Massachusetts (/ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ /-zɪts/ MASS-ə-CHOO-sits, -zits; Massachusett: Muhsachuweesut [məhswatʃəwiːsət]), officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is a state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It borders the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Maine to its east, Connecticut and Rhode Island to its south, New Hampshire and Vermont to its north, and New York to its west. Massachusetts is the sixth-smallest state by land area. With a 2024 U.S. Census Bureau-estimated population of 7,136,171, its highest estimated count ever, Massachusetts is the most populous state in New England, the 16th-most-populous in the United States, and the third-most densely populated U.S. state, after New Jersey and Rhode Island.
Massachusetts | |
|---|---|
| Commonwealth of Massachusetts | |
 Flag  Seal | |
| Nickname(s): The Bay State (official) The Pilgrim State; The Puritan State The Old Colony State The Baked Bean State | |
| Motto(s): Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem (Latin) By the sword we seek peace, but peace only under liberty | |
| Anthem: "All Hail to Massachusetts" | |
 Location of Massachusetts within the United States | |
| Country | United States |
| Before statehood | Province of Massachusetts Bay |
| Admitted to the Union | February 6, 1788 (6th) |
| Capital (and largest city) | Boston |
| Largest county or equivalent | Middlesex |
| Largest metro and urban areas | Greater Boston |
| Government | |
| • Governor | Maura Healey (D) |
| • Lieutenant Governor | Kim Driscoll (D) |
| Legislature | General Court |
| • Upper house | Senate |
| • Lower house | House of Representatives |
| Judiciary | Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court |
| U.S. senators | Elizabeth Warren (D) Ed Markey (D) |
| U.S. House delegation | 9 Democrats (list) |
| Area | |
• Total | 10,565 sq mi (27,363 km2) |
| • Land | 7,800 sq mi (20,202 km2) |
| • Water | 2,715 sq mi (7,032 km2) 26.1% |
| • Rank | 44th |
| Dimensions | |
| • Length | 190 mi (296 km) |
| • Width | 115 mi (184 km) |
| Elevation | 508 ft (150 m) |
| Highest elevation (Mount Greylock) | 3,489 ft (1,063.4 m) |
| Lowest elevation (Atlantic Ocean) | 0 ft (0 m) |
| Population (2024) | |
• Total |  7,136,171 |
| • Rank | 16th |
| • Density | 914.89/sq mi (353.24/km2) |
| • Rank | 3rd |
| • Median household income | $99,900 (2023) |
| • Income rank | 1st |
| Demonym | Bay Stater (official) Masshole Massachusite (traditional) Massachusettsan (recommended by the U.S. GPO) |
| Language | |
| • Official language | English |
| • Spoken language |
|
| Time zone | UTC−05:00 (Eastern) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−04:00 (EDT) |
| USPS abbreviation | MA |
| ISO 3166 code | US-MA |
| Traditional abbreviation | Mass. |
| Latitude | 41°14′ N to 42°53′ N |
| Longitude | 69°56′ W to 73°30′ W |
| Website | mass |
| List of state symbols | |
|---|---|
 Flag of Massachusetts | |
 Seal of Massachusetts | |
| Poem | Blue Hills of Massachusetts |
| Slogan | Make It Yours, The Spirit of America |
| Living insignia | |
| Bird | Black-capped chickadee,wild turkey |
| Fish | Cod |
| Flower | Mayflower |
| Insect | Ladybug |
| Mammal | Right whale,Morgan horse,Tabby cat,Boston Terrier |
| Reptile | Garter snake |
| Tree | American elm |
| Inanimate insignia | |
| Beverage | Cranberry juice |
| Color(s) | Blue, green, cranberry |
| Dance | Square dance |
| Food | Cranberry,corn muffin,navy bean,Boston cream pie,chocolate chip cookie,Boston cream doughnut |
| Fossil | Dinosaur Tracks |
| Gemstone | Rhodonite |
| Mineral | Babingtonite |
| Rock | Roxbury Puddingstone |
| Shell | New England Neptune, Neptunea lyrata decemcostata |
| Ship | Schooner Ernestina |
| Soil | Paxton |
| Sport | Basketball |
| State route marker | |
 | |
| State quarter | |
 Released in 2000 | |
| Lists of United States state symbols | |
Massachusetts was a site of early English colonization. The Plymouth Colony was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims of the Mayflower. In 1630, the Massachusetts Bay Colony, taking its name from the Indigenous Massachusett people, also established settlements in Boston and Salem. In 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America's most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In the late 18th century, Boston became known as the "Cradle of Liberty" for the agitation there that later led to the American Revolution. In 1786, Shays' Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing, and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution. Before the American Civil War, the state was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, and transcendentalist movements. During the 20th century, the state's economy shifted from manufacturing to services; and in the 21st century, Massachusetts has become the global leader in biotechnology, and also excels in artificial intelligence,engineering, higher education, finance, and maritime trade.
The state's capital and most populous city, as well as its cultural and financial center, is Boston. Other major cities are Worcester, Springfield and Cambridge. Massachusetts is also home to the urban core of Greater Boston, the largest metropolitan area in New England and a region profoundly influential upon American history, academia, and the research economy. Massachusetts has a reputation for social and political progressivism; becoming the only U.S. state with a right to shelter law, and the first U.S. state, and one of the earliest jurisdictions in the world to legally recognize same-sex marriage.Harvard University in Cambridge is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States, with the largest financial endowment of any university in the world. Both Harvard and MIT, also in Cambridge, are perennially ranked as either the most or among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts's public-school students place among the top tier in the world in academic performance.
Massachusetts is the most educated and one of the most highly developed and wealthiest U.S. states, ranking first in the percentage of population 25 and over with either a bachelor's degree or advanced degree, first on both the American Human Development Index and the standard Human Development Index, first in per capita income, and first in median income, both by household and individually. Consequently, Massachusetts typically ranks as the top U.S. state, as well as the most expensive state for residents to live in.
Etymology
The Massachusetts Bay Colony was named after the Indigenous population, the Massachusett or Muhsachuweesut, whose name likely derived from the Wôpanâak word muswachasut, segmented as mus(ây) "big" + wach "mountain" + -s "diminutive" + -ut "locative". This word has been translated as "near the great hill", "by the blue hills", "at the little big hill", or "at the range of hills", in reference to the Blue Hills—namely, the Great Blue Hill, located on the boundary of Milton and Canton.Massachusett has also been represented as Moswetuset. This comes from the name of the Moswetuset Hummock (meaning "hill shaped like an arrowhead") in Quincy, where Plymouth Colony commander Myles Standish (a hired English military officer) and Squanto (a member of the Patuxet band of the Wamponoag people, who have since died off due to contagious diseases brought by colonists) met Chief Chickatawbut in 1621.
Although the designation "Commonwealth" forms part of the state's official name, it has no practical implications in modern times, and Massachusetts has the same position and powers within the United States as other states.John Adams may have chosen the word in 1779 for the second draft of what became the 1780 Massachusetts Constitution; unlike the word "state", the word "commonwealth" had the connotation of a republic at the time. This was in contrast to the monarchy the former colonies were fighting against during the American Revolutionary War. The name "State of Massachusetts Bay" appeared in the first draft, which was ultimately rejected. It was also chosen to include the "Cape Islands" in reference to Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket—from 1780 to 1844, they were seen as additional and separate entities confined within the Commonwealth.
History
Pre-colonization
Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family, including the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn were an important part of their diet, the people of these tribes hunted, fished, and searched the forest for most of their food. Villagers lived in lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses. Tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems.
Colonial period
In the early 1600s, European colonists caused virgin soil epidemics such as smallpox, measles, influenza, and perhaps leptospirosis in what is now known as the northeastern region of the United States. Between 1617 and 1619, a disease that was most likely smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans.
The first English colonists in Massachusetts Bay Colony landed with Richard Vines and spent the winter in Biddeford Pool near Cape Porpoise (after 1820 the State of Maine) in 1616. The Puritans, arrived at Plymouth in 1620. This was the second permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, after the Jamestown Colony. The "First Thanksgiving" was celebrated by the Puritans after their first harvest in the "New World" and lasted for three days. They were soon followed by other Puritans, who colonized the Massachusetts Bay Colony—now known as Boston—in 1630.
The Puritans believed the Church of England needed to be further reformed along Protestant Calvinist lines, and experienced harassment due to the religious policies of King Charles I and high-ranking clergy such as William Laud, who would become Charles's Archbishop of Canterbury, whom they feared were re-introducing "Romish" elements to the national church. They decided to colonize to Massachusetts, intending to establish what they considered an "ideal" religious society. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was colonized under a royal charter, unlike the Plymouth colony, in 1629. Both religious dissent and expansionism resulted in several new colonies being founded, shortly after Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay, elsewhere in New England. The Massachusetts Bay banished dissenters such as Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams due to religious and political conflict. In 1636, Williams colonized what is now known as Rhode Island, and Hutchinson joined him there several years later. Religious intolerance continued, and among those who objected to this later that century were the English Quaker preachers Alice and Thomas Curwen, who were publicly flogged and imprisoned in Boston in 1676.
By 1641, Massachusetts had expanded inland significantly. The Commonwealth acquired the Connecticut River Valley settlement of Springfield, which had recently disputed with—and defected from—its original administrators, the Connecticut Colony. This established Massachusetts's southern border in the west. However, this became disputed territory until 1803–04 due to surveying problems, leading to the modern Southwick Jog.
In 1652 the Massachusetts General Court authorized Boston silversmith John Hull to produce local coinage in shilling, sixpence and threepence denominations to address a coin shortage in the colony. Before that point, the colony's economy had been entirely dependent on barter and foreign currency, including English, Spanish, Dutch, Portuguese and counterfeit coins. In 1661, shortly after the restoration of the British monarchy, the British government considered the Boston mint to be treasonous. However, the colony ignored the English demands to cease operations until at least 1682, when Hull's contract as mintmaster expired, and the colony did not move to renew his contract or appoint a new mintmaster. The coinage was a contributing factor to the revocation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony charter in 1684.
In 1691, the colonies of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth were united (along with present-day Maine, which had previously been divided between Massachusetts and New York) into the Province of Massachusetts Bay. Shortly after, the new province's first governor, William Phips, arrived. The Salem witch trials also took place, where a number of men and women were hanged for alleged witchcraft.
The most destructive earthquake known to date in New England occurred on November 18, 1755, causing considerable damage across Massachusetts.
The Revolutionary War
Massachusetts was a center of the movement for independence from Great Britain. Colonists in Massachusetts had long had uneasy relations with the British monarchy, including open rebellion under the Dominion of New England in the 1680s. Protests against British attempts to tax the colonies after the French and Indian War ended in 1763 led to the Boston Massacre in 1770, and the 1773 Boston Tea Party escalated tensions. In 1774, the Intolerable Acts targeted Massachusetts with punishments for the Boston Tea Party and further decreased local autonomy, increasing local dissent. Anti-Parliamentary activity by men such as Samuel Adams and John Hancock, followed by reprisals by the British government, were a primary reason for the unity of the Thirteen Colonies and the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1775.
The Battles of Lexington and Concord, fought in Massachusetts in 1775, initiated the American Revolutionary War.George Washington, later the first president of the future country, took over what would become the Continental Army after the battle. His first victory was the siege of Boston in the winter of 1775–76, after which the British were forced to evacuate the city. The event is still celebrated in Suffolk County only every March 17 as Evacuation Day.
On the coast, Salem became a center for privateering. Although the documentation is incomplete, about 1,700 letters of marque, issued on a per-voyage basis, were granted during the American Revolution. Nearly 800 vessels were commissioned as privateers, which were credited with capturing or destroying about 600 British ships.
Federal period
Bostonian John Adams, known as the "Atlas of Independence", was highly involved in both separation from Britain and the Constitution of Massachusetts, which effectively (the Elizabeth Freeman and Quock Walker cases as interpreted by William Cushing) made Massachusetts the first state to abolish slavery. David McCullough points out that an equally important feature was its placing for the first time the courts as a co-equal branch separate from the executive. (The Constitution of Vermont, adopted in 1777, represented the first partial ban on slavery among the states. Vermont became a state in 1791 but did not fully ban slavery until 1858 with the Vermont Personal Liberty Law. The Pennsylvania Gradual Abolition Act of 1780 made Pennsylvania the first state to abolish slavery by statute - the second English colony to do so; the first having been the Colony of Georgia in 1735.) Later, Adams was active in early American foreign affairs and succeeded Washington as the second president of the United States. His son, John Quincy Adams, also from Massachusetts, would go on to become the nation's sixth president.
From 1786 to 1787, an armed uprising led by Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays, now known as Shays' Rebellion, wrought havoc throughout Massachusetts and ultimately attempted to seize the federal Springfield Armory. The rebellion was one of the major factors in the decision to draft a stronger national constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation. On February 6, 1788, Massachusetts became the sixth state to ratify the United States Constitution.
19th century
In 1820, Maine separated from Massachusetts and entered the Union as the 23rd state due to the ratification of the Missouri Compromise.
During the 19th century, Massachusetts became a national leader in the American Industrial Revolution, with factories around cities such as Lowell and Boston producing textiles and shoes, and factories around Springfield producing tools, paper, and textiles. The state's economy transformed from one based primarily on agriculture to an industrial one, initially making use of water-power and later the steam engine to power factories. Canals and railroads were being used in the state for transporting raw materials and finished goods. At first, the new industries drew labor from Yankees on nearby subsistence farms, though they later relied upon immigrant labor from Europe and Canada.
Although Massachusetts was the first slave-holding colony with slavery dating back to the early 1600s, the state became a center of progressivist and abolitionist (anti-slavery) activity in the years leading up to the American Civil War. Horace Mann made the state's school system a national model.Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson, both philosophers and writers from the state, also made major contributions to American philosophy. Furthermore, members of the transcendentalist movement within the state emphasized the importance of the natural world and emotion to humanity.
