BRICS

BRICS is an intergovernmental organization consisting of ten countries—Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Egypt, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Iran and the United Arab Emirates.

BRICS
BRICS logo during the 2025 Brazilian chairmanship
Member states Partner states Invited to join Applied to join
Named after	First five member states' initials in English
Formation	16 June 2009; 15 years ago (2009-06-16)
Founded at	Yekaterinburg, Russia (1st BRIC summit)
Type	Intergovernmental organization
Purpose	Political and economical
Fields	International politics
Membership	Brazil Russia India China South Africa Egypt Ethiopia Indonesia Iran United Arab Emirates
Formerly called	BRIC

BRIC was originally a term coined by British economist Jim O'Neill and later championed by his employer Goldman Sachs in 2001 to designate the group of emerging markets. The first summit in 2009 featured the founding countries of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, where they co-opted the name BRIC and formed an informal diplomatic club where their governments could meet annually at formal summits and coordinate multilateral policies. In April 2010, South Africa attended the 2nd BRIC summit as a guest. In September 2010 they joined the organization which was then renamed BRICS, and attended the 3rd BRICS summit in 2011 as a full member. Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, and the United Arab Emirates attended their first summit as member states in 2024 in Russia. Indonesia officially joined as a member state in early 2025, becoming the first Southeast Asian member. The acronym BRICS+, or its expanded form BRICS Plus, has been informally used to reflect new membership since 2024.

The group is dominated by China, which has the largest share of the group's GDP, accounting to about 70% of the organization total. Some in the West consider BRICS institutions an alternative to institutions such as those led by nations of the G7 bloc, which are among the world's leading economies. Others describe the grouping as an incoherent joining of countries around increasing anti-Western and anti-American objectives. Together BRICS has implemented competing initiatives such as the New Development Bank, the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement, BRICS pay, the BRICS Joint Statistical Publication and the BRICS basket reserve currency. In its first 15 years BRICS has established almost 60 intra-group institutions, and think tanks to dialogues, covering agenda in 34 subjects. BRICS has received both praise and criticism from numerous commentators and world leaders.

History

Founding

The **New Development Bank**, headquartered in **Shanghai**, China, is the premier institution of BRICS.

The term BRIC was originally developed in the context of foreign investment strategies. It was introduced in the 2001 publication, Building Better Global Economic BRICs by Jim O'Neill, then head of global economics research at Goldman Sachs and later Chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management. O'Neill now regards the BRICS group as a failed project. In a 2021 article for Project Syndicate he wrote that the BRICS countries "have so far proven incapable of uniting as a meaningful global force" and felt in 2024 that "each year also brings further confirmation that the grouping serves no real purpose beyond generating symbolic gestures and lofty rhetoric".

The foreign ministers of the initial four BRIC General states (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) met in New York City in September 2006 at the margins of the General Debate of the UN Assembly, beginning a series of high-level meetings. A full-scale diplomatic meeting was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on 16 June 2009.

The BRIC group's first formal summit, also held in Yekaterinburg, commenced on 16 June 2009, with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dmitry Medvedev, Manmohan Singh, and Hu Jintao, the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, all attending. The summit's focus was on improving the global economic situation, reforming financial institutions. There was also discussion of how the four countries could better cooperate in the future. and ways developing countries, such as 3/4 of the BRIC members, could become more involved in global affairs.

In the aftermath of the 2009 Yekaterinburg summit, the BRIC nations announced the need for a new global reserve currency, which would have to be "diverse, stable and predictable". Although their statement did not directly criticize the perceived dominance of the US dollar (as Russia had in the past) it did spark a fall in the value of the dollar against other major currencies.

2010 expansion

In 2010, South Africa began efforts to join BRIC, and the process for its formal admission began in August of that year. South Africa officially became a member nation on 24 December 2010 after being formally invited by China, and was subsequently accepted by other BRIC countries. The group was renamed BRICS to represent the addition of South Africa to the original four BRIC members. At the 2011 BRICS summit in Sanya, China, South African president Jacob Zuma represented the country as a full member for the first time.

New Development Bank

South African President **Cyril Ramaphosa** and other BRICS representatives during the **15th BRICS Summit** in Johannesburg, 23 August 2023

In June 2012, the BRICS nations pledged $75 billion to boost the lending power of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, the proposed loan was conditional on IMF voting reforms. In March 2013, during the fifth BRICS summit in Durban, the member countries agreed to create a global financial institution to cooperate with the western-dominated IMF and World Bank. They planned to set up this New Development Bank by 2014.

At the BRICS leaders meeting in Saint Petersburg in September 2013, China committed $41 billion towards the pool; Brazil, India, and Russia $18 billion each; and South Africa $5 billion. China, which held the world's largest foreign exchange reserves and contributed the bulk of the currency pool, wanted a more significant managing role. China also wanted to be the location of the reserve. In October 2013, Russia's Finance Minister Anton Siluanov said that creating a $100 billion in funds designated to steady currency markets would be taken in early 2014. The Brazilian finance minister, Guido Mantega, confirmed that the fund would be created by March 2014. However, by April 2014, the currency reserve pool and development bank had yet to be set up, and the date was rescheduled to 2015.

In July 2014, during the sixth BRICS summit in Fortaleza, the BRICS members signed a document to create the US$100 billion New Development Bank (formerly known as the "BRICS Development Bank") and a reserve currency pool worth over another US$100 billion. Documents on cooperation between BRICS export credit agencies and an agreement of cooperation on innovation were also signed.^{[citation needed]} The Fortaleza summit was followed by a BRICS meeting with the Union of South American Nations presidents in Brasília.

Other initiatives

Since 2011, the National Institutes of Statistics of the BRICS group of countries (IBGE, Rosstat, the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the Central Statistics Office (India) and Statistics South Africa) produce an annual joint statistical publication to put statistical production in perspective, compare adopted methodologies and statistical results. The publication serves as a single data platform for the mutual benefit of participating countries.

Since 2012, the BRICS group of countries has been planning an optical fiber submarine communications cable system to carry telecommunications between the BRICS countries, known as the BRICS Cable. Part of the motivation for the project was the spying of the U.S. National Security Agency on all telecommunications that flowed in and out of United States territory. Construction of the proposed cable network was abandoned in 2015, possibly due to cost.

In August 2019, the communications ministers of the BRICS countries signed a letter of intent to cooperate in the Information and Communication Technology sector. This agreement was signed in the fifth edition of the meeting of communication ministers of countries member of the group held in Brasília, Brazil.

Meeting of BRICS foreign ministers on 22 September 2022

The New Development Bank plans on giving out $15 billion to member states to help their struggling economies. Member countries are hoping for a smooth comeback and a continuation of economic trade pre-COVID-19. The 2020 BRICS summit was held virtually in St. Petersburg, Russia, and discussed how to handle the COVID-19 pandemic and how to fix the multilateral system via reforms. During the 13th BRICS summit, in 2021, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for a transparent investigation into the origins of COVID-19 under the World Health Organization with the full cooperation of "all countries", and Chinese leader Xi Jinping spoke directly afterwards, calling on BRICS countries to "oppose politicisation" of the process.

In May 2023, South Africa announced that they would be giving diplomatic immunity to Vladimir Putin and other Russian officials so that they could attend the 15th BRICS Summit despite the ICC arrest warrant for Putin. In July 2023, the Russian president announced that he will not personally attend the BRICS summit in Johannesburg on 22–24 August despite good relations with the South African government. Russian news channels noted that Putin will remotely participate online in all BRICS leaders' sessions, including its Business Forum, and also deliver his remarks virtually.

In the first 15 years of BRICS, it produced hundreds of decisions and complied with a majority of them. BRICS has established almost 60 intra-group institutions and a network including think tanks and dialogues in various areas. The group has an agenda of over 30 subjects. These groups include: BRICS Business Council, BRICS Think Tanks Council, BRICS Women’s Business Alliance, BRICS Business Forum, and the BRICS Academic Forum. At Kazan the establishment of a BRICS Deep-Sea Resources International Research Center and a BRICS Digital Ecosystem Cooperation Network was announced.

2024 expansion

BRICS representatives at the **16th BRICS summit** in **Kazan**, Russia, 23 October 2024

In August 2023, at the 15th BRICS Summit, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that 6 emerging market group countries (Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) had been invited to join the bloc. Full membership was scheduled to take effect on 1 January 2024.

However, the Argentine general election in November 2023 led to a change in president to Javier Milei, who had committed to withdraw the country's membership application. On 30 November 2023, incoming Foreign Minister of Argentina Diana Mondino confirmed that Argentina would not join the BRICS. On 29 December 2023 the Government of Argentina sent a letter to all BRICS leaders to officially announce its withdrawal from the application process.

By January 2024, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates joined the bloc making BRICS membership grow from five to nine countries, while Saudi Arabia delayed its membership. Saudi Arabia did not join BRICS at the start of 2024 as had been planned, and they announced in mid-January that they were still considering the matter. As of April 2024, the matter is still under consideration. The organizers touted the expansion as part of a plan to build a competing multipolar world order that uses Global South countries to challenge and compete against the western-dominated world order.China Daily used the expansion to claim that more developing countries were interested in joining BRICS.

