Köppen climate classification

The Köppen climate classification divides Earth climates into five main climate groups, with each group being divided based on patterns of seasonal precipitation and temperature. The five main groups are A (tropical), B (arid), C (temperate), D (continental), and E (polar). Each group and subgroup is represented by a letter. All climates are assigned a main group (the first letter). All climates except for those in the E group are assigned a seasonal precipitation subgroup (the second letter). For example, Af indicates a tropical rainforest climate. The system assigns a temperature subgroup for all groups other than those in the A group, indicated by the third letter for climates in B, C, D, and the second letter for climates in E. For example, Cfb indicates an oceanic climate with warm summers as indicated by the ending b. Climates are classified based on specific criteria unique to each climate type.

The Köppen climate classification is the most widely used climate classification scheme. It was first published by German-Russian climatologist Wladimir Köppen (1846–1940) in 1884, with several later modifications by Köppen, notably in 1918 and 1936. Later, German climatologist Rudolf Geiger (1894–1981) introduced some changes to the classification system in 1954 and 1961, which is thus sometimes called the Köppen–Geiger climate classification.

As Köppen designed the system based on his experience as a botanist, his main climate groups represent a classification by vegetation type. In addition to identifying climates, the system can be used to analyze ecosystem conditions and identify the main types of vegetation within climates. Due to its association with the plant life of a given region, the system is useful in predicting future changes of plant life within that region.

The Köppen climate classification system was modified further within the Trewartha climate classification system in 1966 (revised in 1980). The Trewartha system sought to create a more refined middle latitude climate zone, which was one of the criticisms of the Köppen system (the climate group C was too general).^: 200–1

Köppen–Geiger climate map 1991–2020

  Af

  Am

  Aw

  As

  **BWh**

  **BWk**

  **BSh**

  **BSk**

  **Csa**

  **Csb**

  **Csc**

  **Cwa**

  **Cwb**

  **Cwc**

  **Cfa**

  **Cfb**

  **Cfc**

  **Dsa**

  **Dsb**

  **Dsc**

  **Dsd**

  **Dwa**

  **Dwb**

  **Dwc**

  **Dwd**

  **Dfa**

  **Dfb**

  **Dfc**

  **Dfd**

  ET

  EF

Overview

Köppen climate classification scheme symbols description table
1st	2nd	3rd
A (Tropical)	f (Rainforest) m (Monsoon) w (Savanna, dry winter) s (Savanna, dry summer)
B (Dry)	W (Arid desert) S (Semi-arid steppe)	h (Hot) k (Cold)
C (Temperate)	w (Dry winter) f (No dry season) s (Dry summer)	a (Hot summer) b (Warm summer) c (Cold summer)
D (Continental)	w (Dry winter) f (No dry season) s (Dry summer)	a (Hot summer) b (Warm summer) c (Cold summer) d (Very cold winter)
E (Polar)	T (Tundra) F (Ice cap)

The Köppen climate classification scheme divides climates into five main climate groups: A (tropical), B (arid), C (temperate), D (continental), and E (polar). The second letter indicates the seasonal precipitation type, while the third letter indicates the level of heat. Summers are defined as the six-month period that is warmer either from April to September and/or October to March, while winter is the six-month period that is cooler.

Group A: Tropical climates

Tropical climates have an average temperature of 18 °C (64.4 °F) or higher every month of the year, with significant precipitation.

Af = Tropical rainforest climate; average precipitation of at least 60 mm (2.4 in) in every month.
Am = Tropical monsoon climate; driest month (which nearly always occurs at or soon after the "winter" solstice for that side of the equator) with precipitation less than 60 mm (2.4 in), but at least ${\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,precipitation\,(mm)} }{25}}\right)}$ .
Aw or As = Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate; with the driest month having precipitation less than 60 mm (2.4 in) and less than ${\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,precipitation\,(mm)} }{25}}\right)}$ .

Group B: Desert and semi-arid climates

Desert and semi-arid climates are defined by low precipitation in a region that does not fit the polar (EF or ET) criteria of no month with an average temperature greater than 10 °C (50 °F).

The precipitation threshold in millimeters is determined by multiplying the average annual temperature in Celsius by 20, then adding:

280 if 70% or more of the total precipitation is in the spring and summer months (April–September in the Northern Hemisphere, or October–March in the Southern), or
140 if 30%–70% of the total precipitation is received during the spring and summer, or
0 if less than 30% of the total precipitation is received during the spring and summer.

If the annual precipitation is less than 50% of this threshold, the classification is BW (arid: desert climate); if it is in the range of 50%–100% of the threshold, the classification is BS (semi-arid: steppe climate).

A third letter can be included to indicate temperature. Here, h signifies low-latitude climates (average annual temperature above 18 °C (64.4 °F)) while k signifies middle-latitude climates (average annual temperature less than 18 °C). In addition, n is used to denote a climate characterized by frequent fog and H for high altitudes.

BWh = Hot desert climate
BWk = Cold desert climate
BSh = Hot semi-arid climate
BSk = Cold semi-arid climate

Group C: Temperate climates

Temperate climates have the coldest month averaging between 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)) and 18 °C (64.4 °F) and at least one month averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). For the distribution of precipitation in locations that both satisfy a dry summer (Cs) and a dry winter (Cw), a location is considered to have a wet summer (Cw) when more precipitation falls within the summer months than the winter months while a location is considered to have a dry summer (Cs) when more precipitation falls within the winter months. This additional criterion applies to locations that satisfies both Ds and Dw as well.

Cfa = Humid subtropical climate; coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), at least one month's average temperature above 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
Cfb = Temperate oceanic climate or subtropical highland climate; coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), all months with average temperatures below 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
Cfc = Subpolar oceanic climate; coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
Cwa = Monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate; coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), at least one month's average temperature above 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
Cwb = Subtropical highland climate or Monsoon-influenced temperate oceanic climate; coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), all months with average temperatures below 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
Cwc = Cold subtropical highland climate or Monsoon-influenced subpolar oceanic climate; coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
Csa = Hot-summer Mediterranean climate; coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), at least one month's average temperature above 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than 40 mm (1.6 in).
Csb = Warm-summer Mediterranean climate; coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), all months with average temperatures below 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than 40 mm (1.6 in).
Csc = Cold-summer Mediterranean climate; coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than 40 mm (1.6 in).

Group D: Continental climates

Continental climates have at least one month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)) and at least one month averaging above 10 °C (50 °F).

Dfa = Hot-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), at least one month's average temperature above 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
Dfb = Warm-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), all months with average temperatures below 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
Dfc = Subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
Dfd = Extremely cold subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below −38 °C (−36.4 °F) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
Dwa = Monsoon-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), at least one month's average temperature above 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
Dwb = Monsoon-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), all months with average temperatures below 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
Dwc = Monsoon-influenced subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
Dwd = Monsoon-influenced extremely cold subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below −38 °C (−36.4 °F) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
Dsa = Mediterranean-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), average temperature of the warmest month above 22 °C (71.6 °F) and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 in).
Dsb = Mediterranean-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), average temperature of the warmest month below 22 °C (71.6 °F) and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 in).
Dsc = Mediterranean-influenced subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 in).
Dsd = Mediterranean-influenced extremely cold subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below −38 °C (−36.4 °F) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 in).

Group E: Polar and alpine climates

Polar and alpine climates has every month of the year with an average temperature below 10 °C (50 °F).

ET = Tundra climate; average temperature of warmest month between 0 °C (32 °F) and 10 °C (50 °F).
EF = Ice cap climate; eternal winter, with all 12 months of the year with average temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F).

Group A: Tropical/megathermal climates

Tropical climates are characterized by constant high temperatures (at sea level and low elevations); all 12 months of the year have average temperatures of 18 °C (64.4 °F) or higher; and generally high annual precipitation. They are subdivided as follows:

Af: Tropical rainforest climate

All 12 months have an average precipitation of at least 60 mm (2.4 in). These climates usually occur within 10° latitude of the equator. This climate has no natural seasons in terms of thermal and moisture changes. When it is dominated most of the year by the doldrums low-pressure system due to the presence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and when there are no cyclones then the climate is qualified as equatorial. When the trade winds dominate most of the year, the climate is a tropical trade-wind rainforest climate.

