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Trøndersk (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈtrœ̀ndəʂk]), also known as trøndermål (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈtrœ̀ndərmoːɫ]) or trøndsk (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈtrœndsk]), is a Norwegian dialect, or rather a group of several sub-dialects. As is the case with all Norwegian dialects, it has no standardised orthography, and its users write either Bokmål or Nynorsk.
| Trøndersk Norwegian | |
|---|---|
| Region | Trøndelag, Nordmøre, Bindal, Frostviken |
Indo-European
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | trnd1234 |
It is spoken in Trøndelag county, the Nordmøre district in Møre og Romsdal county, and in Bindal Municipality in Nordland county in Norway as well as in Frostviken in northern Jämtland in Sweden, which was colonized in the 18th century by settlers from Nord-Trøndelag and transferred to Sweden as late as 1751. The dialect is, among other things, perhaps mostly characterized by the use of apocope, palatalization and the use of voiced retroflex flaps (thick L). Historically it also applied to contiguous regions of Jämtland and Härjedalen.
The word trøndersk is an adjective describing a Trønder (a person from Trøndelag) or anything coming from or relating to Trøndelag (including the dialect).
Some of the more conspicuous variations of these dialects of Norwegian, in addition to the aforementioned apocope and palatalization, are that most of the personal pronouns are pronounced differently than in Standard Norwegian, e.g. Trondheim dialect: 1st person singular nominative /æː/, commonly rendered as "æ" (Standard Norwegian "eg" (Nynorsk) / "jeg" (Bokmål)), or 2nd person plural accusative /dɔkː/ or /dɔkːɛr/, commonly spelled "dokker" or "dåkker" (Standard Norwegian "de/dokker" (Nynorsk) / "dere" (Bokmål)). Variation among personal pronouns is common in most Norwegian dialects. The 1st person singular has a particularly high variability in the Trønder dialects.
Phonology
Trøndersk features phonemic pitch accent in monosyllabic words, namely those that were disyllabic in Old Norse but later became monosyllabic due to apocope. This creates minimal pairs not found in most other varieties of Norwegian. In dialects with the dative case, an example of that would be the difference between the dative form of a neuter noun as compared with the nominative form. The latter is pronounced with Tone 1, whereas the former often has Tone 2. Outsiders are rarely able to hear the distinction between them as in most other varieties of Norwegian (and Swedish) pitch accent is phonemic only in non-final syllables of polysyllabic words.
The Meldal subdialect has a realization of /iː/ as a syllabic, palatalized dental approximant [ð̩ʲ˕ː]. This sound is also found in some dialects of Swedish.
In the subdialect of the traditional district of Namdalen, Old Norse /aː/ is often realized as a wide diphthong [ɑu]. This is also the case in the interior dialect Sogn, as well as in Jamtlandic, the dialect of Voss, and the Icelandic language.
Comparisons to other languages
| Trøndersk | Norwegian(Nynorsk) | Norwegian(Bokmål) | English | French | High German | Swedish | Icelandic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ka, kå, ke | kva | hva | what | que/quoi | was | vad | hvað |
| kæmm, ken | kven | hvem | who | qui | wer | vem | hver |
| kordan, kålles, koss | korleis | hvordan | how | comment | wie | hur | hvernig |
| æ, æg, i, e, ej, je, jæ | eg | jeg | I | je | ich | jag | ég |
See also
- Jämtland dialects
References
- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24). "Older Runic". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 2022-11-13. Retrieved 2022-11-13.
- Jahr, Ernst Håkon, ed. (1990). Den store dialektboka. Oslo: Novus. p. 119.
- Vanvik (1979), p. 14.
- "dialekter i Sør-Trøndelag − Store norske leksikon". Retrieved 21 July 2015.
Bibliography
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This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these messages This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations July 2015 Learn how and when to remove this message This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Trondersk news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2015 Learn how and when to remove this message Learn how and when to remove this message Trondersk Urban East Norwegian ˈtrœ ndeʂk also known as trondermal Urban East Norwegian ˈtrœ ndermoːɫ or trondsk Urban East Norwegian ˈtrœndsk is a Norwegian dialect or rather a group of several sub dialects As is the case with all Norwegian dialects it has no standardised orthography and its users write either Bokmal or Nynorsk Trondersk NorwegianRegionTrondelag Nordmore Bindal FrostvikenLanguage familyIndo European GermanicNorthwest GermanicNorth GermanicWest ScandinavianNorwegianTrondersk NorwegianLanguage codesISO 639 3 Glottologtrnd1234 It is spoken in Trondelag county the Nordmore district in More og Romsdal county and in Bindal Municipality in Nordland county in Norway as well as in Frostviken in northern Jamtland in Sweden which was colonized in the 18th century by settlers from Nord Trondelag and transferred to Sweden as late as 1751 The dialect is among other things perhaps mostly characterized by the use of apocope palatalization and the use of voiced retroflex flaps thick L Historically it also applied to contiguous regions of Jamtland and Harjedalen The word trondersk is an adjective describing a Tronder a person from Trondelag or anything coming from or relating to Trondelag including the dialect Some of the more conspicuous variations of these dialects of Norwegian in addition to the aforementioned apocope and palatalization are that most of the personal pronouns are pronounced differently than in Standard Norwegian e g Trondheim dialect 1st person singular nominative aeː commonly rendered as ae Standard Norwegian eg Nynorsk jeg Bokmal or 2nd person plural accusative dɔkː or dɔkːɛr commonly spelled dokker or dakker Standard Norwegian de dokker Nynorsk dere Bokmal Variation among personal pronouns is common in most Norwegian dialects The 1st person singular has a particularly high variability in the Tronder dialects PhonologyTrondersk features phonemic pitch accent in monosyllabic words namely those that were disyllabic in Old Norse but later became monosyllabic due to apocope This creates minimal pairs not found in most other varieties of Norwegian In dialects with the dative case an example of that would be the difference between the dative form of a neuter noun as compared with the nominative form The latter is pronounced with Tone 1 whereas the former often has Tone 2 Outsiders are rarely able to hear the distinction between them as in most other varieties of Norwegian and Swedish pitch accent is phonemic only in non final syllables of polysyllabic words The Meldal subdialect has a realization of iː as a syllabic palatalized dental approximant d ʲ ː This sound is also found in some dialects of Swedish In the subdialect of the traditional district of Namdalen Old Norse aː is often realized as a wide diphthong ɑu This is also the case in the interior dialect Sogn as well as in Jamtlandic the dialect of Voss and the Icelandic language Comparisons to other languagesTrondersk Norwegian Nynorsk Norwegian Bokmal English French High German Swedish Icelandicka ka ke kva hva what que quoi was vad hvadkaemm ken kven hvem who qui wer vem hverkordan kalles koss korleis hvordan how comment wie hur hvernigae aeg i e ej je jae eg jeg I je ich jag egSee alsoJamtland dialectsReferencesHammarstrom Harald Forkel Robert Haspelmath Martin Bank Sebastian 2022 05 24 Older Runic Glottolog Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Archived from the original on 2022 11 13 Retrieved 2022 11 13 Jahr Ernst Hakon ed 1990 Den store dialektboka Oslo Novus p 119 Vanvik 1979 p 14 dialekter i Sor Trondelag Store norske leksikon Retrieved 21 July 2015 BibliographyJenstad Tor Erik Dalen Arnold eds 2002 Tronderordboka Trondheim ISBN 82 519 1711 5 a href wiki Template Citation title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Vanvik Arne 1979 Norsk fonetikk Oslo Universitetet i Oslo ISBN 82 990584 0 6 This article about Germanic languages is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte This Norway related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte
