In linguistics, phraseology is the study of set or fixed expressions, such as idioms, phrasal verbs, and other types of multi-word lexical units (often collectively referred to as phrasemes), in which the component parts of the expression take on a meaning more specific than, or otherwise not predictable from, the sum of their meanings when used independently. For example, ‘Dutch auction’ is composed of the words Dutch ‘of or pertaining to the Netherlands’ and auction ‘a public sale in which goods are sold to the highest bidder’, but its meaning is not ‘a sale in the Netherlands where goods are sold to the highest bidder’; instead, the phrase has a conventionalized meaning referring to any auction where, instead of rising, the prices fall.
History
Phraseology (from Greek φράσις phrasis, "way of speaking" and -λογία -logia, "study of") is a scholarly approach to language which developed in the twentieth century. It took its start when Charles Bally's notion of locutions phraseologiques entered Russian lexicology and lexicography in the 1930s and 1940s and was subsequently developed in the former Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries. From the late 1960s on it established itself in (East) German linguistics but was also sporadically approached in English linguistics. The earliest English adaptations of phraseology are by Weinreich (1969) within the approach of transformational grammar, Arnold (1973), and Lipka (1992 [1974]). In Great Britain as well as other Western European countries, phraseology has steadily been developed over the last twenty years. The activities of the European Society of Phraseology (EUROPHRAS) and the European Association for Lexicography (EURALEX) with their regular conventions and publications attest to the prolific European interest in phraseology. European scholarship in phraseology is more active than in North America. Bibliographies of recent studies on English and general phraseology are included in Welte (1990) and specially collected in Cowie & Howarth (1996) whose bibliography is reproduced and continued on the internet and provides a rich source of the most recent publications in the field.
Phraseological units
The basic units of analysis in phraseology are often referred to as phrasemes or phraseological units. Phraseological units are (according to Prof. Kunin A.V.)[citation needed] stable word-groups with partially or fully transferred meanings ("to kick the bucket", “Greek gift”, “drink till all's blue”, “drunk as a fiddler (drunk as a lord, as a boiled owl)”, “as mad as a hatter (as a march hare)”). According to Rosemarie Gläser, a phraseological unit is a lexicalized, reproducible bilexemic or polylexemic word group in common use, which has relative syntactic and semantic stability, may be idiomatized, may carry connotations, and may have an emphatic or intensifying function in a text.
References
- Knappe, Gabriele. (2004) Idioms and Fixed Expressions in English Language Study before 1800. Peter Lang.
- Bally, Charles (1909 [1951]) Traité de stylistique française. Genève: Georg et Cie.
- Weinreich, Uriel (1969) Problems in the Analysis of Idioms. In J. Puhvel (ed.), Substance and Structure of Language, 23-81. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.
- Arnold, I.V. (1973) The English Word Moscow: Higher School Publishing House
- Lipka, Leonhard. 1992. An Outline of English Lexicology. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag.
- Welte, Werner. (1990) Englische Phraseologie und Idiomatik. Ein Arbeitsbuch mit umfassender Bibliographie. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
- Cowie, A. P. & Peter Howarth. (1996) Phraseology - a Select Bibliography. International Journal of Lexicography 9(1): 38–51
- Gläser, Rosemarie. 1998. The Stylistic Potential of Phraselological Units in the Light of Genre Analysis In A.P. Cowie (ed.), Phraseology. Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 125.
Bibliography
- Altenberg, Bengt. 1998. On the Phraseology of Spoken English: The Evidence of Recurrent Word-Combinations In A.P. Cowie (ed.), Phraseology. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Álvarez de la Granja, María (ed.). 2008. Fixed Expressions in Cross-Linguistic Perspective. A Multilingual and Multidisciplinary Approach. Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovac.
- Amosova, N.N. 1963. Osnovi angliyskoy frazeologii. Leningrad.
- Anscombre, Jean-Claude & Salah Mejri (eds.) 2011. Le figement linguistique : la parole en-travée. Paris: Honoré Champion.
- Arsentieva, E.F. 2006. Frazeologiya i frazeografija v sopostavitel’nom aspekte (na materiale angliyskogo i russkogo yazikov). Kazan’.
- Burger, Harald, Dobrovol´skij, Dmitrij, Kuhn, Peter, & Norrrick, Neal. (eds.) 2007. Phraseology: An International Handbook of Contemporary Research: Vols. 1–2, Berlin: de Gruyter.
- Cowie, A.P. 1998. Phraseology: Theory, Analysis, and Applications. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Cherdantseva, T.Z. 2007. Jazik I ego obrazi: Ocherki po italyanskoy frazeologii. Moskva: URSS.