Examples

Alofi, Niue, New Zealand
Antalaha, Madagascar
Apia, Samoa
Atuona, Hiva Oa, French Polynesia
Avarua, Cook Islands
Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
Bluefields, Nicaragua
Bocas del Toro, Panama
Boende, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Buenaventura, Colombia
Castries, Saint Lucia (bordering on Am)
Changuinola, Panama
Cocos Island, Costa Rica
Colombo, Sri Lanka
Davao, Philippines
Easter Island, Chile
Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States (bordering on Am)
Funafuti, Tuvalu
Georgetown, Guyana
Hagåtña, Guam
Hamilton, Bermuda (bordering on Cfa)
Higüey, Dominican Republic (bordering on Am)
Hilo, Hawaii, United States
Honiara, Solomon Islands
Innisfail, Queensland, Australia
Ipoh, Malaysia
Iquitos, Peru
Ishigaki, Japan
Johor Bahru, Malaysia
Kampala, Uganda
Kisumu, Kenya
Koror, Palau
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Kuching, Malaysia
Kurunegala, Sri Lanka (bordering on Am)
La Ceiba, Honduras
Lae, Papua New Guinea
Majuro, Marshall Islands
Manaus, Brazil
Mata Utu, Wallis and Futuna, French Polynesia
Medan, Indonesia
Moroni, Comoros
Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
Narathiwat, Thailand (bordering on Am)
Nuku'alofa, Tonga
Orchid Island, Taiwan
Padang, Indonesia
Pago Pago, American Samoa
Palembang, Indonesia
Palikir, Micronesia
Paramaribo, Suriname
Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
Pitcairn Island, United Kingdom
Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe (bordering on Am)
Polomolok, Philippines
Port Antonio, Jamaica
Port Vila, Vanuatu
Puerto Barrios, Guatemala
Punta Gorda, Belize
Puyo, Ecuador
Quibdó, Colombia
Ratnapura, Sri Lanka
Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, French Guiana
Salvador da Bahia, Brazil
Santos, Brazil
Singapore
Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte, Sri Lanka (bordering on Am)
St. George's, Grenada
Suva, Fiji
Tabubil, Papua New Guinea
Tacloban, Philippines
Tarawa, Kiribati
Toamasina, Madagascar
Tubuai, Austral Islands, France
Victoria, Seychelles
Villa Tunari, Bolivia
West Palm Beach, Florida, United States (bordering on Am)
Yaren, Nauru

Some of the places with this climate are indeed uniformly and monotonously wet throughout the year (e.g., the northwest Pacific coast of South and Central America, from Ecuador to Costa Rica; see, for instance, Andagoya, Colombia), but in many cases, the period of higher sun and longer days is distinctly wettest (as at Palembang, Indonesia) or the time of lower sun and shorter days may have more rain (as at Sitiawan, Malaysia). Among these places, some have a pure equatorial climate (Balikpapan, Kuala Lumpur, Kuching, Lae, Medan, Paramaribo, Pontianak, and Singapore) with the dominant ITCZ aerological mechanism and no cyclones or a subequatorial climate with occasional hurricanes (Davao, Ratnapura, Victoria).

(The term aseasonal refers to the lack in the tropical zone of large differences in daylight hours and mean monthly (or daily) temperature throughout the year. Annual cyclic changes occur in the tropics, but not as predictably as those in the temperate zone, albeit unrelated to temperature, but to water availability whether as rain, mist, soil, or groundwater. Plant response (e.g., phenology), animal (feeding, migration, reproduction, etc.), and human activities (plant sowing, harvesting, hunting, fishing, etc.) are tuned to this 'seasonality'. Indeed, in tropical South America and Central America, the 'rainy season' (and the 'high water season') is called invierno (Spanish) or inverno (Portuguese), though it could occur in the Northern Hemisphere summer; likewise, the 'dry season (and 'low water season') is called verano or verão, and can occur in the Northern Hemisphere winter).

Am: Tropical monsoon climate

This type of climate results from the monsoon winds which change direction according to the seasons. This climate has a driest month (which nearly always occurs at or soon after the "winter" solstice for that side of the equator) with rainfall less than 60 mm (2.4 in), but at least ${\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,precipitation\,(mm)} }{25}}\right)}$ of average monthly precipitation.^: 208

Examples

Alor Setar, Malaysia
Aracaju, Brazil
Baguio, Philippines (bordering on Cwb)
Bandung, Indonesia (bordering on Af)
Barrancabermeja, Colombia
Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
Bata, Equatorial Guinea
Batticaloa, Sri Lanka (bordering on As)
Belmopan, Belize
Cà Mau, Vietnam
Cali, Colombia
Cairns, Queensland, Australia
Cayenne, French Guiana (bordering on Af)
Chichijima, Japan (bordering on Aw and Cfa)
Chittagong, Bangladesh
Christmas Island, Australia
Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, Mexico
Conakry, Guinea
Curepipe, Mauritius
Da Nang, Vietnam
David, Panama
Douala, Cameroon
Freetown, Sierra Leone
Fort Myers, Florida, United States (bordering on Cfa)
Guanare, Venezuela
Hat Yai, Thailand (bordering on Aw)
Huế, Vietnam
Jakarta, Indonesia
Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Kochi, Kerala, India
Ko Samui, Thailand (bordering on Af)
Langkawi, Malaysia
Libreville, Gabon
Maceió, Brazil
Makassar, Indonesia
Managua, Nicaragua
Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
Malé, Maldives
Mangalore, Karnataka, India
Manila, Philippines
Mérida, Venezuela
Miami, Florida, United States
Monrovia, Liberia
Nassau, The Bahamas (bordering on Aw)
Panama City, Panama
Pattani, Thailand
Phuntsholing, Bhutan (bordering on Cwa)
Pingtung, Taiwan
Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
Pucallpa, Peru
Puerto Ayacucho, Venezuela
Puerto Maldonado, Peru
Qionghai, China
Quezon City, Philippines
Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
Roseau, Dominica
Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands, United States (bordering on Af)
San Juan, Puerto Rico
Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Sihanoukville, Cambodia
Sylhet, Bangladesh (bordering on Cwa)
Taitung, Taiwan
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
Trinidad, Bolivia
Villahermosa, Mexico
Wanning, China
Wenchang, China
Yangon, Myanmar
Zanzibar City, Tanzania

Aw/As: Tropical savanna climate

Aw: Tropical savanna climate with dry winters

Aw climates have a pronounced dry season, with the driest month having precipitation less than 60 mm (2.4 in) and less than ${\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,precipitation\,(mm)} }{25}}\right)}$ of average monthly precipitation.^{: 208–211}

Examples

Abidjan, Ivory Coast
Abuja, Nigeria
Bahir Dar, Ethiopia (bordering on Cwb)
Bamako, Mali
Bangkok, Thailand
Bangui, Central African Republic
Banjul, The Gambia
Barranquilla, Colombia
Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
Brasília, Brazil
Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
Bridgetown, Barbados
Bujumbura, Burundi
Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (bordering on Am)
Caracas, Venezuela
Cartagena, Colombia
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Chipata, Zambia
Chinandega, Nicaragua
Cotonou, Benin
Cuernavaca, Mexico (bordering on Cwa)
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Dili, East Timor
Dongfang, Hainan, China
Guatemala City, Guatemala (bordering on Cwa)
Guayaquil, Ecuador
Haikou, Hainan, China (bordering on Cwa)
Havana, Cuba (bordering on Af)
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Hyderabad, Telangana, India (bordering on BSh)
Juba, South Sudan
Kano, Nigeria
Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Key West, Florida, United States
Khulna, Bangladesh
Kigali, Rwanda
Kingston, Jamaica (bordering on BSh)
Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Kumasi, Ghana
Kupang, Indonesia
Lagos, Nigeria
Lomé, Togo
Malanje, Angola (bordering on Cwa and Cwb)
Managua, Nicaragua
Mandalay, Myanmar (bordering on BSh)
Maputo, Mozambique (bordering on BSh)
Minamitorishima, Japan
Moundou, Chad
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India (bordering on Am)
Naples, Florida, United States
Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Port-au-Prince, Haiti
Port Louis, Mauritius
Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
Porto-Novo, Benin
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (bordering on Am)
San Pedro Sula, Honduras (bordering on Am)
San Cristóbal Island, Ecuador
San José, Costa Rica
San Salvador, El Salvador
Sansha, Hainan, China
Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (bordering on Af)
Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
Sanya, Hainan, China
St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda
Surabaya, Indonesia
Tangail, Bangladesh
Tegucigalpa, Honduras
Townsville, Queensland, Australia
Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico
Vientiane, Laos
Wake Island, United States
Yaoundé, Cameroon
Ziguinchor, Senegal

Most places that have this climate are found at the outer margins of the tropical zone from the low teens to the mid-20s latitudes, but occasionally an inner-tropical location (e.g., San Marcos, Antioquia, Colombia) also qualifies. The Caribbean coast, eastward from the Gulf of Urabá on the Colombia–Panama border to the Orinoco River delta, on the Atlantic Ocean (about 4,000 km (2,500 mi)), have long dry periods (the extreme is the BWh climate (see below), characterized by very low, unreliable precipitation, present, for instance, in extensive areas in the Guajira, and Coro, western Venezuela, the northernmost peninsulas in South America, which receive <300 mm (12 in) total annual precipitation, practically all in two or three months).

