A demonym (/ˈdɛmənɪm/; from Ancient Greek δῆμος (dêmos) 'people, tribe' and ὄνυμα (ónuma) 'name') or gentilic (from Latin gentilis 'of a clan, or gens') is a word that identifies a group of people (inhabitants, residents, natives) in relation to a particular place. Demonyms are usually derived from the name of the place (hamlet, village, town, city, region, province, state, country, and continent). Demonyms are used to designate all people (the general population) of a particular place, regardless of ethnic, linguistic, religious or other cultural differences that may exist within the population of that place. Examples of demonyms include Cochabambino, for someone from the city of Cochabamba; Tunisian for a person from Tunisia; and Swahili, for a person of the Swahili coast.
Many demonyms function both endonymically and exonymically (used by the referents themselves or by outsiders); others function only in one of those ways.
As a sub-field of anthroponymy, the study of demonyms is called demonymy or demonymics.
Since they are referring to territorially defined groups of people, demonyms are semantically different from ethnonyms (names of ethnic groups). In the English language, there are many polysemic words that have several meanings (including demonymic and ethnonymic uses), and therefore a particular use of any such word depends on the context. For example, the word Thai may be used as a demonym, designating any inhabitant of Thailand, while the same word may also be used as an ethnonym, designating members of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms. For example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person, a Briton or, informally, a Brit.
Some demonyms may have several meanings. For example, the demonym Macedonians may refer to the population of North Macedonia, or more generally to the entire population of the region of Macedonia, a portion of which is in Greece. In some languages, a demonym may be borrowed from another language as a nickname or descriptive adjective for a group of people: for example, Québécois, Québécoise (female) is commonly used in English for a native of the province or city of Quebec (though Quebecer, Quebecker are also available).
In English, demonyms are always capitalized.
Often, demonyms are the same as the adjectival form of the place, e.g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek. However, they are not necessarily the same, as exemplified by Spanish instead of Spaniard or British instead of Briton.
English commonly uses national demonyms such as Brazilian or Algerian, while the usage of local demonyms such as Chicagoan, Okie or Parisian is less common. Many local demonyms are rarely used and many places, especially smaller towns and cities, lack a commonly used and accepted demonym altogether.
Etymology
National Geographic attributes the term demonym to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a work from 1990. The word did not appear for nouns, adjectives, and verbs derived from geographical names in the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary nor in prominent style manuals such as the Chicago Manual of Style. It was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals. However, in What Do You Call a Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names (the first edition of Labels for Locals) Dickson attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names' Names: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon (1988), which is apparently where the term first appears. The term may have been fashioned after demonymic, which the Oxford English Dictionary defines, as the name of an Athenian citizen according to the deme to which the citizen belongs, with its first use traced to 1893.
Suffixation
Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language. The most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. These may resemble Late Latin, Semitic, Celtic, or Germanic suffixes, such as -(a)n, -ian, -anian, -nian, -in(e), -a(ñ/n)o/a, -e(ñ/n)o/a, -i(ñ/n)o/a, -ite, -(e)r, -(i)sh, -ene, -ensian, -ard, -ese, -nese, -lese, -i(e), -i(ya), -iot, -iote, -k, -asque, -(we)gian, -onian, -vian, -ois(e), or -ais(e).
| -(a)n Continents and regions
Countries
Constituent states, provinces and regions
Cities
-ian Countries
Constituent states, provinces, regions and cities
-anian
-nian
-in(e)
-(h)in The Tayabas Tagalog suffix -(h)in, which is mostly used by the natives in the province of Quezon, is also used for their local or native demonyms in English.
-a(ñ/n)o/a, -e(ñ/n)o/a, or -i(ñ/n)o/a Adaptations from the standard Spanish suffix -e(ñ/n)o (sometimes using a final -a instead of -o for a female, following the standard Spanish suffix -e(ñ/n)a) Countries and regions
Cities
-ite
-(e)r
Often used for European locations and Canadian locations -(i)sh (Usually suffixed to a truncated form of the toponym, or place-name.) "-ish" is usually proper only as an adjective. See note below list.
-ene
Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations. -ensian
-ard
-ese, -nese or -lese
"-ese" is usually considered proper only as an adjective, or to refer to the entirety.[citation needed] Thus, "a Chinese person" is used rather than "a Chinese".[citation needed] Often used for Italian and East Asian, from the Italian suffix -ese, which is originally from the Latin adjectival ending -ensis, designating origin from a place: thus Hispaniensis (Spanish), Danensis (Danish), etc. The use in demonyms for Francophone locations is motivated by the similar-sounding French suffix -ais(e), which is at least in part a relative (< lat. -ensis or -iscus, or rather both). -i(e) or -i(ya) Countries
States, provinces, counties, and cities
Mostly for Middle Eastern and South Asian locales. -i is encountered also in Latinate names for the various people that ancient Romans encountered (e.g. Allemanni, Helvetii). -i.e. is rather used for English places. -iot or -iote
Used especially for Greek locations. Backformation from Cypriot, itself based in Greek -ώτης. -k
-asque
Often used for Italian and French locations. -(we)gian -onian
Often used for British and Irish locations. -vian
-ois(e), -ais(e) While derived from French, these are also official demonyms in English. From Latin or Latinization
Other
|
Prefixation
It is much rarer to find demonyms created with a prefix. Mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of a particular ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, and the language, Kiluba or Tshiluba. Similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti (Viti being the Fijian name for Fiji). On a country level:
- Botswana → Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
- Burundi → Umurundi (singular), Abarundi (plural)
- Eswatini → Liswati (singular), Emaswati (plural)
- Lesotho → Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural)
Non-standard examples
Demonyms may also not conform to the underlying naming of a particular place, but instead arise out of historical or cultural particularities that become associated with its denizens. In the United States such demonyms frequently become associated with regional pride such as "Burqueño" and the feminine "Burqueña" of Albuquerque, or with the mascots of intercollegiate sports teams of the state university system, take for example the sooner of Oklahoma and the Oklahoma Sooners.
| Formal
Informal
|
Ethnonyms
Since names of places, regions and countries (toponyms) are morphologically often related to names of ethnic groups (ethnonyms), various ethnonyms may have similar, but not always identical, forms as terms for general population of those places, regions or countries (demonyms).
|
Fiction
Literature and science fiction have created a wealth of gentilics that are not directly associated with a cultural group. These will typically be formed using the standard models above. Examples include Martian for hypothetical people of Mars (credited to scientist Percival Lowell), Gondorian for the people of Tolkien's fictional land of Gondor, and Atlantean for Plato's island Atlantis.
Other science fiction examples include Jovian for those of Jupiter or its moons and Venusian for those of Venus. Fictional aliens refer to the inhabitants of Earth as Earthling (from the diminutive -ling, ultimately from Old English -ing meaning "descendant"), as well as Terran, Terrene, Tellurian, Earther, Earthican, Terrestrial, and Solarian (from Sol, the sun).
Fantasy literature which involves other worlds or other lands also has a rich supply of gentilics. Examples include Lilliputians and Brobdingnagians, from the islands of Lilliput and Brobdingnag in the satire Gulliver's Travels.
In a few cases, where a linguistic background has been constructed, non-standard gentilics are formed (or the eponyms back-formed). Examples include Tolkien's Rohirrim (from Rohan), the Star Trek franchise's Klingons (with various names for their homeworld), and the Sangheili from the Halo franchise, (also known as Elites in the game by humans, as well as players) named after their homeworld of Sanghelios.
See also
- List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for astronomical bodies
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for continental regions
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for subcontinental regions
- List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for Australia
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for Canada
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for Cuba
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for India
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for Malaysia
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for Mexico
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for New Zealand
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for the Philippines
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for the United States
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for former regions
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for Greco-Roman antiquity
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for fictional regions
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities
- List of regional nicknames
- Macedonia naming dispute
- Nationality
- -onym, especially ethnonym and Exonym and endonym
Notes
- Local usage generally reserves Hawaiian as an ethnonym referring to Native Hawaiians. Hawaii resident is the preferred local form to refer to state residents in general regardless of ethnicity.
References
- "gentilic". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 25 July 2015. "Definition of GENTILIC". Archived from the original on 25 July 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2015..
- Roberts 2017, p. 205.
- Scheetz, George H. (1988). Names' Names: A Descriptive and Pervasive Onymicon. Schütz Verlag.
- "Gramática Inglesa. Adjetivos Gentilicios". mansioningles.com. Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- Costa, Daniel. "demonym". Encyclopedia Britannica.
- "Google Ngram Viewer". google.com. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- "Google Ngram Viewer". google.com. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- "Google Ngram Viewer". google.com. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- "Gentilés, Demonyms: What's in a Name?". National Geographic Magazine. 177. National Geographic Society (U.S.): 170. February 1990. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
- William Safire (14 December 1997). "On Language; Gifts of Gab for 1998". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
- What Do You Call a Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names by Paul Dickson (Facts on File, February 1990). ISBN 978-0-8160-1983-0.
- "Oxford English Dictionary". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
- "Aristotle's Constitution of Athens, edited by J.E. Sandy, at the Internet Archive". 1912. p. 116.
- The Associated Press Stylebook: and Briefing on Media Law (42nd ed.). New York: Basic Books. 2007. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-465-00489-8.
- Gilbert, Simon (18 November 2014). "What makes a Coventrian ? New online tool will tell you". Coventry Telegraph. Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
- "Savannahian". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
- Finn, Robin (10 October 2014). "Investing in Future Quiet, Quiet Manhattan Apartments Next to Construction Sites". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
- "Copquin explains "Queensites" for New York Times - Yale Press Log". Yale Press Log. 24 March 2008. Archived from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
- Erskine, Rosalind (18 September 2019). "Baffie to Weegie: 18 Scottish words that are now in the dictionary - and their meaning". The Scotsman.
- "Corkonian". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
- "North West Evening Mail". nwemail.co.uk. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014.
- Waterloo, City of (30 October 2013). "Waterluvians! Don't forget about our trail renaming contest". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
- White, Juliet (16 July 2020). "18 Words You'll Only Understand If You're From New Mexico". OnlyInYourState. Archived from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
- Oklahoma, University of (20 May 2013). "What is a Sooner?". University of Oklahoma. Archived from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
- Mettler, Katie (13 January 2017). "'Hoosier' is now the official name for Indiana folk. But what does it even mean?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
- "Angeleno". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
- "Massachusetts: General Laws, Section 35". malegislature.gov. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
- Prior to the Massachusetts State Legislature designating "Bay Stater" as the state's official demonym, other terms used included Massachusett, borrowed from the native Massachusett tribe, Massachusite, championed by the early English Brahmins, Massachusettsian, by analogy with other state demonyms, and Masshole, originally derogatory.
- "Why are natives of the Isle of Wight known as 'caulkheads'?". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- "Mexicanos sinónimos, mexicanos antónimos" (in Spanish). SinonimosGratis.com. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- "Slang: What Aussies call other Aussies". Australian Geographic. Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
Sources
- Coates, Richard (2021). "Some thoughts on the theoretical status of ethnonyms and demonyms". Onomastica. 65 (2): 5–19. doi:10.17651/ONOMAST.65.2.1. S2CID 245777535.
- Roberts, Michael (2017). "The Semantics of Demonyms in English". The Semantics of Nouns. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 205–220. ISBN 978-0-19-873672-1.
External links
- www.geography-site.co.uk Alphabetical list of world demonyms.
- www.everything2.com Demonyms of the World.
- CIA World Factbook – Nationality
- www.peoplefrom.co.uk Demonyms of the United Kingdom.