On 24 October 2024, an additional 13 countries, namely Algeria, Belarus, Bolivia, Cuba, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Nigeria, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Uzbekistan and Vietnam, were invited to participate as "partner countries". The partner status would allow these countries to engage with and benefit from BRICS initiatives. It is unclear whether the countries in this tier have received official membership invitations.

2025 expansion

On 6 January 2025, Indonesia joined BRICS officially as a full member, making it the first Southeast Asian state to join the bloc, as well as the 10th member of BRICS. Jakarta's bid got the green light from the bloc in 2023, but the Southeast Asian country asked to join following the presidential election held in 2024. 2025's BRICS presidency leader and Brazil's Lula announced their official entry. Indonesia's history with the original BRIC members goes back to 2009, when some observers referred to a theorized grouping as "BRICI" given Indonesia's growing and stable economy and ties to India and China.

The partnerships that were announced in the previous year, went into effect in January 2025 as well. Nigeria joined the partnership countries on January 17.

Statistics

BRICS+ accounts for 46% of the world's population, and 25% of the world's landmass. The economy of the BRICS has risen by 356.27% between 1990 and 2019. In 2022, BRICS+ share of world GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP) is 35.6%. Intra-BRICS trade was 614.8 billion USD as of 2022. BRICS has 4,716 centi-millionaires and 549 billionaires.

Brazil, India, and China are among the world's ten largest countries by population, area, and gross domestic product (GDP, nominal and PPP). All five initial member states are members of the G20,^{[citation needed]} with a combined nominal GDP of US$28 trillion (about 27% of the gross world product), a total GDP (PPP) of around US$65 trillion (35% of global GDP PPP), and an estimated US$5.2 trillion in combined foreign reserves (as of 2024).^{[non-primary source needed]} BRICS generated close to 32% of global economic output (GDP PPP) in 2022. The expanded BRICS+ generates 36% of global GDP.

The group's largest economy is China, accounting 70% of the organization's total GDP. Taking into account the GDP PPP of the BRICS+, China accounts for 52%. Economically the group represents $28.5 trillion. BRICS+ has a larger GDP than both the G7 and the EU. The share of the Chinese renminbi in total intra-BRICS trade transactions is about 47%. In 2017 BRICS accounted for 19% of global investment inflows.

In 2024 the informality rate was 62% while the labour force participation was 60.8%. BRICS+ oil production is almost 30% of global oil output. BRICS contribute to 45% of the global agricultural products. According to Economist Intelligence Unit, the collective size of the economies of BRICS+ will overtake G7 after 2045. United States and United Kingdom have been the top two investors in the bloc in terms of FDI stock in 2020. Among the 10 wealthiest cities of the group, 5 are in China, 2 in UAE and India, and 1 in Russia.

Summits

The grouping has held annual summits since 2009, with member countries taking turns to host. Before South Africa's admission, two BRIC summits were held, in 2009 and 2010. The first five-member BRICS summit was held in 2011 in China. The first nine-member BRICS summit was held in 2024 in Russia. The 2020, 2021, and 2022 summits were held via video-conference due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

No.	Dates	Host country	Host leader	Location	Notes
1st	16 June 2009	Russia	Dmitry Medvedev	Yekaterinburg (Sevastianov's House)	The summit was to discuss the global recession taking place at the time, future cooperation among states, and trade. Some of the specific topics discussed were food, trade, climate trade, and security for the members. They called out for a more influential voice and representation for up-and-coming markets. Note at the time South Africa was not yet admitted to the BRICS organization.
2nd	15 April 2010	Brazil	Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva	Brasília (Itamaraty Palace)	Guests: Jacob Zuma (President of South Africa) and Riyad al-Maliki (Foreign Minister of the Palestinian National Authority). The second summit continued on the conversation of the global recession and how to recover. They had a conversation on the IMF, climate change, and more ways to form cooperation among states.
3rd	14 April 2011	China	Hu Jintao	Sanya (Sheraton Sanya Resort)	First summit to include South Africa alongside the original BRIC countries. The third summit had members debating on the global and internal economies of countries.
4th	29 March 2012	India	Manmohan Singh	New Delhi (Taj Mahal Hotel)	The BRICS Cable announced an optical fibre submarine communications cable system that carries telecommunications between the BRICS countries. The fourth summit discussed how the organization could prosper from the global recession and how they could take advantage of that to help their economies. BRICS had the intention of improving their global power and providing adequate development for their state.
5th	26–27 March 2013	South Africa	Jacob Zuma	Durban (Durban ICC)	The fifth summit discusses the New Development Bank proposition and Contingent Reserve Agreement. BRICS also announced the Business Council and its Think Tank Council.
6th	14–17 July 2014	Brazil	Dilma Rousseff	Fortaleza (Centro de Eventos do Ceará)	BRICS New Development Bank and BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement agreements signed. The members of BRICS conversed with each other about political coordination, development, and economic growth. They established the Fortaleza Declaration and Action Plan.
7th	8–9 July 2015	Russia	Vladimir Putin	Ufa (Congress Hall)	Joint summit with SCO-EAEU. The seventh summit discussed global political and economic problems and better ways to foster cooperation among member states.
8th	15–16 October 2016	India	Narendra Modi	Benaulim (Taj Exotica)	Joint summit with BIMSTEC. The eighth BRICS summit debated on topics like counterterrorism, economies, and climate change. BRICS also issued the Goa Declaration and Action Plan, hoping to harden their relationships.
9th	3–5 September 2017	China	Xi Jinping	Xiamen (Xiamen International Conference Center)	Joint summit with EMDCD. The ninth summit was an event that talked about a bright future for BRICS and what their intended goals were. They also covered and debated international and regional issues with one another.
10th	25–27 July 2018	South Africa	Cyril Ramaphosa	Johannesburg (Sandton Convention Centre)	The tenth summit had the members discuss their rising industries in the hopes that they can cut a bigger slice of the industry market.
11th	13–14 November 2019	Brazil	Jair Bolsonaro	Brasília (Itamaraty Palace)	The theme of the 11th BRICS summit was "BRICS: economic growth for an innovative Future". The summit discussed advancements in the BRICS's science and innovation fields. Primarily trying to advance technology and digital currency. They made mutual agreements to help stop drug trafficking and organized crime; both internationally and internally.
12th	21–23 July 2020 (postponed due to COVID-19 pandemic) 17 November 2020 (video conference)	Russia	Vladimir Putin	Saint Petersburg	Joint summit with SCO. Discussing a mutual agreement on helping BRICS member countries to foster better living standards and quality of life for each country's people. Plans on focusing on peace, economies, and cultural societal issues.
13th	9 September 2021 (video conference)	India	Narendra Modi	New Delhi	BRICS Games 2021
14th	23 June 2022 (video conference)	China	Xi Jinping	Beijing	A major development on the summit was the creation of a new, basket type reserve currency. The currency, which is challenging the US dollar, combines BRICS currencies and is backed by precious metals.
15th	22–24 August 2023	South Africa	Cyril Ramaphosa	Johannesburg (Sandton Convention Centre)	Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates were invited to join the bloc. Full membership was scheduled to take effect on 1 January 2024. On December 29, 2023, the Government of Argentina sent a letter to all BRICS leaders officially declining the invitation to join the bloc. Saudi Arabia has not yet confirmed its acceptance.
16th	22–24 October 2024	Russia	Vladimir Putin	Kazan (Kazan Expo International Exhibition Centre)	Delegations from 35 countries and six international organisations participated. Attendance included 22 heads of state or government and UN Secretary-General. Discussions on membership and a new payments system aside, there were over 200 side meetings spread out through 2024. It was the first summit of the BRICS+ group.
17th	6–7 July 2025	Brazil	Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva	Rio de Janeiro

