The Prior Analytics (Ancient Greek: Ἀναλυτικὰ Πρότερα; Latin: Analytica Priora) is a work by Aristotle on reasoning, known as syllogistic, composed around 350 BCE. Being one of the six extant Aristotelian writings on logic and scientific method, it is part of what later Peripatetics called the Organon.
The term analytics comes from the Greek words analytos (ἀναλυτός, 'solvable') and analyo (ἀναλύω, 'to solve', literally 'to loose'). However, in Aristotle's corpus, there are distinguishable differences in the meaning of ἀναλύω and its cognates. There is also the possibility that Aristotle may have borrowed his use of the word "analysis" from his teacher Plato. On the other hand, the meaning that best fits the Analytics is one derived from the study of Geometry and this meaning is very close to what Aristotle calls episteme (επιστήμη), knowing the reasoned facts. Therefore, Analysis is the process of finding the reasoned facts.
In the Analytics then, Prior Analytics is the first theoretical part dealing with the science of deduction and the Posterior Analytics is the second demonstratively practical part. Prior Analytics gives an account of deductions in general narrowed down to three basic syllogisms while Posterior Analytics deals with demonstration.
Legacy
Aristotle's Prior Analytics represents the first time in history when Logic is scientifically investigated. On those grounds alone, Aristotle could be considered the Father of Logic for as he himself says in Sophistical Refutations, "When it comes to this subject, it is not the case that part had been worked out before in advance and part had not; instead, nothing existed at all."
Ancient commentaries
In the third century AD, Alexander of Aphrodisias's commentary on the Prior Analytics is the oldest extant and one of the best of the ancient tradition and is available in the English language.
In the sixth century, Boethius composed the first known Latin translation of the Prior Analytics, however, this translation has not survived, and the Prior Analytics may have been unavailable in Western Europe until the eleventh century, when it was quoted from by Bernard of Utrecht.
The so-called Anonymus Aurelianensis III from the second half of the twelfth century is the first extant Latin commentary, or rather fragment of a commentary.
Modern reception
Modern work on Aristotle's logic builds on the tradition started in 1951 with the establishment by Jan Łukasiewicz of a revolutionary paradigm. His approach was replaced in the early 1970s in a series of papers by John Corcoran and Timothy Smiley—which inform modern translations of Prior Analytics by Robin Smith in 1989 and Gisela Striker in 2009.
A problem in meaning arises in the study of Prior Analytics for the word syllogism as used by Aristotle in general does not carry the same narrow connotation as it does at present; Aristotle defines this term in a way that would apply to a wide range of valid arguments. In the Prior Analytics, Aristotle defines syllogism as "a deduction in a discourse in which, certain things being supposed, something different from the things supposed results of necessity because these things are so." In modern times, this definition has led to a debate as to how the word "syllogism" should be interpreted. At present, syllogism is used exclusively as the method used to reach a conclusion closely resembling the "syllogisms" of traditional logic texts: two premises followed by a conclusion each of which is a categorical sentence containing all together three terms, two extremes which appear in the conclusion and one middle term which appears in both premises but not in the conclusion. Some scholars prefer to use the word "deduction" instead as the meaning given by Aristotle to the Greek word syllogismos (συλλογισμός). Scholars Jan Lukasiewicz, Józef Maria Bocheński and Günther Patzig have sided with the Protasis-Apodosis dichotomy while John Corcoran prefers to consider a syllogism as simply a deduction.
See also
- Law of identity
- Reductio ad absurdum
Notes
- Aristotle's Prior Analytics Classical archive, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Patrick Hugh Byrne (1997). Analysis and Science in Aristotle. SUNY Press. p. 3. ISBN 0-7914-3321-8.
... while "decompose" - the most prevalent connotation of "analyze" in the modern period — is among Aristotle's meanings, it is neither the sole meaning nor the principal meaning nor the meaning which best characterizes the work, Analytics.
- Smith, Robin (1989). Aristotle: Prior Analytics. Hackett Publishing Co. pp. XIII–XVI. ISBN 0-87220-064-7.
... This leads him to what I would regard as the most original and brilliant insight in the entire work.
- Jonathan Barnes, ed. (1995). The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 0-521-42294-9.
History's first logic has also been the most influential...
- Striker, Gisela (2009). Aristotle: Prior Analytics, Book 1. Oxford University Press. p. xx. ISBN 978-0-19-925041-7.
- R. B. C. Huygens (1997). Looking for Manuscripts... and Then?. Essays in Medieval Studies: Proceedings of the Illinois Medieval Association. Vol. 4. Illinois Medieval Association.
- Ebbesen, Sten (2008). Greek-Latin philosophical interaction. Ashgate Publishing Ltd. pp. 171–173. ISBN 978-0-7546-5837-5.
Authoritative texts beget commentaries. Boethus of Sidon (late first century BC?) may have been one of the first to write one on Prior Analytics.