- Everaert, Martin, Erik-Jan van der Linden, André Schenk & Rob Schreuder (eds.) 1995; Idioms: Structural and Psychological perspective. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Gläser, Rosemarie. 1998. The Stylistic Potential of Phraselological Units in the Light of Genre Analysis In A.P. Cowie (ed.), Phraseology. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Häusermann, Jürg. 1977. Hauptprobleme der deutschen Phraseologie auf der Basis sowjetischer Forschungsergebnisse. Tübingen
- Knappe, Gabriele. 2004. Idioms and Fixed Expressions in English Language Study before 1800. Peter Lang.
- Kunin, A.V. 1967. Osnovnie ponjatija angliyskoy frazeologii kak lingvisticheskoy disciplini. In Anglo-russkiy frazeologicheskiy slovar, 1233–1264. Moskva.
- Kunin, A.V. 1970. Angliyskaya frazeologiya. Moskva.
- Kunin, A.V. 1972. Frazeologija sovremennogo angliyskogo yazika. Moskva.
- Kunin, A.V. 1996. Kurs fraseologii sovremennogo angliyskogo yazika. 2-e izd. pererab. Moskva: Visshaya Shkola.
- Mel’čuk I.A. 1995. Phrasemes in Language and Phraseology in Linguistics. In Martin Everaert, Erik-Jan van der Linden, André Schenk & Rob Schreuder (eds.), Idioms: Structural and Psychological perspectives, 167–232. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Mokienko, V.M. 1989. Slavjanskaya frazeologiya. Moskva: Visshaya Shkola.
- Molotkov, A.I. 1977. Osnovi frazeologii russkogo jazika. Leningrad: Nauka.
- Nazaryan, A.G. 1987. Frazeologiya sovremennogo frantsuzkogo jazika. Moskva.
- Raichshtein, A.D. 1980. Sopostavitelniy analiz nemetskoy I russkoy frazeologii. Moskva: Visshaya Shkola.
- Shanskiy, N.M. 1985. Frazeologiya sovremennogo russkogo yazika. Moskva: Visshaya Shkola.
- Soloduho, E.M. 1982. Problemi internazional'noy frazeoologii. Kazan’.
- Zhukov, V.P. 1978. Semantika frazeologicheskih oborotov. Moskva: Prosveshenie.
- Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 2003. Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. Palgrave Macmillan.
External links
- фразеология – krugosvet.ru (in Russian)
- The European Society of Phraseology
- The European Association for Lexicography
- Phraseological seminar by Prof. V.M.Mokienko (in Russian)
- Interpretation of phraseology (in Ukrainian)
In linguistics phraseology is the study of set or fixed expressions such as idioms phrasal verbs and other types of multi word lexical units often collectively referred to as phrasemes in which the component parts of the expression take on a meaning more specific than or otherwise not predictable from the sum of their meanings when used independently For example Dutch auction is composed of the words Dutch of or pertaining to the Netherlands and auction a public sale in which goods are sold to the highest bidder but its meaning is not a sale in the Netherlands where goods are sold to the highest bidder instead the phrase has a conventionalized meaning referring to any auction where instead of rising the prices fall HistoryPhraseology from Greek frasis phrasis way of speaking and logia logia study of is a scholarly approach to language which developed in the twentieth century It took its start when Charles Bally s notion of locutions phraseologiques entered Russian lexicology and lexicography in the 1930s and 1940s and was subsequently developed in the former Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries From the late 1960s on it established itself in East German linguistics but was also sporadically approached in English linguistics The earliest English adaptations of phraseology are by Weinreich 1969 within the approach of transformational grammar Arnold 1973 and Lipka 1992 1974 In Great Britain as well as other Western European countries phraseology has steadily been developed over the last twenty years The activities of the European Society of Phraseology EUROPHRAS and the European Association for Lexicography EURALEX with their regular conventions and publications attest to the prolific European interest in phraseology European scholarship in phraseology is more active than in North America Bibliographies of recent studies on English and general phraseology are included in Welte 1990 and specially collected in Cowie amp Howarth 1996 whose bibliography is reproduced and continued on the internet and provides a rich source of the most recent publications in the field Phraseological unitsThe basic units of analysis in phraseology are often referred to as phrasemes or phraseological units Phraseological