Although significant opposition to abolitionism existed early on in Massachusetts, resulting in anti-abolitionist riots between 1835 and 1837, abolitionist views there gradually increased throughout the next few decades. Abolitionists John Brown and Sojourner Truth lived in Springfield and Northampton, respectively, while Frederick Douglass lived in Boston and Susan B. Anthony in Adams. The works of such abolitionists contributed to Massachusetts's actions during the Civil War. Massachusetts was the first state to recruit, train, and arm a Black regiment with White officers, the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment. In 1852, Massachusetts became the first state to pass compulsory education laws.
20th century
Although the U.S. stock market had sustained steep losses the last week in October 1929, Tuesday, October 29 is remembered as the beginning of the Great Depression. The Boston Stock Exchange, drawn into the whirlpool of panic selling that beset the New York Stock Exchange, lost over 25 percent of its value in two days of frenzied trading. The BSE, nearly 100 years old at the time, had helped raise the capital that had funded many of the Commonwealth's factories, railroads, and businesses. " Governor of Massachusetts Frank G. Allen appointed John C. Hull the first Securities Director of Massachusetts. Hull would assume office in January 1930, and his term would end in 1936.
With the departure of several manufacturing companies, the state's industrial economy began to decline during the early 20th century. By the 1920s, competition from the American South and Midwest, followed by the Great Depression, led to the collapse of the three main industries in Massachusetts: textiles, shoemaking, and precision mechanics. This decline would continue into the latter half of the 20th century. Between 1950 and 1979, the number of Massachusetts residents involved in textile manufacturing declined from 264,000 to 63,000. The 1969 closure of the Springfield Armory, in particular, spurred an exodus of high-paying jobs from Western Massachusetts, which suffered greatly as it de-industrialized during the century's last 40 years.
Massachusetts manufactured 3.4 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II, ranking tenth among the 48 states. After the world war, the economy of eastern Massachusetts transformed from one based on heavy industry into a service-based economy. Government contracts, private investment, and research facilities led to a new and improved industrial climate, with reduced unemployment and increased per capita income. Suburbanization flourished, and by the 1970s, the Route 128/Interstate 95 corridor was dotted with high-tech companies who recruited graduates of the area's many elite institutions of higher education.
In 1987, the state received federal funding for the Central Artery/Tunnel Project. Commonly known as "the Big Dig", it was, at the time, the biggest federal highway project ever approved. The project included making the Central Artery, part of Interstate 93, into a tunnel under downtown Boston, in addition to the re-routing of several other major highways.[failed verification] The project was often controversial, with numerous claims of graft and mismanagement, and with its initial price tag of $2.5 billion increasing to a final tally of over $15 billion. Nonetheless, the Big Dig changed the face of Downtown Boston and connected areas that were once divided by elevated highway. Much of the raised old Central Artery was replaced with the Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Greenway. The project also improved traffic conditions along several routes.
Notable 20th century politicians
The Kennedy family was prominent in 20th-century Massachusetts politics. The children of businessman and ambassador Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. included John F. Kennedy, who was a senator and U.S. president before his assassination in 1963; Ted Kennedy, a senator from 1962 until his death in 2009; and Eunice Kennedy Shriver, a co-founder of the Special Olympics. In 1966, Massachusetts became the first state to directly elect an African American to the U.S. senate with Edward Brooke.George H. W. Bush, 41st President of the United States (1989–1993) was born in Milton in 1924.
Other notable Massachusetts politicians on the national level included Joseph W. Martin Jr., Speaker of the House (from 1947 to 1949 and then again from 1953 to 1955) and leader of House Republicans from 1939 until 1959 (where he was the only Republican to serve as Speaker between 1931 and 1995),John W. McCormack, Speaker of the House in the 1960s, and Tip O'Neill, whose service as Speaker of the House from 1977 to 1987 was the longest continuous tenure in United States history.
21st century
On May 17, 2004, Massachusetts became the first state in the U.S. to legalize same-sex marriage. This followed the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court's decision in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health in November 2003, which determined that the exclusion of same-sex couples from the right to a civil marriage was unconstitutional.
In 2004, Massachusetts senator John Kerry, who won the Democratic nomination for President of the United States, lost to incumbent George W. Bush. Eight years later, former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney (the Republican nominee) lost to incumbent Barack Obama in 2012. Another eight years later, Massachusetts senator Elizabeth Warren became a frontrunner in the Democratic primaries for the 2020 presidential election. However, she later suspended her campaign and endorsed presumptive nominee Joe Biden.
Two pressure cooker bombs exploded near the finish line of the Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013, at around 2:49 pm local time (EDT). The explosions killed three people and injured an estimated 264 others. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) later identified the suspects as brothers Dzhokhar Tsarnaev and Tamerlan Tsarnaev. The ensuing manhunt ended on April 19 when thousands of law enforcement officers searched a 20-block area of nearby Watertown. Dzhokhar later said he was motivated by extremist Islamic beliefs and learned to build explosive devices from Inspire, the online magazine of al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula.
On November 8, 2016, Massachusetts voted in favor of the Massachusetts Marijuana Legalization Initiative, also known as Question 4.
Geography
Massachusetts is the seventh-smallest state in the United States. It is located in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It has an area of 10,555 square miles (27,340 km2), 25.7% of which is water. Several large bays distinctly shape its coast, giving it the nickname "the Bay State". Boston is its largest city.
Despite its small size, Massachusetts features numerous topographically distinctive regions. The large coastal plain of the Atlantic Ocean in the eastern section of the state contains Greater Boston, along with most of the state's population, as well as the distinctive Cape Cod peninsula. To the west lies the hilly, rural region of Central Massachusetts, and beyond that, the Connecticut River Valley. Along the western border of Western Massachusetts lies the highest elevated part of the state, the Berkshires, forming a portion of the northern terminus of the Appalachian Mountains.[citation needed]
The U.S. National Park Service administers a number of natural and historical sites in Massachusetts. Along with twelve national historic sites, areas, and corridors, the National Park Service also manages the Cape Cod National Seashore and the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. In addition, the Department of Conservation and Recreation maintains a number of parks, trails, and beaches throughout Massachusetts.
Ecology
The primary biome of inland Massachusetts is temperate deciduous forest. Although much of Massachusetts had been cleared for agriculture, leaving only traces of old-growth forest in isolated pockets, secondary growth has regenerated in many rural areas as farms have been abandoned. Forests cover around 62% of Massachusetts. The areas most affected by human development include the Greater Boston area in the east and the Springfield metropolitan area in the west, although the latter includes agricultural areas throughout the Connecticut River Valley. There are 219 endangered species in Massachusetts.
A number of species are doing well in the increasingly urbanized Massachusetts. Peregrine falcons utilize office towers in larger cities as nesting areas, and the population of coyotes, whose diet may include garbage and roadkill, has been increasing in recent decades.White-tailed deer, raccoons, wild turkeys, and eastern gray squirrels are also found throughout Massachusetts. In more rural areas in the western part of Massachusetts, larger mammals such as moose and black bears have returned, largely due to reforestation following the regional decline in agriculture.
Massachusetts is located along the Atlantic Flyway, a major route for migratory waterfowl along the eastern coast. Lakes in central Massachusetts provide habitat for many species of fish and waterfowl, but some species such as the common loon are becoming rare. A significant population of long-tailed ducks winter off Nantucket. Small offshore islands and beaches are home to roseate terns and are important breeding areas for the locally threatened piping plover. Protected areas such as the Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge provide critical breeding habitat for shorebirds and a variety of marine wildlife including a large population of grey seals. Since 2009, there has been a significant increase in the number of Great white sharks spotted and tagged in the coastal waters off of Cape Cod.
Freshwater fish species in Massachusetts include bass, carp, catfish, and trout, while saltwater species such as Atlantic cod, haddock, and American lobster populate offshore waters. Other marine species include Harbor seals, the endangered North Atlantic right whales, as well as humpback whales, fin whales, minke whales, and Atlantic white-sided dolphins.
The European corn borer, a significant agricultural pest, was first found in North America near Boston, Massachusetts in 1917.
Climate
Most of Massachusetts has a humid continental climate, with cold winters and warm summers. Far southeast coastal areas are the broad transition zone to Humid Subtropical climates. The warm to hot summers render the oceanic climate rare in this transition, only applying to exposed coastal areas such as on the peninsula of Barnstable County. The climate of Boston is quite representative for the commonwealth, characterized by summer highs of around 81 °F (27 °C) and winter highs of 35 °F (2 °C), and is quite wet. Frosts are frequent all winter, even in coastal areas due to prevailing inland winds. Boston has a relatively sunny climate for a coastal city at its latitude, averaging over 2,600 hours of sunshine a year.
| Location | July (°F) | July (°C) | January (°F) | January (°C) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boston | 81/65 | 27/18 | 36/22 | 2/−5 |
| Worcester | 79/61 | 26/16 | 31/17 | 0/−8 |
| Springfield | 84/62 | 27/17 | 34/17 | 1/−8 |
| New Bedford | 80/65 | 26/18 | 37/23 | 3/−4 |
| Quincy | 80/61 | 26/16 | 33/18 | 1/−7 |
| Plymouth | 80/61 | 27/16 | 38/20 | 3/−6 |
Environmental issues
Climate change
Climate change in Massachusetts will affect both urban and rural environments, including forestry, fisheries, agriculture, and coastal development. The Northeast is projected to warm faster than global average temperatures; by 2035, according to the U. S. Global Change Research Program, the Northeast is "projected to be more than 3.6°F (2°C) warmer on average than during the preindustrial era". As of August 2016, the EPA reports that Massachusetts has warmed by over two degrees Fahrenheit, or 1.1 degrees Celsius.
Shifting temperatures also result in the shifting of rainfall patterns and the intensification of precipitation events. To that end, average precipitation in the Northeast United States has risen by ten percent from 1895 to 2011, and the number of heavy precipitation events has increased by seventy percent during that time. These increased precipitation patterns are focused in the winter and spring. Increasing temperatures coupled with increasing precipitation will result in earlier snow melts and subsequent drier soil in the summer months.
The shifting climate in Massachusetts will result in a significant change to the state's built environment and ecosystems. In Boston alone, costs of climate change-related storms will result in $5 to $100 billion in damage.
Warmer temperatures will also disrupt bird migration and flora blooming. With these changes, deer populations are expected to increase, resulting in a decrease in underbrush which smaller fauna use as camouflage. Additionally, rising temperatures will increase the number of reported Lyme disease cases in the state. Ticks can transmit the disease once temperatures reach 45 degrees, so shorter winters will increase the window of transmission. These warmer temperatures will also increase the prevalence of Asian tiger mosquitoes, which often carry the West Nile virus.
To fight this change, the Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs has outlined a path to decarbonize the state's economy. On April 22, 2020, Kathleen A. Theoharides, the state's Secretary of Energy and Environmental Affairs, released a Determination of Statewide Emissions limits for 2050. In her letter, Theoharides stresses that as of 2020, the Commonwealth has experienced property damage attributable to climate change of more than $60 billion. To ensure that the Commonwealth experiences warming no more than 1.5 °C of pre-industrialization levels, the state will work towards two goals by 2050: to achieve net-zero emissions, and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 85 percent overall.
Power initiatives
The State of Massachusetts has developed a plethora of incentives to encourage the implementation of renewable energy and efficient appliances and home facilities. The Mass Save program, formed in conjunction with the State by several companies that provide power and gas in Massachusetts, provides homeowners and renters with monetary incentives to retrofit their homes with efficient HVAC equipment and other household appliances. Appliances such as water heaters, air conditioners, washers and driers, and heat pumps are eligible for rebates in order to incentivize change.
The concept of Mass Save was created in 2008 by the passing of the Green Communities Act of 2008, during Deval Patrick's tenure as governor. The main goal of the Green Communities Act was to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels in the State and to encourage new, more efficient technologies. Among others, one result of this act was a requirement for Program Administrators of utilities to invest in saving energy, as opposed to purchasing and generating additional energy where economically feasible. In Massachusetts, eleven Program Administrators, including Eversource, National Grid, Western Massachusetts Electric, , , and , jointly own the rights to this program, in conjunction with the MA Department of Energy Resources (DOER) and the (EEAC).
The provides incentives for the installation of solar panels. In addition to the Federal Residential Renewable energy credit, Massachusetts residents may be eligible for a tax credit of up to 15 percent of the project. Once installed, arrays are eligible for net metering. Certain municipalities will offer up to $1.20 per watt, up to 50 percent of the system's cost on PV arrays 25 kW or less. The Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources also offered low-interest, fixed-rate financing with loan support for low-income residents until December 31, 2020.
As a part of the Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources' effort to incentivize the usage of renewable energy, the Massachusetts Offers Rebates for Electric Vehicles (MOR-EV) initiative was created. With this incentive, residents may qualify for a state-provided incentive of up to $2,500 for the purchase or lease of an electric vehicle, or $1,500 for the purchase or lease of a plug-in hybrid vehicle. This rebate is available in addition to the tax credits offered by the United States Department of Energy for the purchase of electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles.
For income-eligible residents, Mass Save has partnered with Massachusetts Community Action Program Agencies and (LEAN) to offer residents assistance with upgrades to their homes that will result in more efficient energy usage. Residents may qualify for a replacement of their heating system, insulation installation, appliances, and thermostats if they meet the income qualifications provided on Mass Save's website. For residents of 5+ family residential buildings, there are additional income-restricted benefits available through LEAN. If at least 50 percent of the residents of the building qualify as low income, energy efficiency improvements like those available through Mass Save are available. Residential structures operated by non-profit organizations, for profit operations, or housing authorities may take advantage of these programs.
In late 2020, the administration of Massachusetts governor Charlie Baker released a decarbonization roadmap to aim for net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The plan calls for major investments in offshore wind and solar energy. It would also require all new cars sold in the state to be zero-emissions (electric or hydrogen powered) by 2035.