This condition extends to the Lesser Antilles and Greater Antilles forming the circum-Caribbean dry belt. The length and severity of the dry season diminish inland (southward); at the latitude of the Amazon River—which flows eastward, just south of the equatorial line—the climate is Af. East from the Andes, between the dry, arid Caribbean and the ever-wet Amazon are the Orinoco River's Llanos or savannas, from where this climate takes its name.

As: Tropical savanna climate with dry summers

Sometimes As is used in place of Aw if the dry season occurs during the time of higher sun and longer days (during summer). This is the case in parts of Hawaii, northwestern Dominican Republic, East Africa, southeast India and northeast Sri Lanka, and the Brazilian Northeastern Coast. In places that have this climate type, the dry season occurs during the time of lower sun and shorter days generally because of rain shadow effects during the 'high-sun' part of the year.

Examples

Cape Coast, Ghana (both Aw/As)
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (bordering on Aw)
Fortaleza, Brazil
Jaffna, Sri Lanka
Kapalua, Hawaii, United States
Lanai City, Hawaii, United States
Mombasa, Kenya
Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Nha Trang, Vietnam
Nouméa, New Caledonia
São Tomé, São Tomé and Principe
Trincomalee, Sri Lanka

Group B: Arid (desert and semi-arid) climates

These climates are characterized by the amount of annual precipitation less than a threshold value that approximates the potential evapotranspiration.^: 212 The threshold value (in millimeters) is calculated as follows:

Multiply the average annual temperature in °C by 20, then add

280 if 70% or more of the total precipitation is in the high-sun half of the year (April through September in the Northern Hemisphere, or October through March in the Southern), or
140 if 30%–70% of the total precipitation is received during the applicable period, or
0 if less than 30% of the total precipitation is so received.

According to the modified Köppen classification system used by modern climatologists, total precipitation in the warmest six months of the year is taken as a reference instead of the total precipitation in the high-sun half of the year.

If the annual precipitation is less than 50% of this threshold, the classification is BW (arid: desert climate); if it is in the range of 50%–100% of the threshold, the classification is BS (semi-arid: steppe climate).

A third letter can be included to indicate temperature. Here, h signifies low-latitude climate (average annual temperature above 18 °C) while k signified middle-latitude climate (average annual temperature below 18 °C).

Desert areas situated along the west coasts of continents at tropical or near-tropical locations characterized by frequent fog and low clouds, although these places rank among the driest on earth in terms of actual precipitation received, can be labeled BWn with the n denoting a climate characterized by frequent fog. An equivalent BSn category can be found in foggy coastal steppes.

BW: Arid climates

BWh: Hot deserts

ʽAziziya, Jafara, Libya
Aden, Yemen
Agadez, Niger
Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran
Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
Almería, Andalusia, Spain (bordering on BSh)
Arica, Chile
Ascension Island, United Kingdom
Baghdad, Iraq
Biskra, Algeria
Cairo, Egypt
Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
Coober Pedy, Australia
Dallol, Ethiopia, location of the hottest average annual temperature on Earth
Death Valley, California, United States, location of the hottest air temperature ever reliably recorded on Earth
Djibouti City, Djibouti
Doha, Qatar
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Eilat, Southern District, Israel
Faya-Largeau, Chad
Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, Spain
Gabès, Tunisia (bordering on BSh)
Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico (bordering on BSh)
Iquique, Chile (bordering on BWk)
Jalalabad, Nangarhar, Afghanistan
Jamestown, Saint Helena, United Kingdom
Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
Karachi, Pakistan
Keetmanshoop, Namibia
Khartoum, Sudan
Kufra, Libya
Kuwait City, Kuwait
Laayoune, Western Sahara
Lanzarote, Canary Islands, Spain
Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
Lima, Peru
Luxor, Egypt
Manama, Bahrain
Mary, Turkmenistan
Mecca, Makkah Region, Saudi Arabia
Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
Moçâmedes, Angola
Muscat, Oman
Nouakchott, Mauritania
Phoenix, Arizona, United States
Praia, Cape Verde
Punto Fijo, Venezuela
Qom, Iran
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Sabha, Libya
Semnan, Iran (bordering on BWk)
Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt
Tamanrasset, Algeria
Trujillo, Peru
Timbuktu, Mali
Upington, Northern Cape, South Africa
Yazd, Iran

BWk: Cold deserts

Aktau, Kazakhstan
Antofagasta, Chile
Aral, Kazakhstan
Arequipa, Peru
Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
Bamyan, Afghanistan
Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico (bordering on BWh)
Dalanzadgad, Mongolia
Damascus, Syria
Golmud, Qinghai, China
Isfahan, Iran
Kerki, Uzbekistan (bordering on BWh)
Kerman, Iran
Khovd, Mongolia
Kingman, Arizona, United States
Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan
Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States (bordering on BWh)
Leh, India
Lorca, Spain (bordering on BWh)
Mendoza, Argentina
Naâma, Algeria (bordering on BSk)
Neuquén, Argentina
Nukus, Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan
Ölgii, Mongolia
St. George, Utah, United States (bordering on BWh)
San Juan, Argentina (BWk/BWh)
Sanaa, Yemen (bordering on BSk)
Swakopmund, Namibia
Tabernas, Spain (bordering on BWh)
Turpan, Xinjiang, China
Walvis Bay, Erongo Region, Namibia
Yinchuan, Ningxia, China

BS: Semi-arid (steppe) climates

BSh: Hot semi-arid

Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India (bordering on Aw)
Airolaf, Djibouti
Accra, Ghana (bordering on Aw)
Aguascalientes (city), Mexico
Alexandria, Egypt (bordering on BWh)
Alicante, Spain
Barquisimeto, Venezuela
Broome, Western Australia, Australia
Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
Bushehr, Iran
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Dakar, Senegal
Dezful, Iran
Gaborone, Botswana
Hargeisa, Somaliland
Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
Kandahar, Afghanistan (bordering on BWh)
Kimberley, Northern Cape, South Africa
Kiritimati, Kiribati
Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India
Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan (bordering on Cwa)
Lampedusa, Sicily, Italy
Los Angeles, California, United States (bordering on Csa)
Luanda, Angola
Mafikeng, South Africa
Malakal, South Sudan
Maracaibo, Venezuela
Marrakesh, Morocco
Mogadishu, Somalia
Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic (bordering on As)
Monterrey, Mexico (bordering on Cfa)
Mosul, Nineveh, Iraq (bordering on Csa)
Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia
Murcia, Spain
N'Djamena, Chad
Niamey, Niger
Nicosia, Cyprus
Odessa, Texas, United States (bordering on BSk)
Oranjestad, Aruba
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Patos, Paraíba, Brazil
Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
Piraeus, Greece
Polokwane, South Africa
Querétaro City, Querétaro, Mexico
Santiago del Estero, Argentina
Sfax, Tunisia
Shiraz, Iran (bordering on BSk)
Toliara, Madagascar
Tripoli, Libya
Valencia, Spain (bordering on Csa)
Windhoek, Namibia
Yuanmou, Yunnan, China

