Northern Bantoid (or North Bantoid) is a branch of the Bantoid languages. It consists of the Mambiloid, Dakoid, and Tikar languages of eastern Nigeria and west-central Cameroon.
| Northern Bantoid | |
|---|---|
| North Bantoid | |
| Geographic distribution | Nigeria and Cameroon |
| Linguistic classification | Niger–Congo?
|
| Proto-language | Proto-Northern bantoid |
| Subdivisions |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | nort3168 |
History
A proposal that divided Bantoid into North and South Bantoid was introduced by Williamson.
Blench argues for the unity of North Bantoid by citing phonological, lexical, and morphological evidence.
Internal classification
Blench classifies these languages as North Bantoid.
- Tikar (divergent)
- Mambiloid (possibly including the divergent Ndoro–Fam languages)
- Dakoid
Language contact
Dakoid languages have had long-term contact with Adamawa languages, while the Tikar language shares many similarities with the Bafia languages (also known as the A50 Bantu languages).
Maps
-
Map of the Bantoid languages of Nigeria and Cameroon -
Map of the Mambiloid languages -
Map of the Dakoid languages -
Map of the Fam language
Numerals
Comparison of numerals in individual languages:
| Classification | Language | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dakoid | Chamba-Daka | nòòní | bààrá | tárā | nààsá | túùná | túnìn | dùtím | dùtím-kə́rə́rə́ (7+ 1) | kúūm | kúūm-kə́rə́rə́ (9+ 1) |
| Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Konja | Kwanja (Konja) | mán | fèè | tar | nàà | cùn | cánmán (5+ 1) | cɛnfèè (5+ 2) | cɛtar (5+ 3) | cɛnàà (5+ 4) | bɨfɛ́ŋ |
| Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Konja | Twendi (Cambap) | tʃínī | fèː | táːr | nɑː̀ | tʃúên | tʃɛ́n də̄r tʃínī (5+ 1) | tʃɛ́n fèjè (5+ 2) | tʃɛ́táːr (5+ 3) | tʃɛ́n nàː (5+ 4) | jūtār |
| Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Magu-Kamkam-Kila | Somyev (Kila Yang) | mwē | hàːn | tàːr | nàːn | tíɛ̂n | tɛ́mwē (5+ 1) | tɛ́nàːn (5+ 2) | tɛ́ntàːr (5+ 3) | tɛ́nnàːn (5+ 4) | tʃɔ́ŋ |
| Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Mambila | Cameroun Mambila | tʃɛ́n | fàl | taɡár | neà | tîn | téndʒɛ́n (5+ 1) | tébɛl (5+ 2) | téndɛle (5+ 3) | tárɛ̀neà (5+ 4) | julà |
| Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Mambila | Nigerian Mambila | tʃɛ́n * c = tʃ | fàl | tar | nà | tín | téndʒɛ́n (5+ 1) * j = dʒ | téfɛ́l (5+ 2) | téndɛll (5+ 3) | tárɛ́nà (5+ 4) | jullà * y = j |