Demographics
| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1790 | 378,787 | — | |
| 1800 | 422,845 | 11.6% | |
| 1810 | 472,040 | 11.6% | |
| 1820 | 523,287 | 10.9% | |
| 1830 | 610,408 | 16.6% | |
| 1840 | 737,699 | 20.9% | |
| 1850 | 994,514 | 34.8% | |
| 1860 | 1,231,066 | 23.8% | |
| 1870 | 1,457,351 | 18.4% | |
| 1880 | 1,783,085 | 22.4% | |
| 1890 | 2,238,947 | 25.6% | |
| 1900 | 2,805,346 | 25.3% | |
| 1910 | 3,366,416 | 20.0% | |
| 1920 | 3,852,356 | 14.4% | |
| 1930 | 4,249,614 | 10.3% | |
| 1940 | 4,316,721 | 1.6% | |
| 1950 | 4,690,514 | 8.7% | |
| 1960 | 5,148,578 | 9.8% | |
| 1970 | 5,689,170 | 10.5% | |
| 1980 | 5,737,037 | 0.8% | |
| 1990 | 6,016,425 | 4.9% | |
| 2000 | 6,349,097 | 5.5% | |
| 2010 | 6,547,629 | 3.1% | |
| 2020 | 7,029,917 | 7.4% | |
| 2024 (est.) | 7,136,171 | 1.5% | |
At the 2020 U.S. census, Massachusetts had a population of over 7 million, a 7.4% increase since the 2010 United States Census. As of 2015, Massachusetts was estimated to be the third-most densely populated U.S. state, with 871.0 people per square mile, behind New Jersey and Rhode Island. In 2014, Massachusetts had 1,011,811 foreign-born residents or 15% of the population. As of July 2024, the state's population was estimated to have grown to 7,136,171.
Most Massachusetts residents live within the Boston metropolitan area, also known as Greater Boston, which includes Boston and its proximate surroundings but also extending to Greater Lowell and to Worcester. The Springfield metropolitan area, also known as Greater Springfield, is also a major center of population. Demographically, the center of population of Massachusetts is located in the town of Natick.
Like the rest of the Northeastern United States, the population of Massachusetts has continued to grow in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Massachusetts is the fastest-growing state in New England and the 25th fastest-growing state in the United States. Population growth has been driven primarily by the relatively high quality of life and a large higher education system.
Foreign immigration is also a factor in the state's population growth, causing the state's population to continue to grow as of the 2010 census (particularly in Massachusetts gateway cities where costs of living are lower). Forty percent of foreign immigrants were from Central or South America, according to a 2005 Census Bureau study, with many of the remainder from Asia. Many residents who have settled in Greater Springfield claim Puerto Rican descent. Many areas of Massachusetts showed relatively stable population trends between 2000 and 2010.Exurban Boston and coastal areas grew the most rapidly, while Berkshire County in far Western Massachusetts and Barnstable County on Cape Cod were the only counties to lose population as of the 2010 census. In 2018, The top countries of origin for Massachusetts' immigrants were China, the Dominican Republic, Brazil, India and Haiti.
By sex, 48.4% were male, and 51.6% were female in 2014. In terms of age, 79.2% were over 18 and 14.8% were over 65.
According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 15,507 homeless people in Massachusetts.
Race and ancestry
| Race and Ethnicity | Alone | Total | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| White (non-Hispanic) | 67.6% | 71.4% | ||
| Hispanic or Latino | — | 12.6% | ||
| African American (non-Hispanic) | 6.5% | 8.2% | ||
| Asian | 7.2% | 8.2% | ||
| Native American | 0.1% | 0.9% | ||
| Pacific Islander | 0.02% | 0.1% | ||
| Other | 1.3% | 3.6% | ||
The state's most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, has declined from 95.4% in 1970 to 67.6% in 2020. As of 2011, non-Hispanic whites were involved in 63.6% of all the births, while 36.4% of the population of Massachusetts younger than age 1 was minorities (at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white). One major reason for this is that non-Hispanic whites in Massachusetts recorded a total fertility rate of 1.36 in 2017, the second-lowest in the country after neighboring Rhode Island.
As late as 1795, the population of Massachusetts was nearly 95% of English ancestry. During the early and mid-19th century, immigrant groups began arriving in Massachusetts in large numbers; first from Ireland in the 1840s; today the Irish and part-Irish are the largest ancestry group in the state at nearly 25% of the total population. Others arrived later from Quebec as well as places in Europe such as Italy, Portugal, and Poland. In the early 20th century, an increasing number of , although in somewhat fewer numbers than many other Northern states. Later in the 20th century, immigration from Latin America increased considerably. More than 156,000 Chinese Americans made their home in Massachusetts in 2014, and Boston hosts a growing Chinatown accommodating heavily traveled Chinese-owned bus lines to and from Chinatown, Manhattan in New York City. Massachusetts also has large Dominican, Puerto Rican, Haitian, Cape Verdean and Brazilian populations. Boston's South End and Jamaica Plain are both gay villages, as is nearby Provincetown, Massachusetts on Cape Cod.
The largest ancestry group in Massachusetts are the Irish (22.5% of the population), who live in significant numbers throughout the state but form more than 40% of the population along the South Shore in Norfolk and Plymouth counties (in both counties overall, Irish-Americans comprise more than 30% of the population). Italians form the second-largest ethnic group in the state (13.5%), but form a plurality in some suburbs north of Boston and in a few towns in the Berkshires. English Americans, the third-largest (11.4%) group, form a plurality in some western towns. French and French Canadians also form a significant part (10.7%), with sizable populations in Bristol, Hampden, and Worcester Counties, along with Middlesex county especially concentrated in the areas surrounding Lowell and Lawrence.Lowell is home to the second-largest Cambodian community of the nation. Massachusetts is home to a small community of Greek Americans as well, which according to the American Community Survey there are 83,701 of them scattered along the state (1.2% of the total state population). There are also several populations of Native Americans in Massachusetts. The Wampanoag tribe maintains reservations at Aquinnah on Martha's Vineyard and at Mashpee on Cape Cod—with an ongoing native language revival project underway since 1993, while the Nipmuc maintain two state-recognized reservations in the central part of the state, including one at Grafton.
Massachusetts has avoided many forms of racial strife seen elsewhere in the US, but examples such as the successful electoral showings of the nativist (mainly anti-Catholic) Know Nothings in the 1850s, the controversial Sacco and Vanzetti executions in the 1920s, and Boston's opposition to desegregation busing in the 1970s.
Historical racial and ethnic composition
Massachusetts – Racial and Ethnic Composition
(NH = Non-Hispanic)
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
| Race / Ethnicity | Pop 2000 | Pop 2010 | Pop 2020 | %2000 | %2010 | %2020 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White alone (NH) | 5,198,359 | 4,984,800 | 4,748,897 | 81.88% | 76.13% | 67.55% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 318,329 | 391,693 | 457,055 | 5.01% | 5.98% | 6.5% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 11,264 | 10,788 | 9,378 | 0.18% | 0.16% | 0.13% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 236,786 | 347,495 | 504,900 | 3.73% | 5.31% | 7.18% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 1,706 | 1,467 | 1,607 | 0.03% | 0.02% | 0.02% |
| Some Other Race alone (NH) | 43,586 | 61,547 | 92,108 | 0.69% | 0.94% | 1.31% |
| Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH) | 110,338 | 122,195 | 328,278 | 1.74% | 1.87% | 4.67% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 428,729 | 627,654 | 887,685 | 6.75% | 9.59% | 12.63% |
| Total | 6,349,097 | 6,547,629 | 7,029,917 | 100% | 100% | 100% |
Languages
The most common varieties of American English spoken in Massachusetts, other than General American, are the cot-caught distinct, rhotic, western Massachusetts dialect and the cot-caught merged, non-rhotic, eastern Massachusetts dialect (popularly known as a "Boston accent").