A demonym ˈ d ɛ m e n ɪ m from Ancient Greek dῆmos demos people tribe and ὄnyma onuma name or gentilic from Latin gentilis of a clan or gens is a word that identifies a group of people inhabitants residents natives in relation to a particular place Demonyms are usually derived from the name of the place hamlet village town city region province state country and continent Demonyms are used to designate all people the general population of a particular place regardless of ethnic linguistic religious or other cultural differences that may exist within the population of that place Examples of demonyms include Cochabambino for someone from the city of Cochabamba Tunisian for a person from Tunisia and Swahili for a person of the Swahili coast Many demonyms function both endonymically and exonymically used by the referents themselves or by outsiders others function only in one of those ways As a sub field of anthroponymy the study of demonyms is called demonymy or demonymics Since they are referring to territorially defined groups of people demonyms are semantically different from ethnonyms names of ethnic groups In the English language there are many polysemic words that have several meanings including demonymic and ethnonymic uses and therefore a particular use of any such word depends on the context For example the word Thai may be used as a demonym designating any inhabitant of Thailand while the same word may also be used as an ethnonym designating members of the Thai people Conversely some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms For example a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person a Briton or informally a Brit Some demonyms may have several meanings For example the demonym Macedonians may refer to the population of North Macedonia or more generally to the entire population of the region of Macedonia a portion of which is in Greece In some languages a demonym may be borrowed from another language as a nickname or descriptive adjective for a group of people for example Quebecois Quebecoise female is commonly used in English for a native of the province or city of Quebec though Quebecer Quebecker are also available In English demonyms are always capitalized Often demonyms are the same as the adjectival form of the place e g Egyptian Japanese or Greek However they are not necessarily the same as exemplified by Spanish instead of Spaniard or British instead of Briton English commonly uses national demonyms such as Brazilian or Algerian while the usage of local demonyms such as Chicagoan Okie or Parisian is less common Many local demonyms are rarely used and many places especially smaller towns and cities lack a commonly used and accepted demonym altogether EtymologyNational Geographic attributes the term demonym to Merriam Webster editor Paul Dickson in a work from 1990 The word did not appear for nouns adjectives and verbs derived from geographical names in the Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary nor in prominent style manuals such as the Chicago Manual of Style It was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals However in What Do You Call a Person From A Dictionary of Resident Names the first edition of Labels for Locals Dickson attributed the term to George H Scheetz in his Names Names A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon 1988 which is apparently where the term first appears The term may have been fashioned after demonymic which the Oxford English Dictionary defines as the name of an Athenian citizen according to the deme to which the citizen belongs with its first use traced to 1893 SuffixationSeveral linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language The most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name slightly modified in some instances These may resemble Late Latin Semitic Celtic or Germanic suffixes such as a n ian anian nian in e a n n o a e n n o a i n n o a ite e r i sh ene ensian ard ese nese lese i e i ya iot iote k asque we gian onian vian ois e or ais e Examples of various suffixes a n Continents and regions Africa Africans Antarctica Antarcticans Asia Asians Australia Australians Europe Europeans North America North Americans South America South Americans Central America Central Americans Americas Americans Oceania Oceanians Countries Afghanistan Afghans also Afghanistanis Albania Albanians Algeria Algerians Andorra Andorrans Angola Angolans Antigua Antiguans Armenia Armenians Australia Australians Austria Austrians Barbuda Barbudans Belize Belizeans Bolivia Bolivians Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnians and Herzegovinians mostly referred as Bosnians Brunei Bruneians Bulgaria Bulgarians Burundi Burundians Cambodia Cambodians Chile Chileans Colombia Colombians Costa Rica Costa Ricans Croatia Croatians also Croats Cuba Cubans Czech Republic Czechs Dominican Republic Dominicans El Salvador Salvadorans Eritrea Eritreans Estonia Estonians Ethiopia Ethiopians Fiji Fijian Fijindians Galatia Galatians Gambia Gambians Georgia Georgians Germany Germans Guatemala Guatemalans Guinea Guineans Haiti Haitians Honduras Hondurans Hungary Hungarians India Indians Indonesia Indonesians Jamaica Jamaicans Kenya Kenyans Kiribati Kiribatians also I Kiribati Kosovo Kosovars also Kosovans Latvia Latvians Liberia Liberians Libya Libyans Lithuania Lithuanians Malawi Malawians Malaysia Malaysians Mali Malians Mauritania Mauritanians Mexico Mexicans Micronesia Micronesians Moldova Moldovans Mongolia Mongolians also Mongols Monaco Monacans also Monegasque Morocco Moroccans Mozambique Mozambicans Namibia Namibians Nauru Nauruans Nicaragua Nicaraguans Nigeria Nigerians North Korea North Koreans North Macedonia Macedonians Palau Palauans Papua New Guinea Papua New Guineans Paraguay Paraguayans Persia Persians Puerto Rico Puerto Ricans Romania Romanians Russia Russians Rwanda Rwandans also Rwandese Saint Lucia Saint Lucians Samoa Samoans Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabians also Saudis Serbia Serbians also Serbs Sierra Leone Sierra Leoneans Singapore Singaporeans Slovakia Slovaks also Slovakians Slovenia Slovenians also Slovenes South Africa South Africans South Korea South Koreans Sri Lanka Sri Lankans St Kitts and Nevis Kittitians Nevisians Syria Syrians Tanzania Tanzanians Tonga Tongans Tunisia Tunisians Tuvalu Tuvaluans Uganda Ugandans Uruguay Uruguayans Vanuatu Vanuatuans also Ni Vanuatu Venezuela Venezuelans Zambia Zambians Zimbabwe Zimbabweans Constituent states provinces and regions Abkhazia Abkhazians also Abkhaz Emirate of Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabians also Dhabyani Alaska Alaskans Alberta Albertans Algarve Algarvians Andalusia Andalusians Arizona Arizonans Arkansas Arkansans Asturias Asturians Bago Region Bagoans Bangka Island Bangkans Bavaria Bavarians Bay Of Plenty Bayer Plentonians Bohemia Bohemians Borneo Borneans British Columbia British Columbians Brittany Bretons California Californians Carinthia Carinthians Colorado Coloradans Connecticut Connecticuter Corsica Corsicans Crete Cretans Crimea Crimeans Cumbria Cumbrians Dalmatia Dalmatians Delaware Delawareans District of Columbia Washingtonians Extremadura Extremadurans Florida Floridans more commonly Floridians below Galicia Galicians Galilee Galileans Gaza Strip Gazans Georgia Georgians Hawaiʻi Hawaiians Hebrides Hebrideans Idaho Idahoans Illinois Illinoisans Indiana Hoosiers Iowa Iowans Jakarta Jakartans Java Javans also Javanese Johor Johoreans Judea Judeans Kansas Kansans Karelia Karelians Kayah State Kayahans Kedah Kedahans Kentucky Kentuckians Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pathans Lagos Lagosians Liguria Ligurians Louisiana Louisianans also Louisianians Madeira Madeirans Malacca Malaccans Majorca Majorcans Mandalay Region Mandalayans Manitoba Manitobans Masuria Masurians Menorca Menorcans Minnesota Minnesotans Mississippi Mississippians Missouri Missourians Moluccas Moluccans Montana Montanans Moravia Moravians Nebraska Nebraskans Nevada Nevadans New Jersey New Jerseyans New Mexico New Mexicans also Neomexicanos Neomejicanos Normandy Normans North Dakota North Dakotans Northwest Territories Northwest Territorians Nova Scotia Nova Scotians Ohio Ohioans Oklahoma Oklahomans Ontario Ontarians Oregon Oregonians Otago Otagans Papua Papuans Patagonia Patagonians Pennsylvania Pennsylvanians Pomerania Pomeranians Samogitia Samogitians Sabah Sabahans Sarawak Sarawakians Sardinia Sardinians also Sards Saskatchewan Saskatchewanians also Saskatchewanite Silesia Silesians Slavonia Slavonians South Australia South Australians South Dakota South Dakotans Styria Styrians Sumatra Sumatrans Sumba Sumbans Sumbawa Sumbawans Syrmia Syrmians Tahiti Tahitians Tamil Nadu Tamilian Taranaki Taranakians Tasmania Tasmanians informally Taswegians Tennessee Tennesseans Texas Texans Thuringia Thuringians Transnistria Transnistrians Transylvania Transylvanians Umbria Umbrians Utah Utahns also Utahans Victoria Victorians Virginia Virginians Waikato Waikatorians Wake Island Wakeans Wallachia Wallachians Western Australia Western Australians West Australians informally Westralians West Papua West Papuans West Virginia West Virginians Westphalia Westphalians Cities Aberdeen Aberdonians Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabians also Dhabyani Adelaide Adelaideans Alexandria Alexandrians Albuquerque Albuquerqueans also Burquenos or the feminine Burquenas Annapolis Annapolitans Atlanta Atlantans Baltimore Baltimoreans Bath Bathonians Bristol Bristolians Brockton Brocktonians Bogota Bogotans Canberra Canberrans Charlotte Charlotteans Chattanooga Chattanoogans Chicago Chicagoans Cincinnati Cincinnatians Clitheroe Clitheronians Coimbatore Coimbatoreians Coventry Coventrians Danu Danuans Derby Derbeians Dubai Dubaians Dundee Dundonians El Paso El Pasoans El Pasenos Galway Galwegians Glasgow Glaswegians Hanoi Hanoians Hatta Hattans also Hattawi Hobart Hobartians Indianapolis Indianapolitans Izmir Izmirians Jakarta Jakartans Kalamazoo Kalamazooans Kandy Kandyans Kuching Kuchingites Kyiv Kyivans Kolkata Calcuttans Lagos Lagosians Las Vegas Las Vegans Liverpool Liverpudlians Madera Maderans Malang Malangans Manchester Mancunians Manila Manilans also Manilenos or the feminine Manilenas Mecca Meccans Medina Medinans Melbourne Melburnians Miami Miamians Milwaukee Milwaukeeans Minneapolis Minneapolitans Miri Mirians Naypyidaw Naypyidawans Ngawi city Ngawians Oklahoma City Oklahoma Cityans Omaha Omahans Ottawa Ottawans Philadelphia Philadelphians Pisa Pisans Pueblo Puebloans Regina Reginans Riga Rigans Rome Romans Sacramento Sacramentans Salem Salemians San Antonio San Antonians San Diego San Diegans San Francisco San Franciscans San Jose San Joseans Sarasota Sarasotans Sioux City Sioux Cityans Springville Springvillians Sofia Sofians St Louis St Louisans Surabaya Surabayans Tauranga Taurangians Thebes Thebans Toledo Ohio Toledoans Tucson Tucsonians Tucsonans Tulsa Tulsans Utica Uticans Valencia Valencians Vilnius Vilnians Waco Wacoans Yuma Yumians ian Countries Artsakh Artsakhians Azerbaijan Azerbaijanians also Azerbaijanis and Azeris Bahamas Bahamians Barbados Barbadians also Bajans Belarus Belarusians Belgium Belgians Brazil Brazilians Cameroon Cameroonians Canada Canadians Cayman Islands Caymanians Chad Chadians Comoros Comorians Ecuador Ecuadorians Egypt Egyptians Ghana Ghanaians Gibraltar Gibraltarians Grenada Grenadians Iran Iranians Italy Italians Jordan Jordanians Laos Laotians Maldives Maldivians Palestine Palestinians Peru Peruvians Saint Vincent Vincentians Trinidad and Tobago Trinidadians Tobagonians also Trinbagonians Ukraine Ukrainians Constituent states provinces regions and cities Aarhus Aarhusians Adelaide Adelaidians Alabama Alabamians Athens Athenians Ayeyarwady Region Ayeyarwadians Banat Banatians Ballarat Ballaratians Bareilly Bareillian Bengaluru Bangloreans Bengalurigaru Banten Bantenians also Banteneses Banteners Belgrade Belgradians also Belgraders Bermuda Bermudians also Bermudans Birmingham Alabama Birminghamians Blackburn Blackburnians Blackpool Blackpudlians Bangkok Bangkokians Bogor Bogorians Boston Bostonians Bracknell Bracknellians Bradford Bradfordians Brighton Brightonians Brisbane Brisbanians also Brisbanites Bristol Bristolians Bukovina Bukovinian Burgundy Burgundians Calgary Calgarians Canary Islands Canarians Canterbury New Zealand Cantabrians Cape Town Capetonians Castile Castilians Catalonia Catalonians also Catalan Cedar Rapids Cedar Rapidians Chelmsford Chelmsfordians Chester Cestrians Chin State Chinians Chittagong Chittagonians Christchurch Christchurchians also Christchurchers Cirebon Cirebonians Corinth Corinthians Coventry Coventrians Darwin Darwinians Dayton Daytonians Devon Devonians Duluth Duluthians Edmonton Edmontonians Florida Floridians Fort Worth Fort Worthians Fredericton Frederictonians Greenville Greenvillians Hamilton Hamiltonians Harrow Harrovians Hartlepool Hartlepudlians Hereford Herefordians Herzegovina Herzegovinians Hesse Hessians Hobart Hobartians Houston Houstonians Isles of Scilly Scillonians Iowa City Iowa Citians Jessup Jessupians Kachin State Kachinians Kansas City Kansas Citians Kentucky Kentuckians Kingston Kingstonians Labrador Labradorians Laguna Lagunians also Laguneno Lagunense Lancashire Lancastrians Lancaster Lancastrians Lesbos Lesbians Lethbridge Lethbridgians Lexington Lexingtonians Liverpool Liverpudlians also informally Scousers Louisiana Louisianians also Louisianans Louisville Louisvillians Madison Madisonians Madrid Madrilenians Maharashtra Maharashtrians also Marathis McKinney McKinnians Melbourne Melburnians Memphis Memphians Michigan Michiganians also Michiganders Mobile Alabama Mobilian Nelson Nelsonians New Guinea New Guinians New Orleans New Orleanians North Carolina North Carolinians Northern Territory Territorians Oregon Oregonians Paris Parisians Perlis Perlisians Perak Perakians Peterborough Peterborians Phoenix Phoenicians Plymouth Plymothians Port Harcourt Harcourtians Podgorica Podgoricians Preston Lancashire Prestonians Prince George s County Prince Georgians Quezon Tayabas Quezonians also Quezonin Tayabasin with the Tayabas Tagalog suffix h in Rivers State Riverians Rochdale Rochdalians Rochester New York Rochesterians Rockwall Texas Rockwallians Rockwall County Texas Rockwallians Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburgians also Saint Petersburgers Sarawak Sarawakians Saskatchewan Saskatchewanians Saskatoon Saskatonians Savannah Savannahians Shrewsbury Salopians Sicily Sicilians Solihull Silhillians South Carolina South Carolinians Stockport Stopfordians Swindon Swindonians Tanintharyi Region Tanintharians Tel Aviv Israel Tel Avivians Telford Telfordians Thrace Thracians Towcester Towcestrians Truro Truronians Tuban East Java Tubanians Tucson Tucsonians Vilnius Vilnians Washington Washingtonians Wellington Wellingtonians Wilmington Wilmingtonians Yukon Yukonians anian Guam Guamanians Mawlamyine Mawlamanians nian Bendigo Bendigonians Buffalo Buffalonians Cork Corkonians Manchester Mancunians Naga Naganians Panama Panamanians Sligo Sligonians Tampa Tampanians Tobago Tobagonians Toronto Torontonians Torquay Torquinians Trinidad and Tobago Trinbagonians Truro Truronians Wa Wanians in e Argentina Argentines Byzantium Byzantines Florence Florentines also Latin Florentia Gilbert Islands Gilbertines as by Robert Louis Stevenson but Gilbertese was more usual The Levant Levantines Montenegro Montenegrins Palatinate Palatines Philippines Philippine Filipino feminine Filipina see below Philistia Philistines h in The Tayabas Tagalog suffix h in which is mostly used by the natives in the province of Quezon is also used for their local or native demonyms in English Quezon Tayabas Quezonins Tayabasins also Quezonians Lucena Lucenahins Tayabas Tayabasins also Tayabense Lucban Lucbanins Infanta Infantahins Sariaya Sariayahins Brgy Ilayang Ibabang Talim Talimin Brgy Isabang Isabangin both in Lucena and Tayabas Brgy Morong Morongin a n n o a e n n o a or i n n o a Adaptations from the standard Spanish suffix e n n o sometimes using a final a instead of o for a female following the standard Spanish suffix e n n a Countries and regions Bicol Bicolanos Cebu Cebuanos El Salvador Salvadorenos also Salvadorans New Mexico Neomexicanos Neomejicanos also New Mexicans Philippines Filipinos Cities Albuquerque Burquenos or the feminine Burquenas also Albuquerqueans Belo Horizonte Belo horizontinos Buenos Aires Portenos when referring to the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires or Bonaerense if referring to the Province of Buenos Aires Caguas Caguenos Cainta Caintenos Cavite Cavitenos Daraga Daraguenos Davao City Davaoenos Iriga Iriguenos Legazpi Legazpenos Ligao Ligaoenos Los Angeles Angelenos Madrid Madrilenos Manila Manilenos also Manilans Masbate Masbatenos Naga Naguenos San Pablo San Pablenos Sao Paulo Paulistanos Tabaco Tabaquenos Tauranga Taurangans Zamboanga City Zamboanguenos ite Akron Akronites Andhra Andhrites Ann Arbor Ann Arborites Austin Austinites Bagansiapiapi Bagansiapiapites Baku Bakuvites Bandung Bandungites Bergen County New Jersey Bergenites Boulder Boulderites Brisbane Brisbanites also Brisbanian Bronx Bronxites Brooklyn Brooklynites Carson City Nevada Carsonites Chennai Chennaiites Dallas Dallasites Decatur Decaturites Delhi Delhites Denton Texas Dentonites Denver Denverites Dhaka Dhakaites more commonly Dhakaiya Dunedin Dunedinites Durban Durbanites Erie Pennsylvania Erieites Gaya Gayaites Guelph Guelphites Irmo South Carolina Irmites Israel Israelites also Israeli depending on the usage see below Istanbul Istanbulites Jerusalem Jerusalemites Karachi Karachiites Kerala Keralites Kimberley Kimberlites Kweyol Kweyolites Labuan Bajo Labuan Bajoites Leicester Leicesterite Manhattan Manhattanites Mon State Monites Moscow Muscovites also Latin Muscovia Montpelier Vermont Montpelierites Mumbai Mumbaiites Mumbaikars New Hampshire New Hampshirites Norman Oklahoma Normanites Oban Obanites Odesa Odesites Pahang Pahangite also Pahangese Patna Patnaites Penang Penangite Perth Perthites also Perthian and Perthling Pullman Pullmanites Putney Putneyites Queens Queensites Reading Readingites Reno Nevada Renoites Ruskin Florida Ruskinites Saint Paul Minnesota Saint Paulites Salem Salemites Seattle Seattleites Seoul Seoulites Shiloh Shilonites as in Ahijah the Shilonite Shillong Shillongite also Nong Shillong and Nong Sor Smyrna Georgia Smynite Spokane Spokanites Sydney Sydneyites also Sydneysider Telangana Telanganites Tokyo Tokyoites Vancouver Vancouverites Vizag Vizagites Warangal Warangalites Wenham Massachusetts Wenhamites Westchester County New York Westchesterites Whittier California Whittierites Winston Salem Winston Salemites Wisconsin Wisconsinites Wrexham Wrexhamites Wyoming Wyomingites Yangon Yangonites e r Amsterdam Amsterdammers Auckland Aucklanders Bakersfield CA Bakersfielder Beijing Beijingers Belgrade Belgraders Bergen Bergeners Berlin Berliners Bucharest Bucharesters Budapest Budapesters Cleveland Clevelanders Cook Islands Cook Islanders Copenhagen Copenhageners Detroit Detroiters Dublin Dubliners Dresden Dresdeners Fife Fifers Frankfurt Frankfurters Greenland Greenlanders also Greenlandic Hamburg Hamburgers Hannover Hannoveraners Hong Kong Hongkonger Hong Kongers also Hong Kongese Hongkongese Iceland Icelanders also Icelandic Kosovo a Kosovars also Kosovan Leeds Loiners Leipzig Leipzigers Liechtenstein Liechtensteiners Little Rock AR Little Rockers London Londoners Lorraine Lorrainers Luxembourg Luxembourgers Maine Mainers Maryland Marylanders Michigan Michiganders Montreal Montrealers Netherlands Netherlanders also Dutchman and Hollanders New Brunswick New Brunswickers New