dexter Franklin B April 1885 The History of Connecticut as Illustrated by the Names of Her Towns Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society American Antiquarian Society 438 Powell Lyman Pierson 1899 Historic Towns of the Middle States G P Putnam s sons p 216 Retrieved July 16 2017 Winter J M Van 1998 Sources concerning the hospitallers of St John in the Netherlands 14th 18th centuries Brill p 765 ISBN 9004108033 Retrieved July 16 2017 Ellis Edward Robb 2011 The Epic of New York City A Narrative History Basic Books p 42 ISBN 9780465030538 Retrieved July 16 2017 Rensselaer Schuyler Van 1909 History of the City of New York in the Seventeenth Century New York under the Stuarts Macmillan p 149 Retrieved July 16 2017 Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Brooklyn Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 4 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 647 649 Brooklyn Daily Eagle Archived June 29 2014 at the Wayback Machine Map of six townships Notes Geographical and Historical relating to the Town of Brooklyn in Kings County on Long Island N Y Col Laws ch4 1 122 Slavery Here Right in Brooklyn and Out on Long Island Brooklyn Daily Eagle December 29 1891 p 2 Retrieved October 18 2017 McCullough David 1776 Simon amp Schuster 2005 ISBN 978 0 7432 2671 4 How Williamsburg Got Its Groove The New York Times June 19 2005 p 5 section 14 Retrieved January 9 2024 The Brooklyn Eagle and Kings County Democrat October 26 1841 Retrieved July 29 2014 via Newspapers com The Brooklyn Eagle and Kings County Democrat October 26 1841 Retrieved July 29 2014 via Newspapers com The Brooklyn Eagle and Kings County Democrat bklyn newspapers com Newspapers com October 26 1841 Retrieved July 29 2014 The Brooklyn Eagle and Kings County Democrat October 26 1841 Retrieved July 29 2014 via Newspapers com The Brooklyn Eagle and Kings County Democrat October 26 1841 Retrieved July 29 2014 via Newspapers com Abolitionist Brooklyn 1828 1849 In Pursuit of Freedom Retrieved February 1 2019 The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge Vol III 1847 London Charles Knight p 852 Jacob Judd Policing the City of Brooklyn in the 1840s and 1850s Journal of Long Island History 1966 6 2 pp 13 22 Gerald Kurland Seth Low the Reformer in an Urban and Industrial Age Twayne 1971 pp 25 49 online McCullough David 1972 The Great Bridge Simon amp Schuster ISBN 0 671 21213 3 The Encyclopedia of New York City p 149 3rd Column The 100 Year Anniversary of the Consolidation of the 5 Boroughs into New York City City of New York retrieved January 31 2008 McCullough David W Kalett Jim 1983 Brooklyn and how it got that way New York Dial Press p 58 ISBN 0385274270 OCLC 8667213 Peel M C Finlayson B L McMahon T A World Map of Koppen Geiger climate classification The University of Melbourne Archived from the original on January 13 2015 Retrieved March 29 2016 1 Retrieved March 29 2016 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map Agricultural Research Center PRISM Climate Group Oregon State University Archived from the original on February 27 2014 Retrieved March 29 2016 Mean monthly maxima and minima i e the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 NowData NOAA Online Weather Data National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Archived from the original on May 27 2015 Retrieved February 22 2018 Station Name NY NEW YORK JFK INTL AP National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved September 11 2016 NEW YORK JFK NY Climate Normals 1961 1990 NOAA Retrieved March 23 2014 NOAA NCEI U S Climate Normals Quick Access National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved August 11 2021 Gibson Campbell and Jung Kay Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals by Race 1790 to 1990 and by Hispanic Origin 1970 to 1990 for Large Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States Archived August 12 2012 at the Wayback Machine United States Census Bureau February 2005 Retrieved November 19 2016 African Americans Encyclopedia of Chicago Retrieved March 1 2008 Gibson Campbell June 1998 Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States 1790 to 1990 United States Census Bureau Retrieved November 19 2016 Ritter John August 28 2007 San Francisco Hopes to Reverse Black Flight USA Today Retrieved October 24 2010 Census Shows More Black Residents Are Leaving New York and Other Cities The New York Times September 12 2007 Archived from the original on September 16 2007 State amp County QuickFacts California U S Census Bureau Archived from the original on December 28 2009 Retrieved February 11 2007 Brooklyn Economic Development Corporation Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy Report 2002 www bedc org Archived February 1 2015 at the Wayback Machine Muhammad Nisa Islam D C exodus sparks district renewal efforts for Whites The Final Call June 21 2007 Retrieved June 25 2007 This figure may be too small as members of historically African American denominations were underrepresented due to incomplete information County Membership Report Kings County New York The Association of Religion Data Archives 2010 Archived from the original on July 27 2020 Retrieved January 1 2020 Social Capital Variables Spreadsheet for 2014 PennState College of Agricultural Sciences Northeast Regional Center for Rural Development December 8 2017 Archived from the original on December 31 2019 Retrieved December 30 2019 Abraham Heller Rabbi Dies at 76 The New York Times March 1 1975 p 28 Retrieved December 12 2023 We Speak Your Language maimonidesmed org Archived from the original on May 18 2015 Retrieved May 16 2015 Scrubs Near the D Train The New York Times May 11 2008 Archived from the original on May 11 2008 US Jewish Population Estimates 2020 American Jewish Population Project ajpp brandeis edu Retrieved July 10 2024 Gergely Julia May 9 2024 Nearly 1 million Jews live in NYC new study finds Jewish Telegraphic Agency Retrieved July 10 2024 Tuder Stefanie February 25 2019 Believe It or Not New York City Has Nine Chinatowns Eater Archived from the original on February 26 2019 Robbins Liz April 15 2015 With an Influx of Newcomers Little Chinatowns Dot a Changing Brooklyn The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 16 2015 Holger Henke The West Indian Americans Greenwood Press Westport CT 2001 DanceAfrica 2019 Bazaar in New York at Brooklyn Academy of Music donyc com Retrieved May 26 2020 Kourlas Gia May 23 2019 DanceAfrica Celebrates Rwanda and a Living Sense of Grace The New York Times Archived from the original on May 23 2019 Retrieved May 26 2020 Puerto Ricans Vibrant History in North Brooklyn Greenpointers November 2 2018 Kordunsky Anna September 17 2012 Changing Face of Brighton Beach Forward Retrieved August 16 2021 Lopez Joseph November 5 2015 Inside the Brooklyn Uzbek Community NY Magazine Retrieved August 16 2021 Nicholas Confessore amp Michael Barbaro June 24 2011 New York Allows Same Sex Marriage Becoming Largest State to Pass Law The New York Times Archived from the original on June 26 2011 Retrieved September 4 2016 Rosenberg Andrew and Martin Dunford The Rough Guide to New York Penguin Books January 1 2011 ISBN 184836590X 9781848365902 p 379 Anushka Patil June 15 2020 How a March for Black Trans Lives Became a Huge Event The New York Times Archived from the original on June 16 2020 Retrieved June 28 2020 Shannon Keating June 6 2020 Corporate Pride 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