| Language | Percentage of population (as of 2010) |
|---|---|
| Spanish | 7.50% |
| Portuguese | 2.97% |
| Chinese (including Cantonese and Mandarin) | 1.59% |
| French (including New England French) | 1.11% |
| French Creole | 0.89% |
| Italian | 0.72% |
| Russian | 0.62% |
| Vietnamese | 0.58% |
| Greek | 0.41% |
| Arabic and Khmer (Cambodian) (including all Austroasiatic languages) (tied) | 0.37% |
As of 2010, 78.93% (4,823,127) of Massachusetts residents 5 and older spoke English at home as a first language, while 7.50% (458,256) spoke Spanish, 2.97% (181,437) Portuguese, 1.59% (96,690) Chinese (which includes Cantonese and Mandarin), 1.11% (67,788) French, 0.89% (54,456) French Creole, 0.72% (43,798) Italian, 0.62% (37,865) Russian, and Vietnamese was spoken as a primary language by 0.58% (35,283) of the population over 5. In total, 21.07% (1,287,419) of Massachusetts's population 5 and older spoke a first language other than English.
Religion
Religious self-identification, per Public Religion Research Institute's 2022 American Values Survey
Massachusetts was founded and settled by Brownist Puritans in 1620, and soon after by other groups of Separatists/Dissenters, Nonconformists and Independents from 17th century England. A majority of people in Massachusetts today remain Christians. The descendants of the Puritans belong to many different churches; in the direct line of inheritance are the various Congregational churches, the United Church of Christ and congregations of the Unitarian Universalist Association. The headquarters of the Unitarian Universalist Association, long located on Beacon Hill, is now located in South Boston. Many Puritan descendants also dispersed to other Protestant denominations. Some disaffiliated along with Roman Catholics and other Christian groups in the wake of modern secularization.
As of the 2014 Pew study, Christians made up 57% of the state's population, with Protestants making up 21% of them. Roman Catholics made up 34% and now predominate because of massive immigration from primarily Catholic countries and regions—chiefly Ireland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Quebec, and Latin America. Both Protestant and Roman Catholic communities have been in decline since the late 20th century, due to the rise of irreligion in New England. It is the most irreligious region of the country, along with the Western United States; for comparison and contrast however, in 2020, the Public Religion Research Institute determined 67% of the population were Christian reflecting a slight increase of religiosity. A significant Jewish population immigrated to the Boston and Springfield areas between 1880 and 1920. Jews make up 3% of the population. Mary Baker Eddy made the Boston Mother Church of Christian Science serve as the world headquarters of this new religious movement. Buddhists, Pagans, Hindus, Seventh-day Adventists, Muslims, and Mormons may also be found. The Satanic Temple has its headquarters in Salem. Kripalu Center in Stockbridge, the Shaolin Meditation Temple in Springfield, and the Insight Meditation Center in Barre are examples of non-Abrahamic religious centers in Massachusetts. According to 2010 data from The Association of Religion Data Archives, (ARDA) the largest single denominations are the Catholic Church with 2,940,199 adherents; the United Church of Christ with 86,639 adherents; and the Episcopal Church with 81,999 adherents.
In 2014, 32% of the population identified as having no religion; in a separate 2020 study, 23% of the population identified as irreligious, and 67% of the population identified as Christians (including 26% as white Protestants and 20% as white Catholics). As of 2022, a plurality of Massachusettsans were irreligious, and the state is considered to be a part of the Unchurched Belt.
Native American tribes
What is today Massachusetts was originally inhabited by the Wampanoag, the Nipmuc, the Massachusett, the Pocumtuc, the Nauset, the Pennacook and a few other tribes. Some of these tribes are still represented among the population of the state today.
The largest Native American tribes in Massachusetts according to the 2010 census are listed in the table below:
| Tribal grouping | American Indian and Alaska Native alone | AIAN in combination with one or more other races | Total AIAN alone or in any combination |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total AIAN population | 18850 | 31855 | 50705 |
| Cherokee | 885 | 3654 | 4539 |
| Wampanoag | 1674 | 1642 | 3316 |
| Micmac | 623 | 1166 | 1789 |
| South American Indian | 817 | 930 | 1747 |
| Blackfeet | 298 | 1347 | 1645 |
| Mexican American Indian | 1131 | 449 | 1580 |
| Iroquois | 457 | 984 | 1441 |
| Central American Indian | 635 | 332 | 967 |
| Nipmuc | 305 | 550 | 855 |
| Abenaki | 197 | 469 | 666 |
| Sioux | 186 | 463 | 649 |
| Tribe not specified | 9421 | 16535 | 25956 |
Education
In 2018, Massachusetts's overall educational system was ranked the top among all fifty U.S. states by U.S. News & World Report. Massachusetts was the first state in North America to require municipalities to appoint a teacher or establish a grammar school with the passage of the Massachusetts Education Law of 1647, and 19th century reforms pushed by Horace Mann laid much of the groundwork for contemporary universal public education which was established in 1852. Massachusetts is home to the oldest school in continuous existence in North America (The Roxbury Latin School, founded in 1645), as well as the country's oldest public elementary school (The Mather School, founded in 1639), its oldest high school (Boston Latin School, founded in 1635), its oldest continuously operating boarding school (The Governor's Academy, founded in 1763), its oldest college (Harvard University, founded in 1636), and its oldest women's college (Mount Holyoke College, founded in 1837). Massachusetts is also home to the highest ranked private high school in the United States, Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, which was founded in 1778.
Massachusetts's per-student public expenditure for elementary and secondary schools was eighth in the nation in 2012, at $14,844. In 2013, Massachusetts scored highest of all the states in math and third-highest in reading on the National Assessment of Educational Progress. Massachusetts' public-school students place among the top tier in the world in academic performance. In 2022, Massachusetts was 1st or 2nd in the reading and mathematics average scores and proficiency percentages of the evaluated 4th and 8th graders.
Massachusetts is home to 121 institutions of higher education.Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, both located in Cambridge, consistently rank among the world's best private universities and universities in general. In addition to Harvard and MIT, several other Massachusetts universities rank in the top 50 at the undergraduate level nationally in the widely cited rankings of U.S. News & World Report: Tufts University (#27), Boston College (#32), Brandeis University (#34), Boston University (#37) and Northeastern University (#40). Massachusetts is also home to three of the top five U.S. News & World Report's best Liberal Arts Colleges: Williams College (#1), Amherst College (#2), and Wellesley College (#4). It is also home to the oldest Catholic liberal arts college, College of the Holy Cross (#33).Boston Architectural College is New England's largest private college of spatial design. The public University of Massachusetts (nicknamed UMass) features five campuses in the state, with its flagship campus in Amherst, which enrolls more than 25,000.
As of 2021, Massachusetts has the highest percentage of adults over the age of 25 with a bachelor's degree (46.62%) and a graduate degree (21.27%) of any state in the country.