BSk: Cold semi-arid

Albacete, Spain
Aleppo, Syria
Alexandra, New Zealand (bordering on Cfb)
Amman, Jordan (bordering on BSh and Csa)
Ankara, Turkey (bordering on Csa)
Asmara, Eritrea
Astrakhan, Russia
Atyrau, Kazakhstan (bordering on BWk)
Baku, Azerbaijan (bordering on BWk)
Batna, Algeria
Bloemfontein, South Africa
Boise, Idaho, United States
Choibalsan, Mongolia
Cochabamba, Bolivia
Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
Daraa, Syria (bordering on BSh)
Denver, Colorado, United States
Essaouira, Morocco (bordering on BSh)
Gevgelija, North Macedonia
Herat, Afghanistan
Kabul, Afghanistan
Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, Australia (bordering on BSh/BWh/BWk)
Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
Karaj, Iran
Konya, Turkey
Kyzyl, Tuva, Russia (bordering on Dwb)
L'Agulhas, Western Cape, South Africa
La Quiaca, Jujuy, Argentina
Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada (bordering on Dfb)
Lhasa, Tibet, China (bordering on Cwb and Dwb)
Madrid, Spain
Mashhad, Iran
Mazar-i-Sharif, Balkh, Afghanistan (bordering on BSh/BWh/BWk)
Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada (bordering on Dfb)
Mildura, Victoria, Australia (bordering on BSh)
Mörön, Mongolia
Navoiy, Uzbekistan (bordering on BWk)
Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
Quetta, Pakistan
Reno, Nevada, United States
Saiq, Oman
Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Santiago, Chile
Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
Skardu, Pakistan
Sulina, Romania
Tabriz, Iran (bordering on Dsa)
Taraz, Kazakhstan
Tehran, Iran (bordering on BSh and Csa)
Thala, Tunisia (bordering on Csa)
Thessaloniki, Greece (bordering on BSh/Cfa/Csa)
Tianjin, China (bordering on Dwa)
Turkistan, Kazakhstan
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia (bordering on Dwb and Dwc)
Ulan-Ude, Buryatia, Russia (bordering on Dwb and Dwc)
Viedma, Argentina
Yerevan, Armenia (bordering on Dfa)
Zacatecas City, Zacatecas, Mexico
Zaragoza, Spain

Group C: Temperate/mesothermal climates

In the Köppen climate system, temperate climates are defined as having an average temperature above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F), as noted previously) in their coldest month but below 18 °C (64.4 °F). The average temperature of −3 °C (26.6 °F) roughly coincides with the equatorward limit of frozen ground and snow cover lasting for a month or more.

The second letter indicates the precipitation pattern—w indicates dry winters (driest winter month average precipitation less than one-tenth wettest summer month average precipitation). s indicates at least three times as much rain in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer. f means significant precipitation in all seasons (neither above-mentioned set of conditions fulfilled).

The third letter indicates the degree of summer heat—a indicates warmest month average temperature above 22 °C (71.6 °F) while b indicates warmest month averaging below 22 °C but with at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50.0 °F), and c indicates one to three months averaging above 10 °C (50.0 °F).

Cs: Mediterranean-type climates

Csa: Hot-summer Mediterranean climates

These climates usually occur on the western sides of continents between the latitudes of 30° and 45°. These climates are in the polar front region in winter, and thus have moderate temperatures and changeable, rainy weather. Summers are hot and dry, due to the domination of the subtropical high-pressure systems, except in the immediate coastal areas, where summers are milder due to the nearby presence of cold ocean currents that may bring fog but prevent rain.^{: 221–223}

Examples

Adelaide, Australia
Algiers, Algeria
Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira Island, Portugal (bordering on Csb/Cfa/Cfb)
Antalya, Turkey
Athens, Greece (bordering on BSh)
Barcelona, Spain (bordering on Cfa)
Beirut, Lebanon
Casablanca, Morocco
Chitral, Pakistan (bordering on BSk)
Dubrovnik, Croatia
Dushanbe, Tajikistan
Erbil, Iraq
Faro, Portugal
Fez, Morocco
Funchal, Portugal (bordering on As)
Gibraltar
Heraklion, Greece
Homs, Syria
Ilam, Iran
Irbid, Jordan
İzmir, Turkey
Jerusalem, Israel
Kardzhali, Bulgaria (bordering on Cfa)
Kermanshah, Iran
Latakia, Syria
Lisbon, Portugal
Marseille, France
Maymana, Afghanistan
Menorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
Mersin, Turkey
Monaco
Naples, Italy (bordering on Cfa)
Nice, France
Novorossiysk, Krasnodar Krai, Russia (bordering on Cfa)
Palermo, Italy
Patras, Greece
Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Podgorica, Montenegro (bordering on Cfa)
Prodromos, Cyprus
Provo, Utah, United States (bordering on Dsa)
Rome, Italy
Sacramento, California, United States
Seville, Spain
Sanandaj, Iran (bordering on Dsa)
Shkodër, Albania (bordering on Cfa)
Split, Croatia
Tangier, Morocco
Tashkent, Uzbekistan (bordering on BSk)
Tecate, Baja California, Mexico
Tel Aviv, Israel
Tlemcen, Algeria
Tunis, Tunisia
Urfa, Turkey
Valletta, Malta
Vatican City
Walla Walla, Washington, United States
Zhetisay, Kazakhstan (bordering on Dsa and BSk)

Csb: Warm-summer Mediterranean climates

Dry-summer climates sometimes extend to additional areas where the warmest month average temperatures do not reach 22 °C (71.6 °F), most often in the 40s latitudes. These climates are classified as Csb.

Examples

Albany, Western Australia, Australia
Aluminé, Neuquén Province, Argentina
Bayda, Libya
Cape Town, South Africa (bordering on Csa)
Concepción, Chile
Guarda, Portugal
Ibarra, Ecuador
Ipiales, Colombia (bordering on Cfb)
Korçë, Albania (bordering on Dsb)
Kütahya, Turkey (bordering on Dsb)
León, Spain
Linares, Chile
Lonquimay, Araucanía Region, Chile (bordering on Cfb)
Mount Gambier, South Australia, Australia
Nakuru, Kenya
Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
Ohrid, North Macedonia
Pasto, Colombia
Port Lincoln, South Australia, Australia (bordering on Cfb)
Portland, Oregon, United States
Porto, Portugal
Rieti, Italy
Salamanca, Spain
San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Spain
San Francisco, California, United States
San Martín de los Andes, Neuquén Province, Argentina (bordering on Cfb)
Segovia, Spain
Seattle, Washington, United States
Siah Bisheh, Iran
Sintra, Portugal
Tulcán, Ecuador (bordering on Cfb)
Valladolid, Spain
Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

Csc: Cold-summer Mediterranean climates

Cold summer Mediterranean climates (Csc) exist in high-elevation areas adjacent to coastal Csb climate areas, where the strong maritime influence prevents the average winter monthly temperature from dropping below 0 °C (32 °F). This climate is rare and is predominantly found in climate fringes and isolated areas of the Cascades and Andes Mountains, as the dry-summer climate extends further poleward in the Americas than elsewhere. Rare instances of this climate can be found in some coastal locations in the North Atlantic and at high altitudes in Hawaii.

Examples

Balmaceda, Chile (bordering on Csb)
Haleakalā Summit, Hawaii, United States
Liawenee, Australia (bordering on Csb/Cfb/Cfc)
Røst, Norway (bordering on Cfc)
Spirit Lake, Washington, United States (bordering on Dsc)

Cfa: Humid subtropical climates

These climates usually occur on the eastern coasts and eastern sides of continents, usually in the high 20s and 30s latitudes. Unlike the dry summer Mediterranean climates, humid subtropical climates have a warm and wet flow from the tropics that creates warm and moist conditions in the summer months. As such, summer (not winter as is the case in Mediterranean climates) is often the wettest season.