Member states

Country	Capital	Area (km²)	Population (2016)	Density (/km²)	GDP per cap. (PPP)	HDI	Currency	Official languages	Leaders	Accession
Brazil Federative Republic of Brazil	Brasília	8,515,767	203,062,512	25	22,123	0.760	Brazilian real (R$) (BRL)	Portuguese also see Languages of Brazil	Head of State and Government: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva	16 June 2009 (Informally, September 2006)
Russia Russian Federation	Moscow	17,075,400	146,519,759	8.3	47,299	0.821	Russian rouble (₽) (RUB)	Russian also see Languages of Russia	Head of State: Vladimir Putin Head of Government: Mikhail Mishustin
India Republic of India	New Delhi	3,287,240	1,284,480,000	364.4	11,112	0.644	Indian rupee (₹) (INR)	Hindi (Devanagari script) English Also see Languages of India	Head of State: Droupadi Murmu Head of Government: Narendra Modi
China People's Republic of China	Beijing	9,640,011	1,374,820,000	139.6	26,310	0.788	Renminbi (Chinese yuan, ¥) (CNY)	Standard Chinese written in simplified characters see also languages of China	Head of State: Xi Jinping Head of Government: Li Qiang
South Africa Republic of South Africa	Pretoria (executive) Cape Town (legislative) Bloemfontein (judicial)	1,221,037	58,048,332	42.4	15,723	0.717	South African rand (R) (ZAR)	12 languages	Head of State: Cyril Ramaphosa	24 December 2010
Egypt Arab Republic of Egypt	Cairo	1,010,408	105,231,000	103.56	20,799	0.728	Egyptian pound (LE) (EGP)	Arabic	Head of State: Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Head of Government: Moustafa Madbouly	1 January 2024
Ethiopia Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia	Addis Ababa	1,104,300	105,163,988	92.7	4,045	0.492	Ethiopian birr (Br) (ETB)	Afar Amharic Oromo Somali Tigrinya	Head of State: Taye Atske Selassie Head of Government: Abiy Ahmed
Iran Islamic Republic of Iran	Tehran	1,648,195	79,011,700	48.0	19,607	0.780	Iranian rial (Rl) (IRR)	Persian	Head of State: Ali Khamenei Head of Government: Masoud Pezeshkian
United Arab Emirates	Abu Dhabi	83,600	4,106,427	49.1 ^{[Figures don't balance]}	77,251	0.937	UAE dirham (Dh) (AED)	Arabic	Head of State: Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan Head of Government: Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum
Indonesia Republic of Indonesia	Jakarta	1,904,569	282,477,584	143	16,542	0.713	Indonesian rupiah (Rp) (IDR)	Indonesian	Head of State: Prabowo Subianto	6 January 2025

Partner states

Partner states are a new category for integration of prospective members, introduced in 2024 at the 16th BRICS summit in Kazan, the Russian Federation. These countries are observer states that are not yet officially part of the BRICS bloc, yet would get support from BRICS members. These observer states must prove themselves as partners before possibly integrating as a member, similar to the accession process of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. 13 states were invited to be formal partners; the following 9 states then ensured their partnership status by January 2025, while Indonesia acceded into the core membership.

Country	Capital	Area (km²)	Population (2016)	Density (/km²)	GDP per cap. (PPP)	HDI	Currency	Official languages	Leaders	Application submitted
Belarus Republic of Belarus	Minsk	207,595	9,498,700	45.8	18,246	0.798	Belarusian ruble (BYR)	Belarusian Russian	Head of State: Alexander Lukashenko Head of Government: Roman Golovchenko	2023
Bolivia Plurinational State of Bolivia	Sucre	1,098,581	12,186,079	10.4	9,933	0.692	Boliviano (BOB)	Spanish Quechua Aymara Guarani Other Indigenous languages	Head of State and Government: Luis Arce
Cuba Republic of Cuba	Havana	109,884	10,985,974	101.8	22,237	0.764	Cuban peso (CUP)	Spanish	Head of State: Miguel Díaz-Canel Head of Government: Manuel Marrero Cruz
Kazakhstan Republic of Kazakhstan	Astana	2,724,900	20,075,271	7	34,534	0.802	Tenge (KZT)	Kazakh Russian	Head of State: Kassym-Jomart Tokayev Head of Government: Oljas Bektenov	2024
Malaysia	Kuala Lumpur	330,803	34,564,803	101	39,030	0.807	Malaysian ringgit (MYR)	Malay	Head of State: Ibrahim Iskandar Head of Government: Anwar Ibrahim	2024
Nigeria Federal Republic of Nigeria	Abuja	923,769	220,159,000	237	8,005	0.548	Nigerian naira (NGN)	English	Head of State and Government: Bola Ahmed Tinubu
Thailand Kingdom of Thailand	Bangkok	513,120	65,975,198	132.1	23,401	0.803	Thai baht (THB)	Thai	Head of State: Vajiralongkorn Head of Government: Paetongtarn Shinawatra
Uganda Republic of Uganda	Kampala	241,038	49,283,041	157.1	3,642	0.550	Ugandan shilling (UGX)	English and Swahili	Head of State: Yoweri Museveni Head of government: Robinah Nabbanja
Uzbekistan Republic of Uzbekistan	Tashkent	447,400	37,535,605	80.2	11,596	0.727	Uzbek sum (UZS)	Uzbek	Head of state: Shavkat Mirziyoyev Head of government: Abdulla Aripov

Three more countries had been invited to join the BRICS bloc as observer partner states like the ones listed above but have not yet confirmed that status as of mid-January 2025.

Country	Capital	Area (km²)	Population (2016)	Density (/km²)	GDP per cap. (PPP)	HDI	Currency	Official languages	Leaders
Algeria People's Democratic Republic of Algeria	Algiers	2,381,741	46,700,000	19	16,483	0.745	Algerian dinar (DZD)	Arabic	Head of State: Abdelmadjid Tebboune Head of Government: Nadir Larbaoui
Turkey Republic of Türkiye	Ankara	783,562	85,372,377	111	40,283	0.855	Turkish lira (TRY)	Turkish	Head of State and Government: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Vietnam Socialist Republic of Vietnam	Hanoi	331,344.82	100,300,000	298	15,470	0.726	Vietnamese đồng (VND)	Vietnamese	Head of State: Lương Cường Head of Government: Phạm Minh Chính

Application and expansion process

While there is currently no formal application process to join BRICS, any hopeful government must receive the unanimous backing of all member states to receive an invitation. It was not until the early 2020s that discussions regarding allowing new states to join the club were widely held. Leaders and senior diplomats from the participating members began to discuss the prospect of adding additional members to the organization at that point.

In August 2023, at the 15th BRICS Summit, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates had been invited to join the organization on 1 January 2024.

Pakistan applied for membership in November 2023; Russian Deputy Prime Minister supported Pakistan's request, however support for Pakistan among BRICS has not been unanimous.

On 30 December 2023, the new government of Argentina, which formally applied for BRICS membership under Alberto Fernández's government in 2022, officially declined the offer to join the bloc due to the new government's different foreign policy.

On 1 January 2024, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Ethiopia and Iran officially joined the bloc.

Saudi Arabia has not responded to an invitation to join BRICS, and is still considering joining.

On 2 September 2024, Turkey officially applied to join the bloc. At the same time, Turkey has been a NATO member since 18 February 1952 and is also a European Union candidate country.Turkey's EU membership process started on 3 October 2005 but was frozen on 13 March 2019. In September 2022, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced that his country would apply for membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. On 11 July 2024, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan stated in a statement to the U.S. Newsweek magazine that they^[who?] did not consider Turkey's membership in NATO as an alternative to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and BRICS.

Algeria previously applied for membership in 2023, but later rejected it in September 2024, making Algeria the second country after Argentina to decline and stop its application.

Following the 2024 BRICS summit, Brazil blocked Venezuela's application to the bloc, largely due to the disputed 2024 Venezuelan elections and the Venezuelan crisis. The country in response recalled its ambassador from Brazil.

Since new members joined the acronym used has informally been BRICS+, that is, BRICS Plus.

Indonesia was originally intended to be an observer partner state but instead opted for full membership, which went into effect in January 2025.

Countries that have applied for membership

Saudi Arabia was invited to join at the 15th BRICS summit, but has not yet formalised its approval to become a BRICS member.

While Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates were not admitted as members during the 15th BRICS summit, they were among 22 countries applying for membership. South African Minister of Finance Enoch Godongwana said “There is a second batch of countries that are going to be added [to] BRICS." This means that there are plans for further BRICS expansion and the following countries are possible candidates due to their applications for membership.

Country	Capital	Area (km²)	Population (2016)	Density (/km²)	GDP per cap. (PPP)	HDI	Currency	Official languages	Leaders	Application submitted
Azerbaijan Republic of Azerbaijan	Baku	86,600	9,976,248	117	19,328	0.760	Azerbaijani manat (AZN)	Azerbaijani	Head of State: Ilham Aliyev Head of Government: Ali Asadov	2024
Bangladesh People's Republic of Bangladesh	Dhaka	148,460	169,828,911	1,305	8,673	0.661	Bangladeshi taka (BDT)	Bengali	Head of State: Mohammed Shahabuddin Head of Government: Muhammad Yunus	2023
Myanmar Republic of the Union of Myanmar	Naypyidaw	676,578	53,662,135	79.22	7,682	0.582	Burmese kyat (MMK)	Burmese	Head of State: Min Aung Hlaing Head of Government: Min Aung Hlaing	2024
Pakistan Islamic Republic of Pakistan	Islamabad	881,913	241,499,431	273.8	6,955	0.540	Pakistani rupee (PKR)	Urdu English	Head of State: Asif Ali Zardari Head of Government: Shehbaz Sharif	2024
Senegal Republic of Senegal	Dakar	196,722	18,847,519	90	4,324	0.517	West African CFA franc (XOF)	French Wolof Pulaar	Head of State: Bassirou Diomaye Faye Head of Government: Ousmane Sonko	2023
Sri Lanka Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka	Kotte	65,610.2	22,037,000	337.7	14,234	0.780	Sri Lankan rupee (LKR)	Sinhala Tamil	Head of State: Anura Kumara Dissanayake Head of Government: Harini Amarasuriya	2024
Syria Syrian Arab Republic	Damascus	185,180	23,865,423	118.33	2,900	0.557	Syrian pound (SYP)	Arabic	Head of State: vacant	2024
Venezuela Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela	Caracas	916,445	30,518,260	33.74	3,474	0.699	Venezuelan bolívar (VED)	Spanish Piapoco Baniwa Locono Other indigenous languages	Head of State and Government: Nicolás Maduro	2024

Financial architecture

The New Development Bank (NDB) is based in Shanghai.