- Egli, Urs. 1986. "Stoic Syntax and Semantics." Pp. 135–47 in Les Stoiciens et leur logique (1st ed.), edited by J. Brunschwig. Paris: Vrin. (2nd ed., 2006, pp. 131–48.) "We should not let modern standard systems force us to distort our interpretations of the ancient doctrines. A good example is the Corcoran-Smiley interpretation of Aristotelian categorical syllogistic which permits us to translate the actual details of the Aristotelian exposition almost sentencewise into modern notation (Corcoran 1974a; Smiley 1973). Lukasiewicz (1957) once thought that most of Aristotle's more specific methods were inadequate because they could not be formulated in the modern systems then known. He arrived at such a formulation only by distorting Aristotle's thought to a certain degree. In this respect Corcoran's interpretation is far superior in that it is very near to the texts while being fully correct from the point of view of modern logic."
- *Review of "Aristotle, Prior Analytics: Book I, Gisela Striker (translation and commentary), Oxford UP, 2009, 268pp., $39.95 (pbk), ISBN 978-0-19-925041-7." in the Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews, 2010.02.02.
- Lagerlund, Henrik (2000). Modal Syllogistics in the Middle Ages. BRILL. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-90-04-11626-9.
In the Prior Analytics Aristotle presents the first logical system, i.e., the theory of the syllogisms.
Bibliography
Greek text
- Aristotle. Analytica Priora et Posteriora. Ed. Ross and Minio-Paluello. Oxford University Press, 1981. ISBN 9780198145622.
- Aristotle. Categories; On Interpretation; Prior Analytics. Greek text with translation by H. P. Cooke, Hugh Tredennick. Loeb Classical Library 325. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1938. ISBN 9780674993594.
Translations
- Aristotle, Prior Analytics, translated by Robin Smith, Indianapolis: Hackett, 1989.
- Aristotle, Prior Analytics Book I, translated by Gisela Striker, Oxford: Clarendon Press 2009.
Studies
- Corcoran, John (ed.), 1974. Ancient Logic and its Modern Interpretations., Dordrecht: Reidel.
- Corcoran, John, 1974a. "Aristotle's Natural Deduction System". Ancient Logic and its Modern Interpretations, pp. 85-131.
- Lukasiewicz, Jan, 1957. Aristotle's Syllogistic from the Standpoint of Modern Formal Logic. 2nd edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Smiley, Timothy. 1973. "What Is a Syllogism?", Journal of Philosophical Logic, 2, pp.136-154.
External links
- The text of the Prior Analytics is available from the MIT classics archive.
- Prior Analytics, trans. by A. J. Jenkinson
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Prior Analytics public domain audiobook at LibriVox- Prior Analytics - Uncompressed Audiobook
- Aristotle: Logic entry by Louis Groarke in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Smith, Robin. "Aristotle's Logic". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- Aristotle's Prior Analytics: the Theory of Categorical Syllogism an annotated bibliography on Aristotle's syllogistic
The Prior Analytics Ancient Greek Ἀnalytikὰ Protera Latin Analytica Priora is a work by Aristotle on reasoning known as syllogistic composed around 350 BCE Being one of the six extant Aristotelian writings on logic and scientific method it is part of what later Peripatetics called the Organon Aristotle Prior Analytics in Latin 1290 circa Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana Florence The term analytics comes from the Greek words analytos ἀnalytos solvable and analyo ἀnalyw to solve literally to loose However in Aristotle s corpus there are distinguishable differences in the meaning of ἀnalyw and its cognates There is also the possibility that Aristotle may have borrowed his use of the word analysis from his teacher Plato On the other hand the meaning that best fits the Analytics is one derived from the study of Geometry and this meaning is very close to what Aristotle calls episteme episthmh knowing the reasoned facts Therefore Analysis is the process of finding the reasoned facts In the Analytics then Prior Analytics is the first theoretical part dealing with the science of deduction and the Posterior Analytics is the second demonstratively practical part Prior Analytics gives an account of deductions in general narrowed down to three basic syllogisms while Posterior Analytics deals with demonstration LegacyPage from a 13th 14th century Latin transcript of Aristotle s Opera Logica Aristotle s Prior Analytics represents the first time in history when Logic is scientifically investigated On those grounds alone Aristotle could be considered the Father of Logic for as he himself says in Sophistical Refutations When it comes to this subject it is not the case that part had been worked out before in advance and part had not instead nothing existed at all Ancient commentaries In the third century AD Alexander of Aphrodisias s commentary on the Prior Analytics is the oldest extant and one of the best of the ancient tradition and is available in the English language In the sixth century Boethius composed the first known Latin translation of the Prior Analytics however this translation has not survived and the Prior Analytics may have been unavailable in Western Europe until the eleventh century when it was quoted from by Bernard of Utrecht The so called Anonymus Aurelianensis III from the second half of the twelfth century is the first extant Latin commentary or rather fragment of a commentary Modern reception Modern work on Aristotle s logic builds on the tradition started in 1951 with the establishment by Jan Lukasiewicz of a revolutionary paradigm His approach was replaced in the early 1970s in a