The flow out of the subtropical highs and the summer monsoon creates a southerly flow from the tropics that brings warm and moist air to the lower east sides of continents. This flow is often what brings the frequent and strong but short-lived summer thundershowers so typical of the more southerly subtropical climates like the southeast United States, southern China, and Japan.^{: 223–226}

Examples

Astara, Azerbaijan (bordering on Csa)
Asunción, Paraguay (bordering on Aw)
Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Balbalan, Philippines (bordering on Am)
Bandar-e Anzali, Gilan, Iran
Belgrade, Serbia
Bologna, Italy
Bratislava, Slovakia (bordering on Cfb/Dfa/Dfb)
Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Budapest, Hungary (bordering on Dfa)
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Chongqing, China (bordering on Cwa)
Ciudad del Este, Paraguay
Constanța, Romania (bordering on BSk)
Corvo Island, Portugal
Dallas, Texas, United States
Dir, Pakistan
Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
Florina, Greece (bordering on Dfa)
Geoje, South Korea (bordering on Cwa)
Giresun, Turkey
Girona, Spain (bordering on Csa)
Huesca, Spain
Ijevan, Tavush, Armenia (bordering on Dfa)
Jeju, South Korea
Juan Fernández Islands, Chile (bordering on Cfb/Csa/Csb)
Koper, Slovenia
Kozani, Greece
Krasnodar, Russia (bordering on Dfa)
Kutaisi, Georgia
La Plata, Argentina
Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland (bordering on Cfb)
Lyon, France (bordering on Cfb)
Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico (bordering on Aw)
Maykop, Adygea, Russia (bordering on Dfa)
Milan, Italy
Montevideo, Uruguay
Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina (bordering on Csa)
New York City, New York, United States (bordering on Dfa)
Osaka, Japan
Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Prizren, Kosovo (bordering on Cfb/Dfa/Dfb)
Raoul Island, New Zealand
Rasht, Gilan, Iran
Rijeka, Croatia
Rosario, Argentina (bordering on Cwa)
Samsun, Turkey
San Marino
Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
São Paulo, Brazil (bordering on Cwa)
Siguatepeque, Honduras (bordering on Cwa)
Shanghai, China
Simferopol, Ukraine (bordering on Dfa)
Skopje, North Macedonia (bordering on Dfa and BSk)
Sochi, Russia
Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Taipei, Taiwan
Tbilisi, Georgia (bordering on BSk)
Tirana, Albania (bordering on Csa)
Tokyo, Japan
Toulouse, France
Tulcea, Romania (bordering on Dfa)
Ulsan, South Korea
Varna, Bulgaria
Valence, France (bordering on Cfb)
Venice, Italy
Vienna, Austria (bordering on Cfb/Dfa)
Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
Washington, D.C., United States
Wuhan, Hubei, China
Yalta, Ukraine (bordering on Csa)
Yokohama, Japan
Zaqatala, Azerbaijan
Zonguldak, Turkey (bordering on Cfb)

Cfb: Oceanic climates

Marine west coast climate

Cfb climates usually occur in the higher middle latitudes on the western sides of continents; they are typically situated immediately poleward of the Mediterranean climates in the 40s and 50s latitudes. However, in southeast Australia, southeast South America, and extreme southern Africa this climate is found immediately poleward of temperate climates, on places near the coast and at a somewhat lower latitude. In western Europe, this climate occurs in coastal areas up to 68°N in Norway.

These climates are dominated all year round by the polar front, leading to changeable, often overcast weather. Summers are mild due to cool ocean currents. Winters are milder than other climates in similar latitudes, but usually very cloudy, and frequently wet. Cfb climates are also encountered at high elevations in certain subtropical and tropical areas, where the climate would be that of a subtropical/tropical rainforest if not for the altitude. These climates are called "highlands".^{: 226–229}

Examples

Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands
Artvin, Turkey (bordering on Cfa/Csa/Csb)
Auckland, New Zealand
Baltiysk, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia (bordering on Dfb)
Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
Bergen, Vestland, Norway
Berlin, Germany
Bern, Switzerland (bordering on Dfb)
Bilbao, Spain
Block Island, Rhode Island, United States (bordering on Dfb)
Bolu, Turkey
Bordeaux, France (bordering on Cfa)
Bornholm, Denmark
Brussels, Belgium
Caransebeş, Romania (bordering on Dfb)
Cetinje, Montenegro (bordering on Dfb)
Christchurch, New Zealand
Copenhagen, Denmark
Dublin, Ireland
Forks, Washington, United States
Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany
Gdynia, Poland
Geneva, Switzerland
George, Western Cape, South Africa
Gijón, Spain
Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
Gothenburg, Sweden
Győr, Hungary (bordering on Cfa/Dfa/Dfb)
Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
Île Amsterdam, French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Île d'Yeu, France
Ketchikan, Alaska, United States
L'Aquila, Italy (bordering on Cfa)
Ljubljana, Slovenia
Lofoten, Nordland, Norway (bordering on Cfc/Dfb/Dfc)
London, England, United Kingdom
Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
Malmö, Sweden
Mar del Plata, Argentina
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (bordering on Cfa)
Merano, Italy (bordering on Cfa)
Munich, Bavaria, Germany
Ørland, Trøndelag, Norway
Osorno, Los Lagos Region, Chile
Paris, France
Port Elizabeth, South Africa
Prague, Czech Republic (bordering on Dfb)
Prince Rupert, British Columbia, Canada
Puerto Montt, Los Lagos Region, Chile
Puerto Natales, Chile (bordering on Cfc)
Punta del Este, Uruguay (bordering on Cfa)
Salzburg, Austria (bordering on Dfb)
Santander, Spain
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (bordering on Dfb)
Skagen, Denmark
Szczecin, Poland
Vaduz, Liechtenstein
Valdivia, Los Ríos Region, Chile
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (bordering on Csb)
Villa La Angostura, Neuquén Province, Argentina
Wellington, New Zealand
Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia (bordering on Cfa)
Wrocław, Poland (bordering on Dfb)
Zagreb, Croatia (bordering on Dfb)
Zürich, Switzerland

Subtropical highland climate with uniform rainfall

Subtropical highland climates with uniform rainfall (Cfb) are a type of oceanic climate mainly found in the highlands of Australia, such as in or around the Great Dividing Range in the north of the state of New South Wales, and also sparsely in other continents, such as in South America, among others. Unlike a typical Cwb climate, they tend to have rainfall spread evenly throughout the year. They have characteristics of both the Cfb and Cfa climates, but unlike these climates, they have a high diurnal temperature variation and low humidity, owing to their inland location and relatively high elevation.

Examples

Andorra la Vella, Andorra
Blue Mountains, Jamaica
Bogotá, Colombia
Briançon, France (bordering on Dfb)
Brinchang, Malaysia
Cameron Highlands, Malaysia
Campos do Jordão, São Paulo, Brazil
Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
Chachapoyas, Peru
Cobán, Guatemala (bordering on Cwb)
Constanza, Dominican Republic
Cuenca, Ecuador
Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
Dullstroom, South Africa
Eldoret, Kenya
Goris, Syunik, Armenia (bordering on Dfb)
Hengshan, China (bordering on Cfa/Dfa/Dfb)
Kabale, Uganda
Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India
Le Tampon, Réunion, France
Lithgow, New South Wales, Australia
La Esperanza, Honduras (bordering on Cwb)
Manizales, Colombia
Maseru, Lesotho (bordering on Cwb)
Mthatha, South Africa
Mucuchíes, Venezuela
Mulia, Indonesia
Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka
Oruro, Bolivia
Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
Riobamba, Ecuador (bordering on Csb)
Sa Pa, Vietnam
Soria, Spain
Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Trevico, Italy
Tunja, Colombia
Volcano, Hawaii, United States
Wabag, Papua New Guinea
Waynesville, North Carolina, United States
Williams, Arizona, United States
Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico (bordering on Cfa)

Cfc: Subpolar oceanic climate

Subpolar oceanic climates (Cfc) occur poleward of or at higher elevations than the maritime temperate climates and are mostly confined either to narrow coastal strips on the western poleward margins of the continents, or, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, to islands off such coasts. They occur in both hemispheres, generally in the high 50s and 60s latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere and the 50s latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere.

Examples

Adak, Alaska, United States (bordering on Dfc)
Auckland Islands, New Zealand
Bø, Nordland, Norway (bordering on Cfb/Dfb/Dfc)
Hafnarfjörður, Iceland (bordering on Dfc)
Karlsøy, Norway (bordering on Dfc)
Miena, Tasmania, Australia
Mount Baw Baw, Australia
Punta Arenas, Chile
Porvenir, Chile
Reykjavík, Iceland
Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina (bordering on BSk/Dfc/ET)
Río Turbio, Santa Cruz, Argentina
Stanley, Falkland Islands
Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
Unalaska, Alaska, United States
Værøy, Norway (bordering on Csc)
Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland (bordering on ET)

Cw: Dry-winter subtropical climates

Cwa: Dry-winter humid subtropical climate

Cwa is a monsoonal influenced version of the humid subtropical climate, having the classic dry winter–wet summer pattern associated with tropical monsoonal climates. They are found at similar latitudes as the Cfa climates, except in regions where monsoons are more prevalent. These regions are in the Southern Cone of South America, the Gangetic Plain of South Asia, southeastern Africa, parts of East Asia and Mexico, and Northern Vietnam of Southeast Asia.

Examples

Antananarivo, Madagascar (bordering on Cwb)
Birgunj, Nepal
Busan, South Korea
Changwon, South Korea (bordering on Cfa)
Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Chimoio, Mozambique
Córdoba, Argentina
Delhi, India (bordering on BSh)
Dinajpur, Bangladesh
Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (bordering on Cfa)
Guwahati, India (bordering on Aw)
Hanoi, Vietnam
Hong Kong
Islamabad, Pakistan
Kathmandu, Nepal
León, Guanajuato, Mexico
Lilongwe, Malawi
Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Luena, Angola (bordering on Aw)
Lusaka, Zambia
Macau
Mackay, Queensland, Australia (bordering on Aw)
Mengla, Yunnan, China
Ndola, Zambia
Phonsavan, Laos
Pokhara, Nepal
Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
Qingdao, Shandong, China (bordering on Dwa)
Rangpur, Bangladesh
Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Saidpur, Bangladesh
San Luis, Argentina (bordering on BSk)
Santa Rosa de Copan, Honduras
Sialkot, Pakistan
Taunggyi, Myanmar
Tucumán, Argentina
Yeosu, South Korea
Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico

Cwb: Dry-winter subtropical highland climate

Dry-winter subtropical highland climate (Cwb) is a type of climate mainly found in highlands inside the tropics of Central America, South America, Africa, and South and Southeast Asia or areas in the subtropics. Winters are noticeable and dry, and summers can be very rainy. In the tropics, the monsoon is provoked by the tropical air masses and the dry winters by subtropical high pressure.

Examples

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Arusha, Tanzania
Batu, Indonesia
Byumba, Rwanda
Cajamarca, Peru
Cherrapunji, India
Cusco, Peru
Da Lat, Vietnam
Dali City, China
Dedza, Malawi
Diamantina, Brazil
Dieng Plateau, Indonesia
Fraijanes, Guatemala
Gangtok, India
Hakha, Myanmar
Harare, Zimbabwe
Huambo, Angola
Huaraz, Peru
Ixchiguán, Guatemala (bordering on Cwc)
Jijiga, Ethiopia
Johannesburg, South Africa
Kenscoff, Haiti (bordering on Aw)
Kunming, China
La Paz (lower elevations), Bolivia
La Trinidad, Philippines
Lichinga, Mozambique
Lukla, Nepal
Mbabane, Eswatini
Mbeya, Tanzania
Mexico City, Mexico
Mokhotlong, Lesotho
Nairobi, Kenya
Ndu, Cameroon
Ooty, India
Phongsali, Laos
Puebla, Mexico
Quetzaltenango, Guatemala
Qujing, Yunnan, China (bordering on Cfb)
Salta, Argentina
Shimla, India
Sucre, Bolivia
Thimphu, Bhutan (bordering on Cwa)
Toluca, Mexico

Cwc: Dry-winter cold subtropical highland climate

Dry-winter cold subtropical highland climates (Cwc) exist in high-elevation areas adjacent to Cwb climates. This climate is rare and is found mainly in isolated locations mostly in the Andes in Bolivia and Peru, as well as in sparse mountain locations in Southeast Asia.

El Alto, Bolivia (bordering on ET)
Juliaca, Peru (bordering on ET and Cwb)
La Paz (high elevations), Bolivia (bordering on ET)
Mount Pulag, Philippines (bordering on ET and Cwb)
Potosí, Bolivia (bordering on ET and Cwb)

Group D: Continental/microthermal climates

These climates have an average temperature above 10 °C (50 °F) in their warmest months, and the coldest month average below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F), as noted previously). These usually occur in the interiors of continents and on their upper east coasts, normally north of 40°N. In the Southern Hemisphere, group D climates are extremely rare due to the smaller land masses in the middle latitudes and the almost complete absence of land at 40–60°S, existing only in some highland locations.

Dfa/Dwa/Dsa: Hot summer humid continental climates

Dfa climates usually occur in the high 30s and low 40s latitudes, with a qualifying average temperature in the warmest month of greater than 22 °C (72 °F). In Europe, these climates tend to be much drier than in North America. Dsa exists at higher elevations adjacent to areas with hot summer Mediterranean (Csa) climates.^: 231–32

These climates exist only in the Northern Hemisphere because the Southern Hemisphere has no large landmasses isolated from the moderating effects of the sea within the middle latitudes.

Examples

Aktobe, Kazakhstan
Almaty, Kazakhstan
Aomori, Japan (bordering on Cfa)
Boston, Massachusetts, United States (bordering on Cfa)
Bucharest, Romania (bordering on Cfa)
Çankırı, Turkey (bordering on Cfa and BSk)
Cheonan, South Korea (bordering on Dwa)
Chicago, Illinois, United States
Chișinău, Moldova
Dnipro, Ukraine (bordering on Dfb)
Donetsk, Ukraine
Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan (bordering on Dfb)
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (bordering on Dfb)
Iași, Romania (bordering on Dfb)
Kimchaek, North Korea (bordering on Dwa)
Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
Odesa, Ukraine (bordering on Cfa and BSk)
Oral, Kazakhstan (bordering on BSk)
Pleven, Bulgaria
Pogradec, Albania (bordering on Cfa/Cfb/Dfb)
Qabala, Azerbaijan (bordering on Cfa/Cfb/Dfb)
Rostov-on-Don, Russia
Ruse, Bulgaria (bordering on Cfa)
Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan (bordering on Dfb)
Saratov, Russia
Szeged, Hungary (bordering on Cfa)
Tanchon, North Korea (bordering on Dfb/Dwa/Dwb)
Toronto, Ontario, Canada (bordering on Dfb)
Ürümqi, Xinjiang, China (bordering on BSk)
Volgograd, Russia (bordering on BSk)
Windsor, Ontario, Canada
Zaječar, Serbia (bordering on Cfa)

In eastern Asia, Dwa climates extend further south into the mid-30s latitudes due to the influence of the Siberian high-pressure system, which also causes winters there to be dry, and summers can be very wet because of monsoon circulation.

Examples

Beijing, China (bordering on BSk)
Blagoveshchensk, Amur Oblast, Russia (bordering on Dwb)
Chongjin, North Korea
Chuncheon, Gangwon Province, South Korea
Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
Incheon, South Korea
Kaesong, North Korea
Lesozavodsk, Primorsky Krai, Russia (bordering on Dwb)
North Platte, Nebraska, United States (bordering on Dfa and BSk)
Phillipsburg, Kansas, United States (bordering on Dfa)
Pyongyang, North Korea
Rapid City, South Dakota, United States (bordering on BSk)
Seoul, South Korea
Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (bordering on Cwa)

Dsa exists only at higher elevations adjacent to areas with hot summer Mediterranean (Csa) climates.

Examples

Arak, Iran (bordering on BSk and Csa)
Arys, Kazakhstan (bordering on BSk)
Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Bitlis, Turkey
Cambridge, Idaho, United States
Chirchiq, Uzbekistan (bordering on Csa)
Fayzabad, Badakhshan, Afghanistan (bordering on Csa)
Ghazni, Afghanistan
Hakkâri, Turkey
Hamedan, Iran (bordering on BSk)
Isfara, Tajikistan
Logan, Utah, United States
Muş, Turkey
Osh, Kyrgyzstan
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States (bordering on Csa)
Saqqez, Iran
Shymkent, Kazakhstan (bordering on Csa)

Dfb/Dwb/Dsb: Warm summer humid continental/hemiboreal climates

Dfb climates are immediately poleward of hot summer continental climates, generally in the high 40s and low 50s latitudes in North America and Asia, and also extending to higher latitudes into the high 50s and low 60s latitudes in central and eastern Europe, between the maritime temperate and continental subarctic climates.