The New Development Bank (NDB) and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) were signed into treaty at the 2014 BRICS summit in Brazil.

The group is dominated by China, which has the largest share of the group's GDP, accounting to about 70% of the organization total.

The financial architecture of BRICS is made of the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA). These components were signed into a treaty in 2014 and became active in 2015.

New Development Bank

The New Development Bank (NDB), formally referred to as the BRICS Development Bank, is a multilateral development bank operated by the five BRICS states. The bank's primary focus of lending is infrastructure projects with authorized lending of up to $34 billion annually. South Africa hosts the African headquarters of the bank. The bank has a starting capital of $50 billion, with wealth increased to $100 billion over time. Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa initially contributed $10 billion each to bring the total to $50 billion. As of 2020, it had 53 projects underway worth around $15 billion. By 2024 the bank had approved more than $32 billion for 96 projects.

In 2021, Bangladesh, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates and Uruguay joined the NDB.

BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement

The BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) is a framework for protecting against global liquidity pressures. This includes currency issues where members' national currencies are being adversely affected by global financial pressures. Emerging economies that experienced rapid economic liberalization went through increased economic volatility, bringing an uncertain macroeconomic environment. The CRA competes with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Along with the New Development Bank, it is an example of increasing South-South cooperation. It was established in 2015 by the BRICS countries. The legal basis is formed by the Treaty for the Establishment of a BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement, signed in Fortaleza in July 2014. With its inaugural meetings of the BRICS CRA Governing Council and Standing Committee, held on 4 September 2015, in Ankara, Turkey. It entered into force upon ratification by all BRICS states, announced at the 7th BRICS summit in July 2015.

BRICS payment system

At the 2015 BRICS summit in Russia, ministers from the BRICS states initiated consultations for a payment system that would be an alternative to the SWIFT system. The stated goal was to initially move to settlements in national currencies. The Central Bank of Russia highlighted the main benefits as backup and redundancy in case there were disruptions to the SWIFT system.

China also launched its alternative to SWIFT: the Cross-Border Interbank Payment System, which enables financial institutions worldwide to send and receive information about financial transactions. India also has its alternative Structured Financial Messaging System (SFMS), as do Russia SPFS and Brazil Pix.^{[citation needed]}

Potential common currency and BRICS Bridge

BRICS countries committed to study the feasibility of a new common currency or similar, at the 2023 BRICS summit in South Africa. Fair and easier international trade, as well as a major reduction in costs of transactions, would be some of the reasons for the countries to forge a currency union.

BRICS Bridge—a successor to MBridge, and probably a merger with BRICS PAY—makes it possible for central banks to support cross-border transactions and payments with their own central bank digital currency (CBDC) based on an automatic cross-border Interbank payment system for settlement and clearance. It is designed to be independent of any single nation or central bank, and every central bank can opt out and has control of their CBDC exchange rate.

One alternative for the currency name has been labelled as "R5" (from the five currencies renminbi, ruble, rupee, real, and rand), or with other multilateral. A symbolic banknote was unveiled during the 16th summit in Kazan, Russia.

Reception

Western analysts have highlighted potential divisions and weaknesses in the grouping, including significant economic instabilities, disagreements among the members over UN Security Council reform, and India and China's disputes over territorial issues.

Belgium

Christian E. Rieck of the Global Governance Institute writes in October 2024 that China's relative power distribution in BRICS is "4+1". While China has pushed for enlargement, India and Brazil have wanted to maintain the groups exclusive relationship with China as well as its non-western stance. Despite BRICS being regime neutral, multipolarity and non-alignment is balanced against an anti-western stance. BRICS' efforts to construct new financial architectures should not be actively challenged as that will only be counter-productive. Europe should not feel threatened by BRICS.

Reinhold Brender of the Egmont Institute writes in November 2024 that the pivot of a number of countries in the Global South, visible during the Kazan summit, should be a "wake-up call" for the EU. The EU need to think beyond BRICS in relation to the Global South.

Brazil

In 2014 results of an opinion poll of 1881 respondents resulted in only 4% knowing what BRICS stood for; while in 2019 only 3% of 1849 respondents knew what the acronym stood for.

Former Brazilian president **Jair Bolsonaro** welcoming the BRICS leaders

Canada

Alissa Wang, Co-chair, summit studies, BRICS Research Group, University of Toronto, in a presentation prepared in July 2023, discusses that the possibility of BRICS becoming anti-western is not likely. The group consists of three democracies - Brazil, India, South Africa, and two non-democratic regimes - Russia, China, this political diversity limits the group uniting on an anti-western stance. Further a BRICS expansion would strengthen the group economically but political jointness could be negatively affected.

China

In 2012, Hu Jintao, the then General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and President of China, described the BRICS countries as defenders and promoters of developing countries and a force for world peace.

France

French President Emmanuel Macron sought to become the first western leader at a BRICS summit in 2023. Russia's Foreign Ministry stated that it would be "unsuitable" and that France's participation would not help BRICS reach the goals of developing countries in a multipolar world.

Germany

A Friedrich Ebert Foundation perspective from September 2013 notes how BRICS members, for the first time, with Russia as an exception, are really acting on an international level.

India

In 2014, the Indian Marxist author Vijay Prashad raised the limitations of the BRICS as a political and economic "locomotive of the South" because they follow neoliberal policies. They have neither established new counter-balancing institutions nor come up with an alternative ideology. Furthermore, the BRICS project, argues Prashad, cannot challenge the primacy of the United States and NATO.

Speaking at the BRICS summit in 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi said that "reform of institutions of global governance ... has been on the BRICS agenda since its inception."

In 2016 Brahma Chellaney writes whether BRICS will be able to construct institutionalized structures including "institutionalized cooperation". He writes that BRICS is "the first important non-Western global initiative of the post-Cold War world".

The Sino-Indian border dispute, for example during the 2020 Galwan valley clash, has been a bilateral non-issue for BRICS. In another case where a BRICS summit acted as a "forcing event", the Doklam standoff in 2017, India stated that it may pull out of the 2017 BRICS Xiamen Summit, causing China to pull back its troops and India to attend the summit. During the 2023 BRICS summit China and India agreed to make efforts to address border issues. However, following the 2023 BRICS summit, China released a disputed map.

Ashok Malik comments that BRICS, amid new members and partners, India should ensure the group doesn't get an "distortionary ideological edge".

In 2024, India's External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar has stated "because you won’t let us into the G7 club" with reference to India's participation in BRICS and the current trend of global governance for emerging economies and rising powers. The EAM also stated that G7 exists despite G20, so BRICS should also be allowed to exist.

Indian diplomat Meera Shankar noted "the new payment systems discussed in BRICS are still in the exploratory phase and do not pose a challenge to the dominance of the US dollar in the medium term."

Iran

Iran's admission as a member has been touted by the country as a "strategic success".Sayyid Ebrahim Raisolsadati, as President stated, "the global confidence in the effectiveness of BRICS is increasing". Foreign Minister Hossein Amir Abdollahian stated that Iran's membership will help in strengthening the multilateralism of BRICS.

Russia

In 2015, President Vladimir Putin stated that despite BRICS being a young organisation, it has already been effective. The five countries "are playing an active part in shaping a multipolar world order and developing modern models for the world’s financial and trading systems."

In 2024, President Putin speaking at a BRICS forum said "BRICS is one of the key elements of the emerging multipolar world order, which increasingly reflects the interests and aspirations of the states of both the global South and the East ... we are engaged in an active dialogue in the BRICS plus/outreach format, and are working to establish a category of partner states". At the Kazan summit President Putin made clear that they are not attempting to reject the dollar, but rather getting ready with alternatives to a weaponized dollar.

In a briefing in October 2024 Russian Foreign Ministry Spokeswoman said that "BRICS framework is non-confrontational and constructive", and that "it is a viable alternative to a world living by someone else's, alien rules". New members have made BRICS into a stronger representative of the "Global South and East – or the Global Majority". Applications from various countries reinforces BRICS role.

A poll following the Kazan summit revealed that 39% of 1500 respondents had never heard about BRICS. Among those who had heard of the summit, the informal visual of the BRICS currency banknote was polled as the most unforgettable happening.

South Africa

In an analysis of the 2023 BRICS XV declaration Bhaso Ndzendze writes that neither the "dollar" or "de-dollarisation” were mentioned.

Ukraine

In an October 2024 interview to The Times of India, President Zelensky said that the Kazan summit was a total failure. President Zelensky also criticized the presence of UN secretary general at the summit. The office of the UN secretary general clarified his participation, referring to BRICS' role "in boosting global co-operation".