series of papers by John Corcoran and Timothy Smiley which inform modern translations of Prior Analytics by Robin Smith in 1989 and Gisela Striker in 2009 A problem in meaning arises in the study of Prior Analytics for the word syllogism as used by Aristotle in general does not carry the same narrow connotation as it does at present Aristotle defines this term in a way that would apply to a wide range of valid arguments In the Prior Analytics Aristotle defines syllogism as a deduction in a discourse in which certain things being supposed something different from the things supposed results of necessity because these things are so In modern times this definition has led to a debate as to how the word syllogism should be interpreted At present syllogism is used exclusively as the method used to reach a conclusion closely resembling the syllogisms of traditional logic texts two premises followed by a conclusion each of which is a categorical sentence containing all together three terms two extremes which appear in the conclusion and one middle term which appears in both premises but not in the conclusion Some scholars prefer to use the word deduction instead as the meaning given by Aristotle to the Greek word syllogismos syllogismos Scholars Jan Lukasiewicz Jozef Maria Bochenski and Gunther Patzig have sided with the Protasis Apodosis dichotomy while John Corcoran prefers to consider a syllogism as simply a deduction See alsoLaw of identity Reductio ad absurdumNotesAristotle s Prior Analytics Classical archive Massachusetts Institute of Technology Patrick Hugh Byrne 1997 Analysis and Science in Aristotle SUNY Press p 3 ISBN 0 7914 3321 8 while decompose the most prevalent connotation of analyze in the modern period is among Aristotle s meanings it is neither the sole meaning nor the principal meaning nor the meaning which best characterizes the work Analytics Smith Robin 1989 Aristotle Prior Analytics Hackett Publishing Co pp XIII XVI ISBN 0 87220 064 7 This leads him to what I would regard as the most original and brilliant insight in the entire work Jonathan Barnes ed 1995 The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle Cambridge University Press p 27 ISBN 0 521 42294 9 History s first logic has also been the most influential Striker Gisela 2009 Aristotle Prior Analytics Book 1 Oxford University Press p xx ISBN 978 0 19 925041 7 R B C Huygens 1997 Looking for Manuscripts and Then Essays in Medieval Studies Proceedings of the Illinois Medieval Association Vol 4 Illinois Medieval Association Ebbesen Sten 2008 Greek Latin philosophical interaction Ashgate Publishing Ltd pp 171 173 ISBN 978 0 7546 5837 5 Authoritative texts beget commentaries Boethus of Sidon late first century BC may have been one of the first to write one on Prior Analytics Egli Urs 1986 Stoic Syntax and Semantics Pp 135 47 in Les Stoiciens et leur logique 1st ed edited by J Brunschwig Paris Vrin 2nd ed 2006 pp 131 48 We should not let modern standard systems force us to distort our interpretations of the ancient doctrines A good example is the Corcoran Smiley interpretation of Aristotelian categorical syllogistic which permits us to translate the actual details of the Aristotelian exposition almost sentencewise into modern notation Corcoran 1974a Smiley 1973 Lukasiewicz 1957 once thought that most of Aristotle s more specific methods were inadequate because they could not be formulated in the modern systems then known He arrived at such a formulation only by distorting Aristotle s thought to a certain degree In this respect Corcoran s interpretation is far superior in that it is very near to the texts while being fully correct from the point of view of modern logic Review of Aristotle Prior Analytics Book I Gisela Striker translation and commentary Oxford UP 2009 268pp 39 95 pbk ISBN 978 0 19 925041 7 in the Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews 2010 02 02 Lagerlund Henrik 2000 Modal Syllogistics in the Middle Ages BRILL pp 3 4 ISBN 978 90 04 11626 9 In the Prior Analytics Aristotle presents the first logical system i e the theory of the syllogisms BibliographyGreek text Aristotle Analytica Priora et Posteriora Ed Ross and Minio Paluello Oxford University Press 1981 ISBN 9780198145622 Aristotle Categories On Interpretation Prior Analytics Greek text with translation by H P Cooke Hugh Tredennick Loeb Classical Library 325 Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 1938 ISBN 9780674993594 Translations Aristotle Prior Analytics translated by Robin Smith Indianapolis Hackett 1989 Aristotle Prior Analytics Book I translated by Gisela Striker Oxford Clarendon Press 2009 Studies Corcoran John ed 1974 Ancient Logic and its Modern Interpretations Dordrecht Reidel Corcoran John 1974a Aristotle s Natural Deduction System Ancient Logic and its Modern Interpretations pp 85 131 Lukasiewicz Jan 1957 Aristotle s Syllogistic from the Standpoint of Modern Formal Logic 2nd edition Oxford Clarendon Press Smiley Timothy 1973 What Is a Syllogism Journal of Philosophical Logic 2 pp 136 154 External linksWikimedia Commons has media related to Prior Analytics Wikisource has original text related to this article Prior Analytics The text of the Prior Analytics is available from the MIT classics archive Prior Analytics trans by A J Jenkinson Prior Analytics public domain audiobook at LibriVox Prior Analytics Uncompressed Audiobook Aristotle Logic entry by Louis Groarke in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Smith Robin Aristotle s Logic In Zalta Edward N ed Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Aristotle s Prior Analytics the Theory of Categorical Syllogism an annotated bibliography on Aristotle s syllogistic