England New Englanders New York New Yorkers New York City New Yorkers New Zealand New Zealanders see below irregular forms Newfoundland Newfoundlanders Oakland Oaklanders Pangkal Pinang Pangkalpinangers Pittsburgh Pittsburghers Prague Praguers Prince Edward Island Prince Edward Islander Puntland Puntlanders Quebec Quebeckers Quebecers also Quebecois e though see below irregular forms Queensland Queenslanders Rhineland Rhinelanders Rhode Island Rhode Islanders Rotterdam Rotterdammers Solomon Islands Solomon Islanders Stockholm Stockholmers Stuttgart Stuttgarters Tallinn Tallinners Vermont Vermonters Winnipeg Winnipeggers Yellowknife Yellowknifers York UK Yorkers also Yorkies Yukon Yukoners Zurich Zurchers Often used for European locations and Canadian locations i sh Usually suffixed to a truncated form of the toponym or place name ish is usually proper only as an adjective See note below list Aland Alandish people demonym Alandic Bangka Island Bangkish Britain Great Britain and United Kingdom British people demonym Britons Cornwall Cornish people demonym Cornishmen Cornishwomen Denmark Danish people demonym Danes England English people demonym Englishmen Englishwomen Finland Finnish people demonym Finns Finnic Flanders Flemish people demonym Flemings Ireland Irish people demonym Irishmen Irishwomen Kent Kentish people Kurdistan Kurdish people demonym Kurds Lombok Lombokish people Luxembourg Luxembourgish people demonym Luxembourgers New South Wales New South Welshmen Niger Nigerish also Nigerien Northern Ireland Northern Irish people Poland Polish people demonym Poles Scotland Scottish people demonym Scots Scotsmen Scotswomen Spain Spanish people demonym Spaniards Sweden Swedish people demonym Swedes Turkey Turkish people demonym Turks Wales Welsh people demonym Welshmen Welshwomen Walian ene Cairo Cairenes Cyrenaica Cyrenes Damascus Damascenes Nazareth Nazarenes Palmyra Palmyrenes Slovenia Slovenes also Slovenians Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations ensian Kingston upon Hull UK Hullensians Leeds UK Leodensians Reading UK Readingensians ard Spain Spaniards also Spanish Savoy Savoyards Montagne Montagnards ese nese or lese Abruzzo Abruzzese Ajman Ajmanese Aragon Aragonese Aceh Acehnese Assam Assamese Bali Balinese Bengal Bengalese Benin Beninese also Beninois Bergen Bergenese Bern Bernese Bearn Bearnese Bhutan Bhutanese Bologna Bolognese Burkina Faso Burkinese also Burkinabe Calabria Calabrese Cirebon West Java Cirebonese China Chinese Congo Congolese Da Lat Dalatese East Timor East Timorese Faroe Islands Faroese Emirate of Fujairah Fujairahnese Gabon Gabonese also Gabonais Gabonaise Genoa Genovese Genoese Gilbert Islands Gilbertese also Gilbertine Grenadines Grenadinese Guangdong Canton Cantonese people Guyana Guyanese Hainan Hainanese Hong Kong Hongkongese Hunan Hunanese Japan Japanese also Nipponese Java Javanese also Javans Kawthaung Kawthaunggese Kelantan Kelantanese Kokang Kokanggese Lebanon Lebanese Leon Leonese London Londonese Macao Macanese Malta Maltese Manila Manilese Marshall Islands Marshallese Milan Milanese Myanmar Burma Burmese though see below irregular forms Nanjing Nanking Nankin Nankinese Navarre Navarrese Negeri Sembilan Negeri Sembilanese Pahang Pahangese also Pahangite Pa Laung Palaunggese Pa O Paonese Piedmont Piedmontese Pittsburgh Pittsburghese as used routinely by residents of Pittsburgh referring only to the accent dialect Portugal Portuguese Rakhine State Arakanese Ras Al Khaimah Khaimahnese Rwanda Rwandese also Rwandans Saba Sabanese Sagaing Region Sagainggese Saigon Saigonese San Marino Sammarinese Sark Sarkese Sassari Sassarese Senegal Senegalese Shan State Shanese Shanghai Shanghainese Emirate of Sharjah Sharjahnese also Sharjawi Siam Siamese Sikkim Sikkimese South Sudan South Sudanese Suriname Surinamese Swindon Swindonese Taiwan Taiwanese Taunggyi Taunggese Tegal Central Java Tegalese Togo Togolese Turin Torinese Umm Al Quwain Quwainese also Qewani Vienna Viennese Vietnam Vietnamese ese is usually considered proper only as an adjective or to refer to the entirety citation needed Thus a Chinese person is used rather than a Chinese citation needed Often used for Italian and East Asian from the Italian suffix ese which is originally from the Latin adjectival ending ensis designating origin from a place thus Hispaniensis Spanish Danensis Danish etc The use in demonyms for Francophone locations is motivated by the similar sounding French suffix ais e which is at least in part a relative lt lat ensis or iscus or rather both i e or i ya Countries Afghanistan Afghanistanis also Afghans Azerbaijan Azerbaijanis less commonly Azeris also Azerbaijanians Bahrain Bahrainis Bangladesh Bangladeshis Eswatini Swaziland Swazis Swatis Iraq Iraqis Israel Israelis Kazakhstan Kazakhstanis also Kazakhs Kurdistan Kurdistanis also Kurdish Kurds Kuwait Kuwaitis Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstanis also Kyrgyz Nepal Nepalis also Nepalese Oman Omanis Pakistan Pakistanis Qatar Qataris Somalia Somalis Tajikistan Tajikistanis also Tajiks Thailand Thais Trinidad and Tobago Trini Turkmenistan Turkmenistanis also Turkmen United Arab Emirates Emiratis Uzbekistan Uzbekistanis also Uzbeks Yemen Yemenis States provinces counties and cities Al Ain Ainawi Allahabad Allahabadis Azawad Azawadis Azra Azragis Balochistan Balochistanis also Baloch Baluch Baluchi Barisal Barisalis also Borishali Beirut Beirutis Bangladesh West Bengal Bengalis Bharat Bharatiya Bihar Biharis Birmingham UK Brummies Dagestan Dagestanis Dhaka Dhakaiya less commonly Dhakaites Faridabad Faridabadis Glasgow Weegie predominantly used by those not from Glasgow slightly pejorative Glaswegian better Gujarat Gujaratis Hatta Hattawi Hazara Hazaragis also Azragi Hyderabad Hyderabadis Kerala Malayalis also Malayalee Keralite Kumaon Kumaonis also Kumaiye Lahore Lahoris Punjab Punjabis Rajasthan Rajasthanis Rangpur Rangpuris Sindh Sindhis Sylhet Sylhetis also Siloti Tel Aviv Tel Avivi also Tel Avivim plural Yorkshire Yorkies also Yorkshireman Tyke Mostly for Middle Eastern and South Asian locales i is encountered also in Latinate names for the various people that ancient Romans encountered e g Allemanni Helvetii i e is rather used for English places iot or iote Chios Chiots Corfu Corfiots Cyprus Cypriots Cyprian before 1960 independence of Cyprus Phanar Phanariotes Used especially for Greek locations Backformation from Cypriot itself based in Greek wths k Greece Greeks Slovakia Slovaks asque Bergamo Bergamasque Menton Mentonasque Basque Country Basque Sanremo Sanremasque Often used for Italian and French locations we gian Dawei Dawegians Galloway Galwegians Galway Galwegians Glasgow Glaswegians Magway Region Magwegians Norway Norwegians Poway California Powegians Tasmania Taswegians onian Aberdeen Aberdonians Bath Bathonians Connacht Connachtonians Cork Corkonians Dundee Dundonians Halifax Haligonians Lesotho Lesothonians Newport Newportonians Oxford Oxonians Often used for British and Irish locations vian Barrow in Furness Barrovians Harrow Harrovians Moose Jaw Moose Javians Oamaru Oamaruvians Oslo Oslovians Peru Peruvians Warsaw Warsovians Waterloo Waterluvians Wythenshawe Wythenshavians ois e ais e Benin Beninois e also Beninese Gabon Gabonais e also Gabonese Niger Nigerois e also Nigerien Seychelles Seychellois e Quebec Quebecois e also Quebecker most common within Canada While derived from French these are also official demonyms in English From Latin or Latinization Alsace Alsatians Alsatia Annapolis Annapolitans Argyll Argathelians Ashbourne Ashburnians Essiburns Cambridge Cantabrigians Canterbury Cantabrians Chester Cestrians Colchester Colcestrians Courland Couronians Curonia England Anglican Anglia Exeter Exonians Guernsey Sarnians Sarnia Halifax Haligonian Leeds Leodensians Ledesia Lviv Leopolitans Leopolis Manchester Mancunians Mancunia Melbourne Melburnians Melburnia Minneapolis Minneapolitans Naples Neapolitans Neapolis Newcastle Novocastrians Novum Castrum Orkney Islands Orcadians Orcadia Oswestry Oswestrians Oswestria Shropshire Salopians Salopia Tripoli Tripolitans Tripolis Venice Venetians Wolverhampton Wulfrunians Other Botswana Motswana singular Batswana plural PrefixationIt is much rarer to find demonyms created with a prefix Mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned In much of East Africa a person of a particular ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix For example a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba the plural form Baluba and the language Kiluba or Tshiluba Similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti Viti being the Fijian name for Fiji On a country level Botswana Motswana singular Batswana plural Burundi Umurundi singular Abarundi plural Eswatini Liswati singular Emaswati plural Lesotho Mosotho singular Basotho plural Non standard examplesDemonyms may also not conform to the underlying naming of a particular place but instead arise out of historical or cultural particularities that become associated with its denizens In the United States such demonyms frequently become associated with regional pride such as Burqueno and the feminine Burquena of Albuquerque or with the mascots of intercollegiate sports teams of the state university system take for example the sooner of Oklahoma and the Oklahoma Sooners Examples Formal Aberdeenshire Doric Albuquerque Burquenos or the feminine Burquenas also Albuquerqueans Buenos Aires Portenos Concepcion Chile Connecticut Nutmeggers Cyprus Cypriots Guinea Bissau Bissau Guinean Edinburgh Lothian Lisbon Alfacinha Indiana Hoosiers Los Angeles Angelenos Madagascar Malagasy Massachusetts Bay Staters North Macedonia Macedonians Nunavut Nunavummiut Nunavummiuq sing Minas Gerais Mineiros Rio Grande do Sul Gauchos Rio de Janeiro city Cariocas Rio de Janeiro state Fluminense Sao Paulo city Paulistanos Sao Paulo state Paulistas Shropshire Salopian Tierra Caliente Calentano Calentana Guache Guacha Huache Huacha Uruguay Orientales Valparaiso Portenos Informal Australia Aussie Birmingham England Brummie Canada Canuck Cardiff Taffs Hartlepool England Monkey hanger Isle Of Wight Caulkheads Jersey Jerriais adjectival Jerseyman demonym Kansas Jayhawker Liverpool England Scouser Liverpudlian London England Cockney specifically someone from East London Mexico Azteca Middlesbrough England Smoggie Newcastle Australia Novocastrian Newcastle upon Tyne England Geordie Newfoundland Canada Newfie New Zealand Kiwi Nigeria Naija North Carolina Tar Heel Philippines Pinoy Pittsburgh Pennsylvania United States Yinzer Peru Inca also Perulero Puerto Rico Boricua from Taino Arawak Boriken transl land of brave people South Australia Croweater Sunderland England Mackem Sydney Australia Sydneysider Ohio Buckeye Oklahoma Okie Sooner Oldham England Yonner Tasmania Taswegian United States Yank or Yankee Upper Peninsula of Michigan Yooper Wisconsin CheeseheadEthnonymsSince names of places regions and countries toponyms are morphologically often related to names of ethnic groups ethnonyms various ethnonyms may have similar but not always identical forms as terms for general population of those places regions or countries demonyms Examples Abkhazia Abkhazians Abkhaz Afghanistan Afghans Albania Albanians Arab League Arabs Azerbaijan Azerbaijanis Azeris Bengal Bengali also Bengalese Bulgaria Bulgarians Cambodia Khmers Chechnya Chechens China Chinese Croatia Croats Czech Republic Czechs Denmark Danes Egypt Egyptians England English Eswatini Swaziland Swazis Swatis Finland Finn Flanders Flemings France French United Kingdom British Haiti Haitian Hayastan Hayastani also Armenians Hungary Hungarians Magyars India Indians Indonesia Indonesians Ingushetia Ingushians Iran Iranians Persians Ireland Irish Israel Israeli Jersey Jerseymen Jerseywomen Kalmykia Kalmyks Kazakhstan Kazakhs KwaZulu Zulus Kurdistan Kurds Kumaon Kumaonis Kumaiye Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzs Lapland Laplanders Madagascar Malagasys Mali Malis Malta Maltese Mongolia Mongols Montenegro Montenegrins Morocco Moroccans The Americas Native Americans Indians Netherlands Dutch New Zealand Kiwis Odisha Odias Philippines Filipinos Poland Poles Scotland Scots Serbia Serbs Sorbia Sorbs Slovakia Slovaks Slovenia Slovenes Somalia Somalis Spain Spanish Sweden Swedes Tajikistan Tajiks Tamil Nadu Tamils Tatarstan Tatars Thailand Thais Turkey Turks Turkmenistan Turkmens Ulster Ulstermen United States Americans Uzbekistan Uzbeks Wales Welsh peopleFictionLiterature and science fiction have created a wealth of gentilics that are not directly associated with a cultural group These will typically be formed using the standard models above Examples include Martian for hypothetical people of Mars credited to scientist Percival Lowell Gondorian for the people of Tolkien s fictional land of Gondor and Atlantean for Plato s island Atlantis Other science fiction examples include Jovian for those of Jupiter or its moons and Venusian for those of Venus Fictional aliens refer to the inhabitants of Earth as Earthling from the diminutive ling ultimately from Old English ing meaning descendant as well as Terran Terrene Tellurian