United States

On 9 April 2013, Isobel Coleman, a director at the American think tank Council on Foreign Relations, and later U.S. representative to the UN, claimed that the BRICS members share a lack of consensus. They uphold drastically different political systems, from vibrant liberal democracies in Brazil and South Africa to entrenched oligarchy in Russia, and their economies are poorly integrated and differ in size by orders of magnitude. She also claimed that the significant difference in GDP influences the reserves: China accounts for over 41% of the contribution, which in turn leads to its bigger political say within the association.

A multi-year study at Tufts University published in July 2023 found that the "common portrayal of BRICS as a China-dominated group primarily pursuing anti-U.S. agendas" was misplaced. The study asserted: "The BRICS countries connect around common development interests and a quest for a multipolar world order in which no single power dominates. Yet BRICS consolidation has turned the group into a potent negotiation force that now challenges Washington's geopolitical and economic goals".

According to the Atlantic Council's Thomas Hill in December 2023, the de-dollarization efforts within BRICS, particularly in North Africa, present a significant challenge to US interests. Replacing the dollar could limit the US's ability to run deficits and maintain low interest rates, and undermine the effectiveness of US sanctions and SWIFT.

Michael Kugelman writes in BBC that "Brics projects meant to reduce reliance on the US dollar likely aren’t viable, because many member states’ economies cannot afford to wean themselves off of it."

White House Press Secretary and White House National Security Advisor have said that BRICS isn't seen as becoming a geopolitical rival. Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen has largely dismissed BRICS efforts at dedollarisation.

In November 2024 in a post on Truth Social, United States president-elect Donald Trump threatened a 100% United States tariff on countries that pursued a BRICS currency or moved to favor another currency instead of the U.S. dollar. As US President he announced the same on his first day in office during his second term. President Trump would go on to say Spain is a member of BRICS. On 31 January 2025, President Trump posted on Truth Social to "go find another sucker Nation" with respect to BRICS. In February 2025, in a press briefing, he stated that "BRICS is dead".

Joseph Nye writes in January 2025 that BRICS, "as a means of escaping diplomatic isolation, it is certainly useful to Russia"; the same goes for Iran. Nye writes that the expansion of the BRICS could bring in more "intra-organizational rivalries", limiting the groups' effectiveness.

Melissa Pistilli writes that at the 2024 BRICS summit President Putin seemed to back away from "aggressive calls for de-dollarization [...] but rather to deter the "weaponization" of the US dollar".

United Kingdom

After the August 2023 BRICS Summit, Con Coughlin—defense and foreign affairs editor at The Daily Telegraph—claimed "the challenge BRICS presents to the established world order seems destined to failure" and accused the organization of being used by China as a vehicle for expanding its global influence. Coughlin also noted the contradictions within the organization, such as the border dispute between China and India, and called for greater Western engagement with India as part of a new strategic alliance.

In 2024, Jim O'Neill comments the grouping merely generates rhetoric and symbolism.

Global opinion

Russian President **Vladimir Putin** with Egyptian President **Abdel Fattah el-Sisi** during the 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan

According to a Gallup International poll conducted between October and December 2023, almost a third of people around the world had never heard of BRICS but Western countries were much more negative towards the alliance than elsewhere. The most negative attitudes were found in Sweden (45%), Spain (30%), the USA (30%), Portugal (29%), and Ukraine (29%) while the most positive net attitudes were in Russia (38%), Iran (37%), Nigeria (36%), Saudi Arabia (33%) and Malaysia (32%). In India, 36% had a positive view of BRICS while 29% had a negative view.

BRICS Pro Tempore Presidency

The group at each summit elects one of the heads of state of the component countries to serve as President Pro Tempore of the BRICS. In 2019, the position was held by the president of Brazil.

The priorities of the Brazilian Pro Tempore Presidency for 2019 are the following: strengthening the cooperation in science, technology, and innovation, enhancement of the cooperation on digital economy, invigoration of cooperation on the fight against transnational crime—especially organized crime, money laundering, and drug trafficking, and rapprochement between the New Development Bank (NDB) and the BRICS Business Council.

The current BRICS President Pro Tempore is from Russia and their goals are: investing in BRICS countries to strengthen their economies, cooperating in the energy and environmental industries, helping with young children, and coming up with resolutions on migration and peacekeeping.

Current leaders

Current leading member state representatives:

Member	Brazil	Russia	India	China	South Africa
Image
Name	Lula da Silva	Vladimir Putin	Narendra Modi	Xi Jinping	Cyril Ramaphosa
Position	President of Brazil	President of Russia	Prime Minister of India	President of China	President of South Africa

Member	Egypt	Ethiopia	Indonesia	Iran	United Arab Emirates
Image
Name	Abdel Fattah el-Sisi	Abiy Ahmed	Prabowo Subianto	Masoud Pezeshkian	Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan
Position	President of Egypt	Prime Minister of Ethiopia	President of Indonesia	President of Iran	President of the United Arab Emirates

Notes

The actual area under PRC control is 9,596,960.^{[citation needed]}
It is unclear if this country can join following the fall of the Assad regime (see Fall of the Assad regime).^{[citation needed]}
Application has been blocked by Brazil because of the disputed 2024 Venezuelan elections in addition to the ongoing Venezuelan crisis.^{[citation needed]}