| Mambiloid, Ndoro | Ndoola (Doori) (1) | jér | hàːlā | tāːɾā | njẽ́ | sónī | sóŋ kér (5+ 1) | sóŋ kwàlà (5+ 2) | sóŋ tāːrā (5+ 3) | sóŋ njẽ́ (5+ 4) | jóbə̄t |
| Mambiloid, Ndoro | Ndoola (Doori) (2) | jíɾə̀ | hàːlā | tāːɾā | njã́ | sónī | ʃóŋkíɾə̀ (5+ 1) | ʃóŋkwàlà (5+ 2) | ʃóŋtāːrā (5+ 3) | ʃóŋnjá (5+ 4) | jóbə̄t |
| Mambiloid, Suga-Vute, Suga | Suga (Nizaa) | mum | ɓaara | taara | naànà | tɛ́ɛ́ŋna | tánmum (5+ 1) | tánɓáára (5+ 2) | sɛ́ɛ̀ | tínáànà (5+ 4) | ɟer |
| Mambiloid, Suga-Vute, Vute | Vute (1) | mwĩ | ɓɨrɨ́b / ɓaám | taarɨ́b | nààsɨ̀b | ŋɡiiì | tínmwĩ (5+ 1; old #5 is tíŋ) | tɨɓáam (5+ 2) | sə́r | ɓwécṍ | cóóŋ |
| Mambiloid, Suga-Vute, Vute | Vute (2) | mūí | ɓāám / ɓɨ̄rɨ́p | tāārɨ́p | nààsɨ́b | ŋɡīì | tín mūí (5+ 1) | tɨ́ ɓāám (5+ 2) | sə́r | ɓwé cóŋ (? 10 ) | cóŋ |
| Mambiloid, Suga-Vute, Vute | Wawa (1) | mǒsī; mǒī * | bə̀mbə́ | tābə́ | nǎrə̄bə̀ | téēnbə̄ | té-mōī (5+ 1) | té-bə̀mbə́ (5+ 2) | tén-tābə́ (5+ 3) | té-nàrə̄bə́ (5+ 4) | tʃɔ́ŋ / bə̌ntə̄ |
| Mambiloid, Suga-Vute, Vute | Wawa (2) | mʊ́ɾsī | bɔ̄mbə̀ | tábə̀ | náɾbə̀ | tɛ̄nbə́ | tɛ̄mʊ́ɪ / dʒuiɡɔ (5+ 1) * | tɛ́bɔ̀mbə̀ / dʒuididi (5+ 2) | tɛ́nàɾbə̀ / dʒuitati (5+ 3) | tɛ́tàbə̀ / dʒuːənai (5+ 4) | tʃɔ̄ŋ (< from Vute) |
| Beboid | Bebe (Naami) | mʷɛ | bifʷé | bitɔ | binwà | bitîŋ | buɬɔ | fùmáɲàŋ (8 - 1) | ɲàŋ | fùmájufi (10 - 1) | jufi |
| Beboid | Cung (Mbuk) (1) | ḿmū | fā | tálé | n̄nā | ítī | só | ńnānítá | ńɲáŋ | bʷùkə̀ | dʒófí |
| Beboid | Cung (Chung) (2) | mu | fa | tale | ə́nà | tè | so | nânita | ɲaŋ | bùkə | dʒofi |
| Beboid | Kemedzung (1) | mò (miu) / kɨ̀tɨ́ kɨ́mó (Gender 7/8) | fé / bɨ̀tɨ́ bífé | té / bɨ̀tɨ́ bíté | nà / bɨ̀tɨ́ bínɑ̀ | tɨ̀ŋ / bɨ̀tɨ́ bítɨ̀ŋ | búsí / bɨ̀tɨ́ búsí | fùmbá / bɨ̀tɨ́ fùmbɑ́ | yàŋ / bɨ̀tɨ́ yàŋ | fùmbóò / bɨ̀tɨ́ fùmbóò | yɔ́(yɔfu) / bɨ̀tɨ́ yɔ́(yɔfu) |
| Beboid | Kemedzung (2) | mmȍ | bifɛ́ | bitɛ | binà | bitɨ̃̀ | buse | fũ̀mbà | jã̏ | fũ̀mbɔ̀ | jɔ̀ː |
| Beboid | Naki | āmū | ífə | ítāt | īnāː | ítɪː | úsiː | fùmádʒâŋ (? 8) | dʒàŋ | fùmádzófu (? 10) | dzófú |
| Beboid | Nchane (Mungong) (1) | m⁴ba³ka⁴ | fĩ³ | tə³lə² | nə³⁴ | tĩ³⁴ | so³⁴ | bu³so³fwɪ⁴ | nja³⁴ | bvu³kə⁴ | ju³fə⁴ |
| Beboid | Nchane (Ncane) (2) | mɪ3ma4 | fɛː2 | tʰɛ3dɪ3 | nɛ34 | tʰəŋ34 | bu3so23 | bu3so3ʃwɪ23 | ɲa34 | bvu3ɡə2 | ʒu3fɛ4 |