Examples

Aetomilitsa, Greece (bordering on Cfb)
Akhaltsikhe, Georgia
Ardahan, Turkey
Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
Astana, Kazakhstan
Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany (bordering on Cfb)
Belluno, Italy (bordering on Cfb)
Bitola, North Macedonia (bordering on Dfa)
Briceni, Moldova
Brno, Czech Republic
Chamonix, France
Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy
Debrecen, Hungary (bordering on Cfa/Cfb/Dfa)
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
El Pas de la Casa, Andorra (bordering on Dfc)
Erzurum, Turkey
Fairbanks, Alaska, United States (bordering on Dfc)
Falls Creek, Victoria, Australia (bordering on Cfb/Cfc/Dfc)
Falun, Dalarna, Sweden
Görlitz, Saxony, Germany (bordering on Cfb)
Gospić, Croatia (bordering on Cfb)
Gyumri, Shirak, Armenia
Helsinki, Finland
Imilchil, Morocco (bordering on Cfb)
Innsbruck, Austria
Karaganda, Kazakhstan
Karakol, Kyrgyzstan
Kars, Turkey
Klagenfurt, Austria
Košice, Slovakia
Kraków, Poland
Kushiro, Hokkaido, Japan
Kyiv, Ukraine
La Brévine, Switzerland (bordering on Dfc)
La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
Lendava, Slovenia (bordering on Cfb)
Lillehammer, Norway (bordering on Dfc)
Livno, Bosnia and Herzegovina (bordering on Cfb)
Lviv, Ukraine
Marquette, Michigan, United States
Miercurea Ciuc, Romania
Minsk, Belarus
Montreal, Quebec, Canada (bordering on Dfa)
Moscow, Russia
Mount Buller, Victoria, Australia (bordering on Cfb/Cfc/Dfc)
Mouthe, France
Mutsu, Aomori Prefecture, Japan (bordering on Cfb)
Novosibirsk, Russia
Oslo, Norway
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Pavlodar, Kazakhstan (bordering on Dfa)
Perisher Valley, New South Wales, Australia (bordering on Cfb/Cfc/Dfc)
Pljevlja, Montenegro
Portland, Maine, United States
Poznań, Poland (bordering on Cfb)
Pristina, Kosovo
Riga, Latvia
Saint Petersburg, Russia
Saint-Véran, France (bordering on Dfc)
Schaan, Liechtenstein (bordering on Cfb)
Sofia, Bulgaria (bordering on Cfb)
Stockholm, Sweden
Subotica, Serbia (bordering on BSk)
Szombathely, Hungary (bordering on Cfb)
Tallinn, Estonia
Tampere, Finland (bordering on Dfc)
Toblach, Italy
Trondheim, Norway
Turku, Finland
Uppsala, Sweden
Vanadzor, Armenia
Vilnius, Lithuania
Warsaw, Poland (bordering on Cfb)
Žabljak, Montenegro

Like with all Group D climates, Dwb climates mostly only occur in the northern hemisphere.

Examples

Baruunturuun, Mongolia (bordering on Dwc)
Calgary, Alberta, Canada (bordering on Dfb and BSk)
Darkhan, Mongolia (bordering on Dwc and BSk)
Harrison, Nebraska, United States (bordering on Dfb)
Heihe, Heilongjiang, China
Hoeryong, North Korea
Irkutsk, Russia (bordering on Dwc)
Khabarovsk, Russia (bordering on Dwa)
Pembina, North Dakota, United States (bordering on Dfb)
Pyeongchang, South Korea
Rason, North Korea
Shigatse, Tibet, China
Thief River Falls, Minnesota, United States (bordering on Dwa)
Vladivostok, Primorsky Krai, Russia
Yanji, Jilin, China (bordering on Dwa)

Dsb arises from the same scenario as Dsa, but at even higher altitudes or latitudes, and chiefly in North America, since the Mediterranean climates extend further poleward than in Eurasia.

Examples

Abali, Iran (Dsb)
Ağrı, Turkey
Alto Río Senguer, Chubut Province, Argentina (bordering on BSk/Csb/Csc/Dsc)
Castlegar, British Columbia, Canada (bordering on Dfb)
Chaghcharan, Ghor, Afghanistan
Dras, Ladakh, India
Flagstaff, Arizona, United States (bordering on Csb)
Jermuk, Vyots Dzor, Armenia (bordering on Dfb)
Las Leñas, Mendoza Province, Argentina
Maidan Shar, Afghanistan
Puente del Inca, Mendoza Province, Argentina (bordering on Csb)
Puerto de Navacerrada, Spain (bordering on Csb)
Rocca di Mezzo, Italy (bordering on Csb and Cfb)
Roghun, Tajikistan
Sivas, Turkey
Smolyan, Bulgaria
South Lake Tahoe, California, United States (bordering on Csb)
Spokane, Washington, United States (bordering on Csa/Csb/Dsa)

Dfc/Dwc/Dsc: Subarctic/boreal climates

Dfc, Dsc and Dwc climates occur poleward of the other group D climates, or at higher altitudes, generally in the 50s and 60s latitudes.^{: 232–235}

Examples

Dfc climates

Alta, Norway
Anchorage, Alaska, United States (bordering on Dfb)
Arkhangelsk, Russia
Brocken, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
Charlotte Pass, New South Wales, Australia
Coma Pedrosa, Andorra
Davos, Switzerland
Feldberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
Fraser, Colorado, United States
Great Dun Fell, England, United Kingdom (bordering on ET and Cfc)
Hikkim, Himachel Pradesh, India
Horská Kvilda, Czech Republic
Jyväskylä, Finland
Kangerlussuaq, Greenland, Denmark (bordering on ET and BSk)
Kiruna, Sweden
Kopaonik, Serbia
Labrador City, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
Livigno, Italy
Luleå, Sweden
Lysá hora, Czech Republic
Narsarsuaq, Greenland, Denmark (bordering on ET)
Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia
Obergurgl, Austria
Oulu, Finland (bordering on Dfb)
Paganella, Italy (bordering on Dwc)
Røros, Norway
Saint Pierre and Miquelon, France (bordering on Dfb)
St. Moritz, Grisons, Switzerland
Šerák, Czech Republic
Štrbské Pleso, Slovakia
Tromsø, Norway
Umeå, Sweden (bordering on Dfb)
Vaasa, Finland
Valle Nevado, Chile
Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada
Yakutsk, Sakha Republic, Russia (bordering on Dfd)
Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada

Dwc climates

Bulgan, Mongolia (bordering on Dwb)
Delta Junction, Alaska, United States (bordering on BSk)
Mohe, Heilongjiang, China
Nagqu, Tibet, China (bordering on ET)
Okhotsk, Khabarovsk Krai, Russia
Samjiyon, North Korea (bordering on Dwb)
Springbank Hill, Alberta, Canada (bordering on Dwb/Dfb/Dfc)
Tsetserleg, Arkhangai Province, Mongolia
Yushu City, Qinghai, China (bordering on Dwb)

Dsc climates

Akureyri, Iceland (bordering on Csc)
Anadyr, Chukotka, Russia
Crater Lake, Oregon, United States
Dawson City, Yukon, Canada
Inukjuak, Quebec, Canada
Nyurba, Sakha Republic, Russia (bordering on Dfc)
Skjåk, Norway (bordering on BSk)
Soldotna, Alaska, United States

Dfd/Dwd/Dsd: Subarctic/boreal climates with severe winters

Places with this climate have severe winters, with the temperature in their coldest month lower than −38 °C (−36 °F). These climates occur only in eastern Siberia, and are the second coldest, before EF. The coldest recorded temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere belonged to this climate. The names of some of the places with this climate have become veritable synonyms for the extreme, severe winter cold.

Examples

Dfd climates

Okhotsky-Perevoz, Sakha Republic, Russia
Oymyakon, Sakha Republic, Russia (bordering on Dwd)

Dwd climates

Delyankir, Sakha Republic, Russia
Khonuu, Sakha Republic, Russia (bordering on Dfd)

Dsd climates

Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic, Russia (bordering on Dfd)

Group E: Polar climates

In the Köppen climate system, polar climates are defined as the warmest temperature of any month being below 10 °C (50 °F). Polar climates are further divided into two types, tundra climates and icecap climates:

ET: Tundra climate

Tundra climate (ET): warmest month has an average temperature between 0 °C (32 °F) and 10 °C (50 °F). These climates occur on the northern edges of the North American and Eurasian land masses (generally north of 70 °N although they may be found farther south depending on local conditions), and on nearby islands. ET climates are also found on some islands near the Antarctic Convergence, and at high elevations outside the polar regions, above the tree line.

Examples

Alert, Nunavut, Canada (bordering on EF)
Amdo, Tibet, China
Ben Nevis, Scotland, United Kingdom
Bouvet Island
Cairn Gorm, Scotland, United Kingdom
Campbell Island, New Zealand
Cerro de Pasco, Peru
Crozet Islands
Dikson Island, Russia
Dingboche, Nepal
El Aguilar, Argentina
Esperanza Base, Antarctica
Finse, Norway
Ilulissat, Greenland, Denmark
Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada
Ísafjörður, Iceland (bordering on Csc)
Ittoqqortoormiit, Greenland, Denmark
Jan Mayen, Norway
Jungfraujoch, Switzerland (bordering on EF)
Kasprowy Wierch, Poland
Kerguelen Islands
La Rinconada, Peru
Lomnický štít, Prešov Region, Slovakia
Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway
Macquarie Island, Australia
Mauna Loa, Hawaii, United States (bordering on Csc and Cfc)
Möðrudalur, Iceland
Mount Apo, Philippines (bordering on Cfc)
Mount Aragats (slopes), Armenia (bordering on Dfc)
Mount Fuji, Japan
Mount Rainier (slopes), Washington, United States
Mount Washington, New Hampshire, United States (bordering on Dfc)
Mount Wellington, Tasmania, Australia
Murghab, Tajikistan
Musala, Bulgaria
Mykines, Faroe Islands (bordering on Cfc)
Mys Shmidta, Chukotka, Russia
Nevado de Toluca, Mexico
North Salang, Afghanistan (bordering on Dsc)
Novaya Zemlya, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia
Nuuk, Greenland, Denmark
Parinacota, Chile
Phari, China
Piz Corvatsch, Switzerland
Prince Edwards Islands
Puerto Williams, Chile (bordering on Cfc)
Qarabolaq, Afghanistan
Sachs Harbour, Northwest Territories, Canada
Shimshal, Pakistan
Sněžka, Czech Republic (bordering on Dfc)
Sonnblick, Austria
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Tanggulashan, Qinghai, China
Tiksi, Sakha Republic, Russia
Tolhuin, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina (bordering on Dfc)
Trepalle, Italy
Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina (bordering on Cfc)
Utqiagvik, Alaska, United States
Vârful Omu, Romania
Vetas, Colombia
Yu Shan, Taiwan
Zugspitze, Bavaria, Germany

EF: Ice cap climate

Ice cap climate (EF): this climate is dominant in Antarctica, inner Greenland, and summits of many high mountains, even at lower latitudes. Monthly average temperatures never exceed 0 °C (32 °F).

Examples

Aconcagua, Chile/Argentina
Amundsen–Scott Station, Antarctica
Chimborazo, Ecuador
Denali, Alaska, United States
Dome Fuji, Antarctica
Huascarán, Peru
Ismoil Somoni Peak, Tajikistan
Jengish Chokusu, China/Kyrgyzstan
K2, China/Pakistan
Kangchenjunga, India/Nepal
Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
Lhotse, Nepal
Makalu, Nepal/China
Mount Ararat, Turkey
Mount Everest, China/Nepal
Mount Logan, Canada
Mount Rainier (summit), Washington, United States
Ojos del Salado, Chile
Pico de Orizaba, Mexico
Puncak Jaya, Indonesia (bordering on ET)
Sajama, Bolivia
Summit Camp, Greenland, Denmark
Ushakov Island, Russia (bordering on ET)
Vostok Station, Antarctica

Ecological significance

Biomass

The Köppen climate classification is based on the empirical relationship between climate and vegetation. This classification provides an efficient way to describe climatic conditions defined by temperature and precipitation and their seasonality with a single metric. Because climatic conditions identified by the Köppen classification are ecologically relevant, it has been widely used to map the geographic distribution of long-term climate and associated ecosystem conditions.

Climate change

Over recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using the classification to identify changes in climate and potential changes in vegetation over time. The most important ecological significance of the Köppen climate classification is that it helps to predict the dominant vegetation type based on the climatic data and vice versa.

In 2015, a Nanjing University paper published in Scientific Reports analyzing climate classifications found that between 1950 and 2010, approximately 5.7% of all land area worldwide had moved from wetter and colder classifications to drier and hotter classifications. The authors also found that the change "cannot be explained as natural variations but are driven by anthropogenic factors".

A 2018 study provides detailed maps for present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution.

Other Köppen climate maps

All maps use the ≥0 °C (32 °F) definition for the temperate-continental border.

North America
Europe
Russia
Central Asia
East Asia
South America
Africa
Western Asia
South Asia
Southeast Asia
Melanesia/Oceania
Australia
New Zealand
World (1991–2020)
World (2071–2099, SSP245)

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Chen, D.; Chen, H. W. (2013). "Using the Köppen classification to quantify climate variation and change: An example for 1901–2010" (PDF). Environmental Development. 6: 69–79. doi:10.1016/j.envdev.2013.03.007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
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Chan, D.; Wu, Q. (2015). "Significant anthropogenic-induced changes of climate classes since 1950". Scientific Reports. 5 (13487): 13487. Bibcode:2015NatSR...513487C. doi:10.1038/srep13487. PMC 4551970. PMID 26316255.
Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis; Wood, Eric F. (30 October 2018). "Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution". Scientific Data. 5 (1): 180214. Bibcode:2018NatSD...580214B. doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.214. ISSN 2052-4463. PMC 6207062. PMID 30375988. S2CID 53111021.

External links

World maps and graphs plus a video about the Köppen climate classification
World Map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification for the period 1951–2000 (archived 6 September 2010)
New gridded maps of Koeppen's climate classification at the Wayback Machine (archived 10 January 2021)

Climate records

IPCC Data Distribution Center (archived 18 April 2016)

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[77] Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis; Wood, Eric F. (30 October 2018). "Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution". Scientific Data. 5 (1): 180214. Bibcode:2018NatSD...580214B. doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.214. ISSN 2052-4463. PMC 6207062. PMID 30375988. S2CID 53111021.

Köppen climate classification

The Köppen climate classification divides Earth climates into five main climate groups with each group being divided bas

Overview

Group A: Tropical climates

Group B: Desert and semi-arid climates

Group C: Temperate climates

Group D: Continental climates

Group E: Polar and alpine climates

Group A: Tropical/megathermal climates

Af: Tropical rainforest climate

Examples

Am: Tropical monsoon climate

Examples

Aw/As: Tropical savanna climate

Aw: Tropical savanna climate with dry winters

Examples

As: Tropical savanna climate with dry summers

Examples

Group B: Arid (desert and semi-arid) climates

BW: Arid climates

BWh: Hot deserts

BWk: Cold deserts

BS: Semi-arid (steppe) climates

BSh: Hot semi-arid

BSk: Cold semi-arid

Group C: Temperate/mesothermal climates

Cs: Mediterranean-type climates

Csa: Hot-summer Mediterranean climates

Examples

Csb: Warm-summer Mediterranean climates

Examples

Csc: Cold-summer Mediterranean climates

Examples

Cfa: Humid subtropical climates

Examples

Cfb: Oceanic climates

Marine west coast climate

Examples

Subtropical highland climate with uniform rainfall

Examples

Cfc: Subpolar oceanic climate

Examples

Cw: Dry-winter subtropical climates

Cwa: Dry-winter humid subtropical climate

Examples

Cwb: Dry-winter subtropical highland climate

Examples

Cwc: Dry-winter cold subtropical highland climate

Group D: Continental/microthermal climates

Dfa/Dwa/Dsa: Hot summer humid continental climates

Examples

Examples

Examples

Dfb/Dwb/Dsb: Warm summer humid continental/hemiboreal climates

Examples

Examples

Examples

Dfc/Dwc/Dsc: Subarctic/boreal climates

Examples

Dfc climates

Dwc climates

Dsc climates

Dfd/Dwd/Dsd: Subarctic/boreal climates with severe winters

Examples

Dfd climates

Dwd climates

Dsd climates

Group E: Polar climates

ET: Tundra climate

Examples

EF: Ice cap climate

Examples

Ecological significance

Biomass

Climate change

Other Köppen climate maps

See also

References

External links

Climate records