References

Staff writer (2024). "BRICS". UIA Global Civil Society Database. uia.org. Brussels, Belgium: Union of International Associations. Yearbook of International Organizations Online. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
Rana Foroohar (10 November 2015). "Why the Mighty BRIC Nations Have Finally Broken". Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
Xie, Ye (8 November 2015). "Goldman's BRIC Era Ends as Fund Folds After Years of Losses". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
Cooper, Andrew Fenton (2016). The BRICS: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-872339-4.
Curtis, John (11 November 2024). "The BRICS group: Overview and recent expansion" (PDF). House of Commons Library, UK Parliament. Research Briefing.
Ndzendze, Bhaso (24 August 2023). "Brics expansion: six more nations are set to join – what they're buying into". The Conversation. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
"What is BRICS, which countries want to join and why?". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
Oliver Stuenkel (2020). The BRICS and the Future of Global Order (2 ed.). Lexington Books. p. 1. ISBN 978-0739193211.
"Expansion of BRICS: A quest for greater global influence?" (PDF). Think Tank, European Parliament. 15 March 2024. Archived from the original on 20 March 2024.
"Indonesia joins BRICS bloc as full member, Brazil says". Reuters. 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
"Indonesia joins BRICS group of emerging economies". Al Jazeera. 7 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
Patrick, Stewart (9 October 2024). "BRICS Expansion, the G20, and the Future of World Order". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 19 November 2024. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
Tran, Hung (1 November 2024). "The underestimated implications of the BRICS Summit in Russia". Atlantic Council. Retrieved 11 February 2025.
Johnson, Keith (21 October 2024). "Can BRICS Finally Take On the West?". Foreign Policy.
"BRICS Joint Statistical Publications". Federal State Statistics Service. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024.
Raimondi, Paolo (2 September 2023). "BRICS: The role of the unit of account for the new "basket of currencies"". India Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023.
Kirton, John; Larionova, Marina (2022). "The First Fifteen Years of the BRICS" (PDF). International Organisations Research Journal. 17 (2): 7–30. doi:10.17323/1996-7845-2022-02-01.
"ILO head praises BRICS countries' commitment to social dialogue". ILO. 3 August 2018. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
Wolff, Richard D. (3 October 2022). "BRICS: the powerful global alliance". canadiandimension.com. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
Maitra, Sumantra (18 April 2013). "BRICS – India is the biggest loser". USINPAC. Archived from the original on 28 October 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
Blakeley, Grace (15 February 2023). "BRIC Nationalism Is No Alternative". Jacobin. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
Coughlin, Con (24 August 2023). "Brics is now a motley crew of failing states". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
Gallagher, Adam; Cheatham, Andrew (17 October 2024). "What's Driving a Bigger BRICS and What Does it Mean for the U.S.?". United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved 15 January 2025.
"BRICS Architecture – BRICS 2023". brics2023.gov.za. Retrieved 26 January 2025.
Jim O'Neill (30th November 2001)."Building Better Global Economic BRICs" Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Goldman Sachs. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
Nagashybayeva, Gulnar (November 2016). "Research Guides: BRICS: Sources of Information: Introduction". guides.loc.gov. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
"Jim O'Neill Named Chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management" (Press release). Goldman Sachs. Archived from the original on 30 November 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
"The BRICS Still Don't Matter". Project Syndicate. 17 October 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
"Will the BRICS Ever Grow Up?". Project Syndicate. 16 September 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
"Information about BRICS". Brics6.itamaraty.gov.br. 27 March 2013. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
"Cooperation within BRIC" Archived 19 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Kremlin.ru. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
"First summit for emerging giants". BBC News. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
Bryanski, Gleb (26 June 2009). "BRIC demands more clout, steers clear of dollar talk". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
"BRIC wants more influence". Euronews. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
Zhou, Wanfeng (16 June 2009). "Dollar slides after Russia comments, BRIC summit". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
Smith, Jack A. (21 January 2011). "BRIC Becomes BRICS: Changes on the Geopolitical Chessboard". Foreign Policy Journal. Archived from the original on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
"China invites South Africa to join BRIC: Xinhua". Reuters. 24 December 2010. Archived from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
Blanchard, Ben and Zhou Xin (14 April 2011). "UPDATE 1-BRICS discussed global monetary reform, not yuan" Archived 20 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Reuters Africa. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
"South Africa joins BRIC as full member". Xinhua. 24 December 2010. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
"BRICS countries need to further enhance coordination: Manmohan Singh". The Times of India. 12 April 2011. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
"BRICS should coordinate in key areas of development: PM". Indian Express. 10 April 2011. Archived from the original on 15 April 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
"Russia says BRICS eye joint anti-crisis fund". Reuters. 21 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
"Brics eye infrastructure funding through new development bank". The Guardian. 28 March 2013. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
"India sees BRICS development bank agreed by 2014 summit". Reuters. 19 April 2013. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
"BRICS may decide on $100 billion fund early 2014 – Russia". In.reuters.com. 11 October 2013. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
Silvio Cascione; Patricia Duarte (10 October 2013). "Brazil's Mantega urges Fed to communicate tapering 'clearly'". In.reuters.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
Samofalova, Olga (14 April 2014). "rbth.com: "BRICS countries to set up their own IMF" 14 Apr 2014". Russia Beyond. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
"BRICS to launch bank, tighten Latin America ties" Archived 12 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Yahoo.com. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
"Brics Cable Unveiled for Direct and Cohesive Communications Services between Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa". Bloomberg News. 16 April 2012. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
Rolland, Nadège (2 April 2015). "A Fiber-Optic Silk Road". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
Lee, Stacie (8 January 2016). "International Reactions to U.S. Cybersecurity Policy: The BRICS undersea cable". University of Washington. Retrieved 9 January 2025.
"BRICS countries to cooperate in ICT sector". Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
"BRICS To Allocate $15 Billion For Rebuilding Economies Hit By COVID-19". NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
Haidar, Suhasini; Krishnan, Ananth (15 September 2021). "India, China avoided open clash over COVID-19 origins". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
Carter, Sarah (30 May 2023). "South Africa moves to let Putin attend BRICS summit despite ICC arrest warrant over Ukraine war". CBS News. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
"South Africa's diplomatic dilemma with Putin". Deutsche Welle. 2 June 2023. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
Bartlett K. (July 19, 2023). "Putin won't attend a South Africa summit next month, avoiding possible arrest" Archived 21 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine NPR.org. Accessed 21 July 2023.
"Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Lin Jian's Regular Press Conference on October 24, 2024". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. www.mfa.gov.cn. Retrieved 26 January 2025.
Monteiro, Ana (29 December 2023). "BRICS to Grow as Saudi, Iran, UAE, Egypt, Ethiopia Join Ranks". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
Sharma, Shweta (24 August 2023). "Brics countries agree major expansion as 6 countries invited to join". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
du Plessis, Carien; Miridzhanian, Anait; Acharya, Bhargav (24 August 2023). "BRICS welcomes new members in push to reshuffle world order". Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
"BRICS membership in doubt as opposition rejects move". www.batimes.com.ar. 24 August 2023. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
Bonelli, Matías (1 December 2023). "Diana Mondino confirmó que la Argentina no ingresará a los BRICS" [Diana Mondino confirmed that Argentina won't join BRICS]. El Cronista (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
"El gobierno de Javier Milei oficializó que la Argentina no entrará a los Brics". La Nación (in Spanish). 29 December 2023. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
"Brics: What is the group and which countries have joined?". BBC. 29 December 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2025.
El Dahan, Maha; Zhdannikov, Dmitry (18 January 2024). "Exclusive: Saudi Arabia still considering BRICS membership, sources say". Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
"Saudi MBS on BRICS leaders calling him to abandon U.S. dollar in oil transactions". Tactical Report. 26 April 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
Ismail, Sumayya (24 August 2023). "Saudi Arabia, Iran among 6 nations invited to join BRICS". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 24 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
杜娟. "More nations interested in joining BRICS". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
"Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam and Thailand become partner countries of BRICS". CNA. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
"Reflections After the BRICS Summit: Membership, Payment Systems, and What Lies Ahead | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org. 14 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
"Why Is Saudi Arabia Hedging Its BRICS Invite?". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
"China congratulates Indonesia on becoming full member of BRICS". global.chinadaily.com. Global China Daily. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
"Brazil, Russia, India, China, and Indonesia Will Have 1.2 Billion Internet Users by 2015, Says Report by The Boston Consulting Group". globenewswire.com (Press release). Globenewswire. September 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2025.
"Indonesia Ready to Join the Rising Powers Club". realclearworld.com. Realclearworld. 8 July 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2025.
"BRICI Web users to double by 2015". fierce-network.com. 31 August 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2025.
"wsj" (PDF). wsj.com. Retrieved 25 January 2025.
Ministério das Relações Exteriores: Nigeria joins BRICS as a partner country, published 2025-01-17, accessed 2025-01-21.
Afota, Amandine; Burban, Valentin; Diev, Pavel; Grieco, Fabio; Iberrakene, Théo; Ishii, Karine; Lopez-Forero, Margarita; Paul, Quentin; Sammeth, Frank; Valadier, Cécile (13 February 2024). "Expansion of BRICS: what are the potential consequences for the global economy?". Bank of France Bulletin. Bulletin No. 250, article 2. Bank of France. Archived from the original on 26 February 2024.
Sarpong, Emmanuel Frimpong; Sibiri, Hagan (19 December 2024). "Building a bloc from BRICS: Assessing China's strategic interests and influence". Africa Policy Research Private Institute (APRI). Archived from the original on 19 December 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2025.