| Beboid | Noone (Noni) | māŋ̀ | fɛ́ɛ́ | tɛɛ | nɛ * | tin | sɔɔtʃàn c = [tʃ] | sɔɔʃwî sh = [ʃ] | ɲàŋ ñ= [ɲ] | bvùùkɛ | joofè y = [j] |
| Beboid | Nsari (Nsaari) | ŋk͡paŋ3 | fɛː4 | tɛː4 | nɛː42 | tiŋ42 | bu3sɔː3 | ɱfo2mɛ4ɲaːŋ2 (8 - 1) | ɲaːŋ2 | ɱfo2mɛ4joː24fi42 (10 - 1) | joː24fi42 |
| Ekoid | Ejagham | yə́t | éβáé | ésá | énî | érôn | èsáɡàsá (3 + 3) | èníɡìsá (4 + 3) | èníɡànî (4 + 4) | érôn énî (5 + 4) | ófó |
| Ekoid, Bakor | Ekajuk | njɛŋ | mbal | nra | nni | nlɔn | nrakera (3 + 3 ?) | eʃɛma | nɛkeni (4 + 4 ?) | eʃɛmʷubu (10 - 1?) | ewubu |
| Ekoid, Bakor | Nde-Ndele-Nta | n-dʒi | m-ba | n-sa | n-nɛ | n-dɔːn | asighasa (3 + 3 ?) | asimma | aneɡhane (4 + 4 ?) | asima-wobo (10 -1?) | wobo |
| Ekoid, Bakor | Nkem-Nkum (Nkim) | njirəng [ńjírə́ŋ] | ibal [íbâ] | ira [írá] | ini [ínî] | iro⃬n [írô̱n] | irara [ìrârà] | arimini [àrímī̱nî] | anigini [àníɡīnî] | arumiɡol [àrúmīɡôl] | iɡol [íɡôl] |
| Jarawan, Nigerian | Bada | ɗɪ́k | ɓâr | tàːt | jìːn | tʷàːn | tʷàŋsɔ̀lmʷák | kʲɛ́stàˑt (5 + 2) | kʲɛ́ʃìn (5 + 3) | kʲɛ́stʷàn (5 + 4) | lʊ̀m |
| Jarawan, Nigerian | Mbula-Bwazaa | mon / mwashat | rap | taru | ine | tonɡno | tonɡno war mwashat (5 + 1) | tonɡno war rap (5 + 2) | tonɡno war taru (5 + 3) | tonɡno war ine (5 + 4) | lum |
| Mamfe | Denya | ɡɛ́mâ | ópéá | ólɛ́ | ónì | ótà | òkéné | òkénàmà (6 + 1) | ónè | ónēnàmà (8 + 1) | ófíà |
| Mamfe | Kenyang | ɛ́mɔ̂t | bɛpây | bɛ́rát | mɛ́nwî | bɛ́tây | bɛ́tándât (2 x 3) ? * | tándrámɔ̂t (6 + 1) ? ** | mɛ́nɛ̀n | mɛ́nɛ̀n nɛ̀ àmɔ̀t (' 8 + 1 ') | byó |
| Mbe | Mbe | k. bɛ̀tép lètêl lé èjì bɛ́pʷâl lè bɛ̀tépbɛ́fwɔ̂r* | bɛ́pʷâl | bɛ́sá | bɛ́ñî | bɛ́tʃân | bɛ̀sêsár (3 + 3) | bɛ̀tânèbɛ́pʷâl (5 + 2) | bɛ̀ñîbɛ̀ñî (4 + 2) | bɛ́tânèbɛ́ñî (5 + 4) | bɛ́fwɔ̂r |
References
- Williamson, Kay (1989) 'Niger–Congo Overview'. In: The Niger–Congo languages, ed. by John Bendor-Samuel, 3—45. University Press of America.
- Blench, Roger [1987] 'A new classification of Bantoid languages.' Unpublished paper presented at 17th Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics, Leiden.
- Blench, Roger. The North Bantoid hypothesis.
- Chan, Eugene (2019). "The Niger-Congo Language Phylum". Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.
- Blench, Roger. The North Bantoid hypothesis.
- Blench, Roger. 2011. 'The membership and internal structure of Bantoid and the border with Bantu'. Bantu IV, Humboldt University, Berlin.