Economy
The United States Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that the Massachusetts gross state product in 2020 was $584 billion. The per capita personal income in 2012 was $53,221, making it the third-highest state in the nation. As of January 2023, Massachusetts state general minimum wage is $15.00 per hour while the minimum wage for tipped workers is $6.75 an hour, with a guarantee that employers will pay the difference should a tipped employee's hourly wage not meet or exceed the general minimum wage. This wage was set to increase to a general minimum of $15.00 per hour and a tipped worker minimum of $6.75 per hour in January 2023, as part of a series of minimum wage amendments passed in 2018 that saw the minimum wage increase slowly every January up to 2023.
In 2015, twelve Fortune 500 companies were located in Massachusetts: Liberty Mutual, Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company, TJX Companies, General Electric, Raytheon, American Tower, Global Partners, Thermo Fisher Scientific, State Street Corporation, Biogen, Eversource Energy, and Boston Scientific. CNBC's list of "Top States for Business for 2023" has recognized Massachusetts as the 15th-best state in the nation for business, and for the second year in a row in 2016 the state was ranked by Bloomberg as the most innovative state in America. According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Massachusetts had the sixth-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 6.73 percent. Billionaires living in the state include past and present leaders (and related family) of local companies such as Fidelity Investments, New Balance, Kraft Group, Boston Scientific, and the former Continental Cablevision.
Massachusetts has three foreign-trade zones, the Massachusetts Port Authority of Boston, the Port of New Bedford, and the City of Holyoke.Boston-Logan International Airport is the busiest airport in New England, serving 33.4 million total passengers in 2015, and witnessing rapid growth in international air traffic since 2010.
Sectors vital to the Massachusetts economy include higher education, biotechnology, information technology, finance, health care, tourism, manufacturing, and defense. The Route 128 corridor and Greater Boston continue to be a major center for venture capital investment, and high technology remains an important sector. In recent years tourism has played an ever-important role in the state's economy, with Boston and Cape Cod being the leading destinations. Other popular tourist destinations include Salem, Plymouth, and the Berkshires. Massachusetts is the sixth-most popular tourist destination for foreign travelers. In 2010, the Great Places in Massachusetts Commission published '1,000 Great Places in Massachusetts' that identified 1,000 sites across the commonwealth to highlight the diverse historic, cultural, and natural attractions.
While manufacturing comprised less than 10% of Massachusetts's gross state product in 2016, the Commonwealth ranked 16th in the nation in total manufacturing output in the United States. This includes a diverse array of manufactured goods such as medical devices, paper goods, specialty chemicals and plastics, telecommunications and electronics equipment, and machined components.
The more than 33,000 nonprofits in Massachusetts employ one-sixth of the state's workforce. In 2007, Governor Deval Patrick signed into law a state holiday, Nonprofit Awareness Day.
In February 2017, U.S. News & World Report ranked Massachusetts the best state in the United States based upon 60 metrics including healthcare, education, crime, infrastructure, opportunity, economy, and government. Massachusetts ranked number one in education, number two in healthcare, and number five in the handling of the economy.
Agriculture
As of 2012, there were 7,755 farms in Massachusetts encompassing a total of 523,517 acres (2,120 km2), averaging 67.5 acres (27.3 hectares) apiece.Greenhouse, floriculture, and sod products – including the ornamental market – make up more than one third of the state's agricultural output. Particular agricultural products of note also include cranberries, sweet corn and apples are also large sectors of production. Fruit cultivation is an important part of the state's agricultural revenues, and Massachusetts is the second-largest cranberry-producing state after Wisconsin.
Taxation
Depending on how it is calculated, state and local tax burden in Massachusetts has been estimated among U.S. states and Washington D.C. as 21st-highest (11.44% or $6,163 per year for a household with nationwide median income) or 25th-highest overall with below-average corporate taxes (39th-highest), above-average personal income taxes, (13th-highest), above-average sales tax (18th-highest), and below-average property taxes (46th-highest). In the 1970s, the Commonwealth ranked as a relatively high-tax state, gaining the pejorative nickname "Taxachusetts". This was followed by a round of tax limitations during the 1980s—a conservative period in American politics—including Proposition 2½.
As of January 1, 2020, Massachusetts has a flat-rate personal income tax of 5.00%, after a 2002 voter referendum to eventually lower the rate to 5.0% as amended by the legislature. There is a tax exemption for income below a threshold that varies from year to year. The corporate income tax rate is 8.8%, and the short-term capital gains tax rate is 12%. An unusual provision allows filers to voluntarily pay at the pre-referendum 5.85% income tax rate, which is done by between one and two thousand taxpayers per year.
The state imposes a 6.25% sales tax on retail sales of tangible personal property—except for groceries, clothing (up to $175.00), and periodicals. The sales tax is charged on clothing that costs more than $175.00, for the amount exceeding $175.00. Massachusetts also charges a use tax when goods are bought from other states and the vendor does not remit Massachusetts sales tax; taxpayers report and pay this on their income tax forms or dedicated forms, though there are "safe harbor" amounts that can be paid without tallying up actual purchases (except for purchases over $1,000). There is no inheritance tax and limited Massachusetts estate tax related to federal estate tax collection.
Energy
Massachusetts's electricity generation market was made competitive in 1998, enabling retail customers to change suppliers without changing utility companies. In 2018, Massachusetts consumed 1,459 trillion BTU, making it the seventh-lowest state in terms of consumption of energy per capita, and 31 percent of that energy came from natural gas. In 2014 and 2015, Massachusetts was ranked as the most energy efficient state the United States while Boston is the most efficient city, but it had the fourth-highest average residential retail electricity prices of any state. In 2018, renewable energy was about 7.2 percent of total energy consumed in the state, ranking 34th.
Transportation
For federal funding purposes, Massachusetts has 10 regional metropolitan planning organizations and three non-metropolitan planning organizations covering the remainder of the state; statewide planning is handled by the Massachusetts Department of Transportation. Transportation is the single largest source of greenhouse gas emissions by economic sector in Massachusetts.
Regional public transportation
The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA), also known as "The T", operates public transportation in the form of subway, bus, and ferry systems in the Metro Boston area.
Fifteen other regional transit authorities provide public transportation in the form of bus services in the rest of the state. Four heritage railways are also in operation:
- The Cape Cod Central Railroad, operating from Hyannis to Buzzards Bay
- The Berkshire Scenic Railway, operating from Lee to Great Barrington
- Edaville Railroad in Carver
- The Lowell National Historical Park Trolley Line in Lowell
Long-distance rail and bus
Amtrak operates several inter-city rail lines in Massachusetts. Boston's South Station serves as the terminus for three lines, namely the high-speed Acela Express, which links to cities such as Providence, New Haven, New York City, and eventually Washington DC; the Northeast Regional, which follows the same route but includes many more stops, and also continues further south to Newport News in Virginia; and the Lake Shore Limited, which runs westward to Worcester, Springfield, and eventually Chicago. Boston's other major station, North Station, serves as the southern terminus for Amtrak's Downeaster, which connects to Portland and Brunswick in Maine.
Outside of Boston, Amtrak connects several cities across Massachusetts, along the aforementioned Acela, Northeast Regional, Lake Shore Limited, and Downeaster lines, as well as other routes in central and western Massachusetts. The Amtrak Hartford Line connects Springfield to New Haven, operated in conjunction with the Connecticut Department of Transportation, and the Valley Flyer runs a similar route but continues further north to Greenfield. Several stations in western Massachusetts are also served by the Vermonter, which connects St. Albans, Vermont to Washington DC.