Hluszko, Cleiton; Ramos Huarachi, Diego Alexis; Castillo Ulloa, Micaela Ines; Salvador, Rodrigo; Puglieri, Fabio Neves; de Francisco, Antonio Carlos (December 2024). "How do the BRICS approach sustainable concerns? A systematic literature review". Environmental Development. 52: 101075. doi:10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101075.
Liang, Yan (2 February 2024). "BRICS Expansion: Economic Cooperation and Implications". Taihe Institute. Retrieved 17 January 2025.
"The BRICS Wealth Report 2024". Henley & Partners. Retrieved 16 February 2025.
"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF. Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
Duric, Ivan; Glauben, Thomas (2024). "BRICS: World Heavyweight in Agricultural Trade". Intereconomics. 2024 (3): 160–166.
Chaudhary, Himanshi (13 November 2024). "Chabahar, Sanctions, and BRICS: Iran's New Path Forward with India". Iran Wire. Retrieved 20 January 2025.
Wintour, Patrick (22 October 2024). "Putin returns to world stage hosting 36 leaders at Brics summit in Russia". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 24 January 2025.
Kumar, Sushil; Shahid, Afsah; Agarwal, Manmohan (20 December 2024). "Is BRICS Expansion Significant for Global Trade and GDP?". BRICS Journal of Economics. 5 (4): 5–36. doi:10.3897/brics-econ.5.e139877. ISSN 2712-7508.
Gnidchenko, Andrey (12 September 2023). "Bargaining power, product differentiation, and currency patterns in intra-BRICS trade". BRICS Journal of Economics. 4 (3): 285–299. doi:10.3897/brics-econ.4.e102638. ISSN 2712-7508.
Chatterjee, Mihika; Naka, Ikuno (2 January 2022). "Twenty years of BRICS: political and economic transformations through the lens of land". Oxford Development Studies. 50 (1): 2–13. doi:10.1080/13600818.2022.2033191. ISSN 1360-0818.
"The ILO and the BRICS". International Labour Organization. 28 January 2024. Archived from the original on 6 January 2025. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
Seli, Yeshi (27 October 2024). "Why BRICS is a counterweight to 'Group of Seven' rich nations". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 14 January 2025.
BRICS Investment Report (PDF). United Nations. 2023. ISBN 978-92-1-002582-9.
"The BRICS Wealth Report: Challenging the Global Economic Order". Henley & Partners. Retrieved 16 February 2025.
"What is BRICS". Africa Facts. 15 October 2018. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
"How aid for trade could help SVEs integrate in the global economy". Effectiveness of Aid for Trade in Small and Vulnerable Economies. Economic Paper. Commonwealth. 15 March 2011. pp. 30–37. doi:10.14217/9781848591004-6-en. ISBN 9781848591004. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
"A Cúpula de Durban e o futuro dos BRICS". Post-Western World. 4 July 2013. Archived from the original on 7 September 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
"BRICS summit: PM Modi to leave for Brazil tomorrow, will seek reforms". Hindustan Times. 12 July 2014. Archived from the original on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
"Ufa to host SCO and BRICS summits in 2015". UfaCity.info. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
"Theme and priorities". BRICS BRASIL 2019. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
"BRICS and the SCO summits postponed Official website of the Russian BRICS Chairmanship in 2020". eng.brics-russia2020.ru. 27 May 2020. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
"BRICS Summit to be held virtually on Nov 17; strengthening cooperation, global stability on agenda". Hindustan Times. 5 October 2020. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
"Путин заявил о переносе саммитов БРИКС и ШОС из Челябинска". 19 July 2019. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy. "BRICS Summit to be held virtually on November 17". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
"India plans to host BRICS Games during Khelo India Games in 2021". Firstpost. 26 August 2020. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
"Saudi Arabia has not yet joined BRICS – Saudi official source". Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
Korostovtseva, Yekaterina (5 March 2024). Юрий Ушаков: БРИКС на деле выражает интересы мирового большинства [Yuriy Ushakov: BRICS expresses the interests of the world majority in practice]. TASS (in Russian). Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024. «Главным событием российского председательства, разумеется, станет саммит БРИКС в Казани 22–24 октября». [The main event of Russia's chairmanship will, of course, be the October 22–24 BRICS summit in Kazan.]
"News conference following 16th BRICS Summit". brics-russia2024.ru. 24 October 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
"Outcome of the 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan, Russia". Think Tank, European Parliament. 8 November 2024. Archived from the original on 7 December 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
"Calendar". BRICS Summit Kazan. 22–24 October 2024. brics-russia2024.ru. Archived from the original on 20 December 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2025.
Singh, Mahendra Kumar (2 January 2025). "BRICS 2024: Paving the Path for Economic Growth and Trade Cooperation". India Foundation. Retrieved 8 February 2025.
"Paes diz que reunião da cúpula do Brics será no Rio em 2025" [Paes says BRICS summit meeting will be held in Rio in 2025]. G1 (in Portuguese). 6 December 2025. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
"Brasil assume a presidência do BRICS em 2025" [Brazil assumes BRICS presidency in 2025]. Itamaraty (in Portuguese). 1 January 2025. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
"Rio é anunciado como sede da reunião de cúpula do Brics em julho". g1.globo.com (in Portuguese). 15 February 2025.
"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: October 2024". imf.org. International Monetary Fund.
"Human Development Report 2023/2024" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 29 December 2024.
"Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37)". Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
"New era as South Africa joins BRICS" Archived 18 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine . SouthAfrica.info. 11 April 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
"S. Africa Joins; BRIC Now BRICS, 13 de abril de 2011". Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
"BRICS Gain Global Influence as South Africa Joins, Medvedev Says". Bloomberg.com. 12 April 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
Fletcher, Owen (13 April 2011). "China Seeks Heft for 'BRICS'". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
Ben Norton, BRICS grows, inviting 13 new ‘partner countries’ at historic summit in Kazan, Russia. Published 2024-10-26; Updated 2024-12-24.
"Kazakhstan to Become a BRICS Partner on January 1, 2025". The Times Of Central Asia. 24 December 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2025.
Devonshire-Ellis, Chris (9 November 2022). "The New Candidate Countries For BRICS Expansion". Silk Road Briefing. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
"Wang Yi Chairs Dialogue of Foreign Ministers between BRICS and Emerging Markets and Developing Countries". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China. 20 May 2022. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
Teslova, Elena (8 November 2022). "At least a dozen countries interested in joining BRICS: Russian foreign minister". Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
Zahid, Mashal (29 November 2023). "Pakistan's BRICS Aspiration". The Diplomat. Retrieved 22 January 2025.
Kathju, Junaid (22 September 2024). "Pakistan's potential Brics entry seen as benefiting China at India's expense". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 22 January 2025.
Siddiqui, Naveed (27 June 2022). "Pakistan's participation in BRICS dialogue 'blocked by one member': FO". Dawn. Retrieved 22 January 2025.
"Argentina formally rejects BRICS membership". 29 December 2023. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
"Is Saudi Arabia a Brics member or not? A curious case of invitation, acceptance and a delay". Firstpost. 22 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
"BRICS expansion: five countries join ranks". Africa News. 2 January 2024. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
Frantzman, Seth J. (3 January 2024). "Iran, UAE, Egypt and Ethiopia join BRICS". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
Hacaoglu, Selcan; Kozok, Firat (2 September 2024). "Turkey Bids to Join BRICS in Push to Build Alliances Beyond West". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
Bandow, Doug (14 July 2022). "Why Is Turkey Still in NATO?". Cato Institute. Archived from the original on 2 September 2024. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
Pangalos, Philip (13 March 2019). "European Parliament calls for suspension of Turkey EU accession talks". Euronews. Archived from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
Balci, Baris; Hacaoglu, Selcan (17 September 2022). "Turkey Seeks to Be First NATO Member to Join China-Led SCO". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 18 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
O'Connor, Tom (11 July 2024). "Exclusive: Why Turkey's Erdogan Is Breaking With Biden on Ukraine and Gaza". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
"Algeria president: 'Country applied to join BRICS, offered $1.5bn'". July 2023. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
"Algeria no longer express interest in joining according to Algerian news agency". Aps.
"Angered over BRICS veto, Venezuela recalls ambassador to Brazil". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 8 November 2024. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
Magid, Pesha (16 January 2024). "Saudi Arabia has not yet joined BRICs - minister". Reuters.
"MSN". MSN.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)^{[permanent dead link‍]}
Hussain, Abid. "Pakistan seeks BRICS membership, despite India roadblock". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
Ndiaye, Juliette (21 August 2023). "EMERGING COUNTRIES – Senegal wants to integrate the Brics". Ze-AfricaNews. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
"Sri Lanka set to officially apply for BRICS membership".
"BRICS Bank to be headquartered in Shanghai, India to hold presidency" Archived 12 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Indiasnaps.com. 16 July 2014
Desai, Raj M.; Vreeland, James Raymond (17 July 2014). "What the new bank of BRICS is all about". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
"New BRICS Bank a Building Block of Alternative World Order". The Huffington Post. 18 July 2014. Archived from the original on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
"BRICS countries launch $100 billion developmental bank, currency pool". Russia & India Report. 16 July 2014. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
"BRICS Bank ready for launch – Russian Finance Minister". Russia & India Report. 10 July 2014. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
"History". New Development Bank. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
Ferragamo, Mariel (12 December 2024). "What Is the BRICS Group and Why Is It Expanding?". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
Strohecker, Karin (2 September 2021). Blair, Edmund (ed.). "BRICS development bank admits UAE, Bangladesh, Uruguay as new members". Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
"BRICS currency fund to protect members from volatility – Russia's top banker". Russia & India Report. 17 July 2014. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
Biziwick, Mayamiko; Cattaneo, Nicolette; Fryer, David (2015). "The rationale for and potential role of the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement". South African Journal of International Affairs. 22 (3): 307–324. doi:10.1080/10220461.2015.1069208. S2CID 153695521.
On the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) Governing Council and Standing Committee inaugural meetings Archived 2 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine 4 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2016
"DMPQ- BRICS payment system". 27 May 2019. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
"Russia offers to discuss BRICS prototype of SWIFT global system". Russia & India Report. 1 June 2015. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
"Exclusive: China's international payments system ready, could launch by end-2015 – sources". Reuters. 9 March 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
"BRICS to discuss common currency plan during the summit, says South African Foreign Minister". cnbctv18.com. 10 May 2023. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