units are according to Prof Kunin A V citation needed stable word groups with partially or fully transferred meanings to kick the bucket Greek gift drink till all s blue drunk as a fiddler drunk as a lord as a boiled owl as mad as a hatter as a march hare According to Rosemarie Glaser a phraseological unit is a lexicalized reproducible bilexemic or polylexemic word group in common use which has relative syntactic and semantic stability may be idiomatized may carry connotations and may have an emphatic or intensifying function in a text ReferencesKnappe Gabriele 2004 Idioms and Fixed Expressions in English Language Study before 1800 Peter Lang Bally Charles 1909 1951 Traite de stylistique francaise Geneve Georg et Cie Weinreich Uriel 1969 Problems in the Analysis of Idioms In J Puhvel ed Substance and Structure of Language 23 81 Berkeley Los Angeles University of California Press Arnold I V 1973 The English Word Moscow Higher School Publishing House Lipka Leonhard 1992 An Outline of English Lexicology Tubingen Max Niemeyer Verlag Welte Werner 1990 Englische Phraseologie und Idiomatik Ein Arbeitsbuch mit umfassender Bibliographie Frankfurt Peter Lang Cowie A P amp Peter Howarth 1996 Phraseology a Select Bibliography International Journal of Lexicography 9 1 38 51 Glaser Rosemarie 1998 The Stylistic Potential of Phraselological Units in the Light of Genre Analysis In A P Cowie ed Phraseology Oxford Clarendon Press page 125 BibliographyAltenberg Bengt 1998 On the Phraseology of Spoken English The Evidence of Recurrent Word Combinations In A P Cowie ed Phraseology Oxford Clarendon Press Alvarez de la Granja Maria ed 2008 Fixed Expressions in Cross Linguistic Perspective A Multilingual and Multidisciplinary Approach Hamburg Verlag Dr Kovac Amosova N N 1963 Osnovi angliyskoy frazeologii Leningrad Anscombre Jean Claude amp Salah Mejri eds 2011 Le figement linguistique la parole en travee Paris Honore Champion Arsentieva E F 2006 Frazeologiya i frazeografija v sopostavitel nom aspekte na materiale angliyskogo i russkogo yazikov Kazan Burger Harald Dobrovol skij Dmitrij Kuhn Peter amp Norrrick Neal eds 2007 Phraseology An International Handbook of Contemporary Research Vols 1 2 Berlin de Gruyter Cowie A P 1998 Phraseology Theory Analysis and Applications Oxford Oxford University Press Cherdantseva T Z 2007 Jazik I ego obrazi Ocherki po italyanskoy frazeologii Moskva URSS Everaert Martin Erik Jan van der Linden Andre Schenk amp Rob Schreuder eds 1995 Idioms Structural and Psychological perspective Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Glaser Rosemarie 1998 The Stylistic Potential of Phraselological Units in the Light of Genre Analysis In A P Cowie ed Phraseology Oxford Clarendon Press Hausermann Jurg 1977 Hauptprobleme der deutschen Phraseologie auf der Basis sowjetischer Forschungsergebnisse Tubingen Knappe Gabriele 2004 Idioms and Fixed Expressions in English Language Study before 1800 Peter Lang Kunin A V 1967 Osnovnie ponjatija angliyskoy frazeologii kak lingvisticheskoy disciplini In Anglo russkiy frazeologicheskiy slovar 1233 1264 Moskva Kunin A V 1970 Angliyskaya frazeologiya Moskva Kunin A V 1972 Frazeologija sovremennogo angliyskogo yazika Moskva Kunin A V 1996 Kurs fraseologii sovremennogo angliyskogo yazika 2 e izd pererab Moskva Visshaya Shkola Mel cuk I A 1995 Phrasemes in Language and Phraseology in Linguistics In Martin Everaert Erik Jan van der Linden Andre Schenk amp Rob Schreuder eds Idioms Structural and Psychological perspectives 167 232 Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Mokienko V M 1989 Slavjanskaya frazeologiya Moskva Visshaya Shkola Molotkov A I 1977 Osnovi frazeologii russkogo jazika Leningrad Nauka Nazaryan A G 1987 Frazeologiya sovremennogo frantsuzkogo jazika Moskva Raichshtein A D 1980 Sopostavitelniy analiz nemetskoy I russkoy frazeologii Moskva Visshaya Shkola Shanskiy N M 1985 Frazeologiya sovremennogo russkogo yazika Moskva Visshaya Shkola Soloduho E M 1982 Problemi internazional noy frazeoologii Kazan Zhukov V P 1978 Semantika frazeologicheskih oborotov Moskva Prosveshenie Zuckermann Ghil ad 2003 Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew Palgrave Macmillan External linksLook up phraseology in Wiktionary the free dictionary frazeologiya krugosvet ru in Russian The European Society of Phraseology The European Association for Lexicography Phraseological seminar by Prof V M Mokienko in Russian Interpretation of phraseology in Ukrainian