Earther Earthican Terrestrial and Solarian from Sol the sun Fantasy literature which involves other worlds or other lands also has a rich supply of gentilics Examples include Lilliputians and Brobdingnagians from the islands of Lilliput and Brobdingnag in the satire Gulliver s Travels In a few cases where a linguistic background has been constructed non standard gentilics are formed or the eponyms back formed Examples include Tolkien s Rohirrim from Rohan the Star Trek franchise s Klingons with various names for their homeworld and the Sangheili from the Halo franchise also known as Elites in the game by humans as well as players named after their homeworld of Sanghelios See alsoGeography portalList of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names List of adjectivals and demonyms for astronomical bodies List of adjectivals and demonyms for continental regions List of adjectivals and demonyms for subcontinental regions List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations List of adjectivals and demonyms for Australia List of adjectivals and demonyms for Canada List of adjectivals and demonyms for Cuba List of adjectivals and demonyms for India List of adjectivals and demonyms for Malaysia List of adjectivals and demonyms for Mexico List of adjectivals and demonyms for New Zealand List of adjectivals and demonyms for the Philippines List of adjectivals and demonyms for the United States List of adjectivals and demonyms for former regions List of adjectivals and demonyms for Greco Roman antiquity List of adjectivals and demonyms for fictional regions List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities List of regional nicknames Macedonia naming dispute Nationality onym especially ethnonym and Exonym and endonymNotesLocal usage generally reserves Hawaiian as an ethnonym referring to Native Hawaiians Hawaii resident is the preferred local form to refer to state residents in general regardless of ethnicity References gentilic Merriam Webster com Dictionary Merriam Webster Retrieved 25 July 2015 Definition of GENTILIC Archived from the original on 25 July 2015 Retrieved 25 July 2015 Roberts 2017 p 205 Scheetz George H 1988 Names Names A Descriptive and Pervasive Onymicon Schutz Verlag Gramatica Inglesa Adjetivos Gentilicios mansioningles com Archived from the original on 30 March 2015 Retrieved 28 March 2015 Costa Daniel demonym Encyclopedia Britannica Google Ngram Viewer google com Archived from the original on 7 September 2015 Retrieved 28 March 2015 Google Ngram Viewer google com Archived from the original on 10 September 2015 Retrieved 28 March 2015 Google Ngram Viewer google com Archived from the original on 10 September 2015 Retrieved 28 March 2015 Gentiles Demonyms What s in a Name National Geographic Magazine 177 National Geographic Society U S 170 February 1990 Archived from the original on 16 August 2021 Retrieved 18 June 2020 William Safire 14 December 1997 On Language Gifts of Gab for 1998 The New York Times Archived from the original on 14 December 2019 Retrieved 15 February 2017 What Do You Call a Person From A Dictionary of Resident Names by Paul Dickson Facts on File February 1990 ISBN 978 0 8160 1983 0 Oxford English Dictionary Oxford University Press Archived from the original on 11 January 2008 Retrieved 16 June 2008 Aristotle s Constitution of Athens edited by J E Sandy at the Internet Archive 1912 p 116 The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law 42nd ed New York Basic Books 2007 p 112 ISBN 978 0 465 00489 8 Gilbert Simon 18 November 2014 What makes a Coventrian New online tool will tell you Coventry Telegraph Archived from the original on 5 July 2019 Retrieved 5 July 2019 Savannahian Merriam Webster com Dictionary Merriam Webster Retrieved 12 October 2017 Finn Robin 10 October 2014 Investing in Future Quiet Quiet Manhattan Apartments Next to Construction Sites The New York Times Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 Retrieved 26 August 2017 Copquin explains Queensites for New York Times Yale Press Log Yale Press Log 24 March 2008 Archived from the original on 1 February 2017 Retrieved 5 May 2015 Erskine Rosalind 18 September 2019 Baffie to Weegie 18 Scottish words that are now in the dictionary and their meaning The Scotsman Corkonian Merriam Webster Archived from the original on 17 February 2015 Retrieved 17 February 2015 North West Evening Mail nwemail co uk Archived from the original on 31 May 2014 Waterloo City of 30 October 2013 Waterluvians Don t forget about our trail renaming contest Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 Retrieved 4 August 2015 White Juliet 16 July 2020 18 Words You ll Only Understand If You re From New Mexico OnlyInYourState Archived from the original on 26 April 2021 Retrieved 26 April 2021 Oklahoma University of 20 May 2013 What is a Sooner University of Oklahoma Archived from the original on 18 June 2013 Retrieved 26 April 2021 Mettler Katie 13 January 2017 Hoosier is now the official name for Indiana folk But what does it even mean The Washington Post Archived from the original on 7 March 2021 Retrieved 31 July 2020 Angeleno Merriam Webster com Dictionary Merriam Webster Retrieved 10 August 2017 Massachusetts General Laws Section 35 malegislature gov Archived from the original on 26 December 2018 Retrieved 14 November 2016 Prior to the Massachusetts State Legislature designating Bay Stater as the state s official demonym other terms used included Massachusett borrowed from the native Massachusett tribe Massachusite championed by the early English Brahmins Massachusettsian by analogy with other state demonyms and Masshole originally derogatory Why are natives of the Isle of Wight known as caulkheads The Guardian Retrieved 22 February 2022 Mexicanos sinonimos mexicanos antonimos in Spanish SinonimosGratis com Archived from the original on 4 January 2022 Retrieved 22 February 2022 Slang What Aussies call other Aussies Australian Geographic Archived from the original on 3 July 2018 Retrieved 3 July 2018 SourcesCoates Richard 2021 Some thoughts on the theoretical status of ethnonyms and demonyms Onomastica 65 2 5 19 doi 10 17651 ONOMAST 65 2 1 S2CID 245777535 Roberts Michael 2017 The Semantics of Demonyms in English The Semantics of Nouns Oxford Oxford University Press pp 205 220 ISBN 978 0 19 873672 1 External linksLook up demonym or gentilic in Wiktionary the free dictionary www geography site co uk Alphabetical list of world demonyms www everything2 com Demonyms of the World CIA World Factbook Nationality www peoplefrom co uk Demonyms of the United Kingdom