"Lula confirma criação de uma moeda comum dos Brics para facilitar trocas comerciais". CNN Brasil. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
"BRICS summit: Leaders eye expansion, common currency – DW – 08/23/2023". dw.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
"Common Currency on Agenda for South African BRICS Summit". VOA. 12 May 2023. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
Bryanski, Gleb (10 October 2024). "Russia calls on BRICS partners to create alternative to IMF". Reuters.com.
"Putin's plan to dethrone the dollar". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 27 November 2024. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
"Explainer: Putin's Swift rival a bridge too far for Brics". www.thebanker.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2024. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
Ebel, Francesca (24 October 2024). "Putin presents himself as champion of the developing world at summit". Washingtonpost.com.
"A surprise new twist in Putin's currency wars". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
Hill, Thomas (14 December 2023). "China's de-dollarization message finds a receptive audience in North Africa". Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
Siddiqui, Huma (24 October 2024). "BRICS Unveils Symbolic Banknote, Pushes for Local Currency Trade Amid Dollar Debate". Financialexpress. Retrieved 9 February 2025.
Siddiqui, Huma (25 October 2025). "Putin's BRICS Mock-Up Bill Sparks Debate, But No New Currency Yet". Financial Express. Retrieved 9 February 2025.
Sharma, Ruchir (November–December 2012). "Broken BRICs: Why the Rest Stopped Rising". Foreign Affairs. 91 (November/December 2012). Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
Pesek, William (24 June 2013). "China Loses Control of Its Frankenstein Economy". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
Arancibia, Juan Carlos (26 June 2013). "Brazil Stocks In Bear Market As Economy Struggles". Investor's Business Daily. Investors.com. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
"Emerging economies: The Great Deceleration". The Economist. 27 July 2013. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
Jim Yardley (29 March 2012). "BRICS Leaders Fail to Create Rival to World Bank" Archived 4 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine . The New York Times. 29 March 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
Cooper, Dr. Andrew F.; Farooq, Asif B. (2016). "EXCERPT | A Test of China–India Cooperative Dynamics within the BRICS Framework". Journal of Current Chinese Affairs. 45 (3): 81–86. ISSN 2381-3652. Archived from the original on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2017 – via IndraStra Global.
Patel, Khadija (3 April 2012). "Brics summit exposes the high wall between India and China". Daily Maverick. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013 – via Asia Times.
Rieck, Christian E. (30 October 2024). "A Fork in the Road? The Kazan Summit of the BRICS". www.globalgovernance.eu. GGI Briefing 6/2024. Brussels: Global Governance Institute. Retrieved 13 February 2025.
Brender, Reinhold (13 November 2024). "Why the BRICS Summit in Kazan should be a Wake-up Call for the EU" (PDF). EGMONT – The Royal Institute for International Relations. Egmont Policy Brief 364. Retrieved 13 February 2025.
Fernandes, Ivan Filipe; Freitas, Vinicius Ruiz Albino de; Onuki, Janina (November 2021). "The BRICS and Brazilian public opinion: soft balancing or economic strategy?". Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional. 64 (2). doi:10.1590/0034-7329202100212. ISSN 0034-7329.
Wang, Alissa (5 July 2023). "The Evolving BRICS". www.brics.utoronto.ca University of Toronto. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2025.
"Brics a force for world peace, says China". Business Day. 8 August 2012. Archived from the original on 22 April 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
Camut, Nicolas (20 June 2023). "Macron wants to crash summit with Russia, China and allies". POLITICO. Retrieved 15 February 2025.
Teslova, Elena (26 July 2023). "Russia says France's participation in BRICS summit would be 'unsuitable'". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
Haibin, Niu (September 2013). "Brics in Global Governance: A Progressive and Cooperative Force?" (PDF). Friedrich Ebert Foundation. Retrieved 13 February 2025.
Prashad, Vijay 2014. The Poorer Nations: A Possible History of the Global South. Verso. p10-11
"Modi Calls for Urgent Reform of UN Security Council, IMF". The New Indian Express. IANS. 15 July 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2025.
"Prime Minister's statement in 6th BRICS Summit on the Agenda – "Political Coordination: "International Governance & Regional Crises"". Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. 15 July 2014. Archived from the original on 6 September 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2025.
Chellaney, Brahma (18 October 2016). "Has BRICS been reduced to a talking shop?". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 25 March 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
Papa, Mihaela; Verma, Raj (2021). "Scenarios for BRICS Evolution in Light of the India–China Conflict". Global Policy. 12 (4): 539–544. doi:10.1111/1758-5899.13010. ISSN 1758-5899.
Verma, Raj; Papa, Mihaela (2021). "BRICS amidst India-China Rivalry". Global Policy. 12 (4): 509–513. doi:10.1111/1758-5899.12977. ISSN 1758-5899.
Kumar, Pramod (12 October 2023). "BRICS Summit 2023: Major Outcomes and Relevance - Australian Institute of International Affairs". Australian Institute of International Affairs. Retrieved 15 February 2025.
Malik, Ashok (20 October 2024). "BRICS: India's role is to ensure the grouping doesn't get a distortionary ideological edge". The Economic Times. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 9 February 2025.
Maiorano, Diego; Kaur, Kanika (13 November 2024). "India's Role in the BRICS: Navigating the Balance in a Changing World". Institute of South Asian Studies, National University of Singapore. Retrieved 11 January 2025.
"India's Jaishankar on BRICS: "Because You Won't Let Us Into the G7 Club"". BRICS International Forum. 13 September 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2025.
"Why BRICS? Jaishankar's sharp retort: 'Because you won't let us into G7 club'". Hindustan Times. 12 September 2024. Archived from the original on 12 September 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2025.
Heiran-Nia, Javad (30 August 2023). "What Can Iran Achieve from BRICS Membership?". Stimson Center. Retrieved 20 January 2025.
Mehdi, Syed Zafar (24 August 2023). "Iran calls BRICS membership 'strategic victory' amid tensions with US". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 21 January 2025.
"Dr Raisi at the 15th BRICS summit: World needs foundation of a fair system/ Benefits of Iran's membership in BRICS to make history/ Iran backs de-dollarization in economic relations of members, use of national currencies". Official Website of the President of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 24 August 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2025.
Ansari, Mona Hojat (25 August 2023). "BRICS: new era for Iran". Tehran Times. Retrieved 21 January 2025.
"Message from Vladimir Putin at the start of Russia's presidency of the BRICS group". canada.mid.ru The Embassy of the Russian Federation in Canada. 1 April 2015. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2025.
"Vladimir Putin describes BRICS as key element of emerging multipolar world order". TV BRICS. 11 July 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2025.
"Briefing by Foreign Ministry Spokeswoman Maria Zakharova, Moscow, October 2, 2024. The global significance of BRICS". The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. Archived from the original on 27 November 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2025.
Lissovolik, Yaroslav (8 November 2024). "A post-summit BRICS poll". brics-plus-analytics.org BRICS+ Analytics. Retrieved 11 February 2025.
Ndzendze, Bhaso (28 September 2023). "The BRICS XV declaration: what it says and what it does not". African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD). Retrieved 17 February 2025.
Ghosh, Rudroneel (28 October 2024). "'There can't be neutrality between aggressor & victim. It only means you're with Russia': Zelenskyy". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 9 February 2025.
Lukiv, Jaroslav (25 October 2024). "Ukraine's Volodymyr Zelensky snubs UN chief after his Russia trip". BBC. Retrieved 9 February 2025.
Coleman, Isobel (9 April 2013). "Ten Questions for the New BRICS Bank". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
O'Donnell, Frank; Papa, Mihaela; Han, Zhen (18 August 2023). "As BRICS cooperation accelerates, is it time for the US to develop a BRICS policy?". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
Kugelman, Michael (25 October 2024). "Brics: How an evolving and expanding bloc benefits India". www.bbc.com. Archived from the original on 5 November 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
Dasgupta, Saibal (24 October 2024). "BRICS meeting highlights geopolitical aspirations, rivalries with West". Voice of America. Retrieved 17 January 2025.
Iyer, Kaanita (1 December 2024). "Trump threatens 100% tariff on BRICS countries if they pursue creating new currency | CNN Politics". CNN. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
Wearden, Graeme (1 December 2024). "Trump threat of 100% tariffs against Brics nations raises trade war fears". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
AP (22 January 2025). "Trump threatens 100% tariffs against BRICS countries if they try replacing U.S. dollar". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 22 January 2025.
Khan, Md Zakariya (21 January 2025). "Trump's big warning to India, Brics nations on Day 1 as US President". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 21 January 2025. Retrieved 23 January 2025.
Wilson, Joseph (21 January 2025). "Trump mistakes Spain for a member of the BRICS bloc and repeats the threat of massive tariffs". AP News. Retrieved 24 January 2025.
Mishra, Samiran, ed. (31 January 2025). ""Go Find Another Sucker Nation": Trump Warns BRICS Against Dollar Move". NDTV. Retrieved 2 February 2025.
Gordon, Nicholas (14 February 2025). "Trump threatens a 100% tariff on 'dead' BRICS group if they 'play games with the dollar'". Fortune Asia. Retrieved 16 February 2025.
""BRICS Is Dead, Will Impose 100% Tariff If Dollar Replaced", Warns Trump". NDTV. Asian News International. Retrieved 16 February 2025.
Nye Jr, Joseph S. (7 January 2025). "BRICS is hardly a new fulcrum of world politics". Australian Strategic Policy Institute - The Strategist. Retrieved 23 January 2025.
Dzulhisham, Huzeir Ezekiel (4 December 2024). "Iran's Geopolitical Gamble in Turning to BRICS". RSIS Nanyang Technological University. Archived from the original on 5 December 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2025.
Pistilli, Melissa (6 January 2025). "How Would a New BRICS Currency Affect the US Dollar? (Updated 2025)". Investing News Network - Nasdaq.
O'Neill, Jim (17 October 2024). "The BRICS Still Don't Matter | by Jim O'Neill". Project Syndicate. Retrieved 11 January 2025.
"BRICS expansion – less than one in five positive about it". Gallup International Association. 14 March 2024. Archived from the original on 23 April 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
"Attitudes towards BRICS: Gallup International's research". Rating (sociological group). Retrieved 12 May 2024.
"CALENDAR OF MEETINGS/EVENTS FOR SOUTH AFRICA'S 2018 BRICS CHAIRSHIP" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
"BRICS information portal". BRICS. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

BRICS

BRICS is an intergovernmental organization consisting of ten countries Brazil Russia India China South Africa Egypt Ethi

History

Founding

2010 expansion

New Development Bank

Other initiatives

2024 expansion

2025 expansion

Statistics

Summits

Member states

Partner states

Application and expansion process

Countries that have applied for membership

Financial architecture

New Development Bank

BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement

BRICS payment system

Potential common currency and BRICS Bridge

Reception

Belgium

Brazil

Canada

China

France

Germany

India

Iran

Russia

South Africa

Ukraine

United States

United Kingdom

Global opinion

BRICS Pro Tempore Presidency

Current leaders

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

Declarations

BRICS Academic Review