Northern Bantoid or North Bantoid is a branch of the Bantoid languages It consists of the Mambiloid Dakoid and Tikar languages of eastern Nigeria and west central Cameroon Northern BantoidNorth BantoidGeographic distributionNigeria and CameroonLinguistic classificationNiger Congo Atlantic CongoVolta CongoBenue CongoBantoidNorthern BantoidProto languageProto Northern bantoidSubdivisionsMambiloid Dakoid TikarLanguage codesISO 639 3 Glottolognort3168HistoryA proposal that divided Bantoid into North and South Bantoid was introduced by Williamson Blench argues for the unity of North Bantoid by citing phonological lexical and morphological evidence Internal classificationBlench classifies these languages as North Bantoid Tikar divergent Mambiloid possibly including the divergent Ndoro Fam languages DakoidLanguage contactDakoid languages have had long term contact with Adamawa languages while the Tikar language shares many similarities with the Bafia languages also known as the A50 Bantu languages MapsMap of the Bantoid languages of Nigeria and Cameroon Map of the Mambiloid languages Map of the Dakoid languages Map of the Fam languageNumeralsComparison of numerals in individual languages Classification Language 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Dakoid Chamba Daka nooni baara tara naasa tuuna tunin dutim dutim ke re re 7 1 kuum kuum ke re re 9 1 Mambiloid Mambila Konja Konja Kwanja Konja man fee tar naa cun canman 5 1 cɛnfee 5 2 cɛtar 5 3 cɛnaa 5 4 bɨfɛ ŋMambiloid Mambila Konja Konja Twendi Cambap tʃini feː taːr nɑː tʃuen tʃɛ n de r tʃini 5 1 tʃɛ n feje 5 2 tʃɛ taːr 5 3 tʃɛ n naː 5 4 jutarMambiloid Mambila Konja Magu Kamkam Kila Somyev Kila Yang mwe haːn taːr naːn tiɛ n tɛ mwe 5 1 tɛ naːn 5 2 tɛ ntaːr 5 3 tɛ nnaːn 5 4 tʃɔ ŋMambiloid Mambila Konja Mambila Cameroun Mambila tʃɛ n fal taɡar nea tin tendʒɛ n 5 1 tebɛl 5 2 tendɛle 5 3 tarɛ nea 5 4 julaMambiloid Mambila Konja Mambila Nigerian Mambila tʃɛ n c tʃ fal tar na tin tendʒɛ n 5 1 j dʒ tefɛ l 5 2 tendɛll 5 3 tarɛ na 5 4 julla y jMambiloid Ndoro Ndoola Doori 1 jer haːla taːɾa njẽ soni soŋ ker 5 1 soŋ kwala 5 2 soŋ taːra 5 3 soŋ njẽ 5 4 jobe tMambiloid Ndoro Ndoola Doori 2 jiɾe haːla taːɾa nja soni ʃoŋkiɾe 5 1 ʃoŋkwala 5 2 ʃoŋtaːra 5 3 ʃoŋnja 5 4 jobe tMambiloid Suga Vute Suga Suga Nizaa mum ɓaara taara naana tɛ ɛ ŋna tanmum 5 1 tanɓaara 5 2 sɛ ɛ tinaana 5 4 ɟerMambiloid Suga Vute Vute Vute 1 mwĩ ɓɨrɨ b ɓaam taarɨ b naasɨ b ŋɡiii tinmwĩ 5 1 old 5 is tiŋ tɨɓaam 5 2 se r ɓwecṍ cooŋMambiloid Suga Vute Vute Vute 2 mui ɓaam ɓɨ rɨ p taarɨ p naasɨ b ŋɡii tin mui 5 1 tɨ ɓaam 5 2 se r ɓwe coŋ 10 coŋMambiloid Suga Vute Vute Wawa 1 mǒsi mǒi be mbe tabe nǎre be teenbe te mōi 5 1 te be mbe 5 2 ten tabe 5 3 te nare be 5 4 tʃɔ ŋ be nte Mambiloid Suga Vute Vute Wawa 2 mʊ ɾsi bɔ mbe tabe naɾbe tɛ nbe tɛ mʊ ɪ dʒuiɡɔ 5 1 tɛ bɔ mbe dʒuididi 5 2 tɛ naɾbe dʒuitati 5 3 tɛ tabe dʒuːenai 5 4 tʃɔ ŋ lt from Vute Beboid Bebe Naami mʷɛ bifʷe bitɔ binwa bitiŋ buɬɔ fumaɲaŋ 8 1 ɲaŋ fumajufi 10 1 jufiBeboid Cung Mbuk 1 ḿmu fa tale n na iti so nnanita nɲaŋ bʷuke dʒofiBeboid Cung Chung 2 mu fa tale e na te so nanita ɲaŋ buke dʒofiBeboid Kemedzung 1 mo miu kɨ tɨ kɨ mo Gender 7 8 fe bɨ tɨ bife te bɨ tɨ bite na bɨ tɨ binɑ tɨ ŋ bɨ tɨ bitɨ ŋ busi bɨ tɨ busi fumba bɨ tɨ fumbɑ yaŋ bɨ tɨ yaŋ fumboo bɨ tɨ fumboo yɔ yɔfu bɨ tɨ yɔ yɔfu Beboid Kemedzung 2 mmȍ bifɛ bitɛ bina bitɨ buse fũ mba ja fũ mbɔ jɔ ːBeboid Naki amu ife itat inaː itɪ ː usi ː fumadʒaŋ 8 dʒaŋ fumadzofu 10 dzofuBeboid Nchane Mungong 1 m ba ka fĩ te le ne tĩ so bu so fwɪ nja bvu ke ju fe Beboid Nchane Ncane 2 mɪ3ma4 fɛː2 tʰɛ3dɪ3 nɛ34 tʰeŋ34 bu3so23 bu3so3ʃwɪ23 ɲa34 bvu3ɡe2 ʒu3fɛ4Beboid Noone Noni maŋ fɛ ɛ tɛɛ nɛ tin sɔɔtʃan c tʃ sɔɔʃwi sh ʃ ɲaŋ n ɲ bvuukɛ joofe y j Beboid Nsari Nsaari ŋk paŋ3 fɛː4 tɛː4 nɛː42 tiŋ42 bu3sɔː3 ɱfo2mɛ4ɲaːŋ2 8 1 ɲaːŋ2 ɱfo2mɛ4joː24fi42 10 1 joː24fi42Ekoid Ejagham ye t ebae esa eni eron esaɡasa 3 3 eniɡisa 4 3 eniɡani 4 4 eron eni 5 4 ofoEkoid Bakor Ekajuk njɛŋ mbal nra nni nlɔn nrakera 3 3 eʃɛma nɛkeni 4 4 eʃɛmʷubu 10 1 ewubuEkoid Bakor Nde Ndele Nta n dʒi m ba n sa n nɛ n dɔːn asighasa 3 3 asimma aneɡhane 4 4 asima wobo 10 1 woboEkoid Bakor Nkem Nkum Nkim njireng njire ŋ ibal iba ira ira ini ini iro n iro n irara irara arimini arimi ni anigini aniɡini arumiɡol arumiɡol iɡol iɡol Jarawan Nigerian Bada ɗɪ k ɓar taːt jiːn tʷaːn tʷaŋsɔ lmʷak kʲɛ staˑt 5 2 kʲɛ ʃin 5 3 kʲɛ stʷan 5 4 lʊ mJarawan Nigerian Mbula Bwazaa mon mwashat rap taru ine tonɡno tonɡno war mwashat 5 1 tonɡno war rap 5 2 tonɡno war taru 5 3 tonɡno war ine 5 4 lumMamfe Denya ɡɛ ma opea olɛ oni ota okene okenama 6 1 one onenama 8 1 ofiaMamfe Kenyang ɛ mɔ t bɛpay bɛ rat mɛ nwi bɛ tay bɛ tandat 2 x 3 tandramɔ t 6 1 mɛ nɛ n mɛ nɛ n nɛ amɔ t 8 1 byoMbe Mbe k bɛ tep letel le eji bɛ pʷal le bɛ tepbɛ fwɔ r bɛ pʷal bɛ sa bɛ ni bɛ tʃan bɛ sesar 3 3 bɛ tanebɛ pʷal 5 2 bɛ nibɛ ni 4 2 bɛ tanebɛ ni 5 4 bɛ fwɔ rReferencesWilliamson Kay 1989 Niger Congo Overview In The Niger Congo languages ed by John Bendor Samuel 3 45 University Press of America Blench Roger 1987 A new classification of Bantoid languages Unpublished paper presented at 17th Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics Leiden Blench Roger The North Bantoid hypothesis Chan Eugene 2019 The Niger Congo Language Phylum Numeral Systems of the World s Languages Blench Roger The North Bantoid hypothesis Blench Roger 2011 The membership and internal structure of Bantoid and the border with Bantu Bantu IV Humboldt University Berlin