Amtrak carries more passengers between Boston and New York than all airlines combined (about 54% of market share in 2012), but service between other cities is less frequent. There, more frequent intercity service is provided by private bus carriers, including Peter Pan Bus Lines (headquartered in Springfield), Greyhound Lines, OurBus, BoltBus and Plymouth and Brockton Street Railway. Various Chinatown bus lines depart for New York from South Station in Boston.
MBTA Commuter Rail services run throughout the larger Greater Boston area, including service to Worcester, Fitchburg, Haverhill, Newburyport, Lowell, and Kingston. This overlaps with the service areas of neighboring regional transportation authorities. As of the summer of 2013 the Cape Cod Regional Transit Authority in collaboration with the MBTA and the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT) is operating the CapeFLYER providing passenger rail service between Boston and Cape Cod.
Ferry
Most ports north of Cape Cod are served by Boston Harbor Cruises, which operates ferry services in and around Greater Boston under contract with the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. Several routes connect the downtown area with Hingham, Hull, Winthrop, Salem, Logan Airport, Charlestown, and some of the islands located within the harbor. The same company also operates seasonal service between Boston and Provincetown.
On the southern shore of the state, several different passenger ferry lines connect Martha's Vineyard to ports along the mainland, including Woods Hole, Hyannis, New Bedford, and Falmouth, all in Massachusetts, as well as North Kingstown in Rhode Island, Highlands in New Jersey, and New York City in New York. Similarly, several different lines connect Nantucket to ports including Hyannis, New Bedford, Harwich, and New York City. Service between the two islands is also offered. The dominant companies serving these routes include SeaStreak, Hy-Line Cruises, and The Steamship Authority, the latter of which regulates all passenger services in the region and is also the only company permitted to offer freight ferry services to the islands.
Other ferry connections in the state include a water taxi connecting various points in Fall River, seasonal ferry service connecting Plymouth to Provincetown, and a service between New Bedford and Cuttyhunk.
Rail freight
As of 2018, a number of freight railroads were operating in Massachusetts, with Class I railroad CSX being the largest carrier, and another Class 1, Norfolk Southern serving the state via its Pan Am Southern joint partnership. Several regional and short line railroads also provide service and connect with other railroads. Massachusetts has a total of 1,110 miles (1,790 km) of freight trackage in operation.
Air service
Boston Logan International Airport served 33.5 million passengers in 2015 (up from 31.6 million in 2014) through 103 gates. Logan, Hanscom Field in Bedford, and Worcester Regional Airport are operated by Massport, an independent state transportation agency. Massachusetts has 39 public-use airfields and more than 200 private landing spots. Some airports receive funding from the Aeronautics Division of the Massachusetts Department of Transportation and the Federal Aviation Administration; the FAA is also the primary regulator of Massachusetts air travel.
Roads
There are a total of 36,800 miles (59,200 km) of interstates and other highways in Massachusetts.Interstate 90 (I-90, also known as the Massachusetts Turnpike), is the longest interstate in Massachusetts. The route travels 136 mi (219 km) generally west to east, entering Massachusetts at the New York state line in the town of West Stockbridge, and passes just north of Springfield, just south of Worcester and through Framingham before terminating near Logan International Airport in Boston. Other major interstates include I-91, which travels generally north and south along the Connecticut River; I-93, which travels north and south through central Boston, then passes through Methuen before entering New Hampshire; and I-95, which connects Providence, Rhode Island with Greater Boston, forming a partial loop concurrent with Route 128 around the more urbanized areas before continuing north along the coast into New Hampshire.
I-495 forms a wide loop around the outer edge of Greater Boston. Other major interstates in Massachusetts include I-291, I-391, I-84, I-195, I-395, I-290, and I-190. Major non-interstate highways in Massachusetts include U.S. Routes 1, 3, 6, and 20, and state routes 2, 3, 9, 24, and 128. A great majority of interstates in Massachusetts were constructed during the mid-20th century, and at times were controversial, particularly the intent to route I-95 northeastwards from Providence, Rhode Island, directly through central Boston, first proposed in 1948. Opposition to continued construction grew, and in 1970 Governor Francis W. Sargent issued a general prohibition on most further freeway construction within the I-95/Route 128 loop in the Boston area. A massive undertaking to bring I-93 underground in downtown Boston, called the Big Dig, brought the city's highway system under public scrutiny for its high cost and construction quality.
Government and politics
Massachusetts has a long political history; earlier political structures included the Mayflower Compact of 1620, the separate Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies, and the combined colonial Province of Massachusetts. The Massachusetts Constitution was ratified in 1780 while the Revolutionary War was in progress, four years after the Articles of Confederation was drafted, and eight years before the present United States Constitution was ratified on June 21, 1788. Drafted by John Adams, the Massachusetts Constitution is the oldest functioning written constitution in continuous effect in the world. It has been amended 121 times, most recently in 2022.
Massachusetts politics since the second half of the 20th century have generally been dominated by the Democratic Party, and the state has a reputation for being the most liberal state in the country. In 1974, Elaine Noble became the first openly lesbian or gay candidate elected to a state legislature in US history. The state's 12th congressional district elected the first openly gay member of the United States House of Representatives, Gerry Studds, in 1972 and in 2004, Massachusetts became the first state to allow same-sex marriage. In 2006, Massachusetts became the first state to approve a law that provided for nearly universal healthcare. Massachusetts has a pro-sanctuary city law. As of 2024, Massachusetts has a Democratic Governor, two Democratic Senators, and all nine Congressional Representatives are Democrats. Massachusetts is a blue state; Ronald Reagan was the last Republican to win the state in 1984.
In a 2020 study, Massachusetts was ranked as the 11th easiest state for citizens to vote in.
Government
The Government of Massachusetts is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The governor of Massachusetts heads the executive branch, while legislative authority vests in a separate but coequal legislature. Meanwhile, judicial power is constitutionally guaranteed to the independent judicial branch.
Executive branch
As chief executive, the governor is responsible for signing or vetoing legislation, filling judicial and agency appointments, granting pardons, preparing an annual budget, and commanding the Massachusetts National Guard. Massachusetts governors, unlike those of most other states, are addressed as His/Her Excellency. The governor is Maura Healey and the incumbent lieutenant governor is Kim Driscoll. The governor conducts the affairs of state alongside a separate Governor's Council made up of the lieutenant governor and eight separately elected councilors. The council is charged by the state constitution with reviewing and confirming gubernatorial appointments and pardons, approving disbursements out of the state treasury, and certifying elections, among other duties.
Aside from the governor and Governor's Council, the executive branch also includes four independently elected constitutional officers: a secretary of the commonwealth, an attorney general, a state treasurer, and a state auditor. The commonwealth's incumbent constitutional officers are respectively William F. Galvin, Andrea Campbell, Deb Goldberg and Diana DiZoglio, all Democrats. In accordance with state statute, the secretary of the commonwealth administers elections, regulates lobbyists and the securities industry, registers corporations, serves as register of deeds for the entire state, and preserves public records as keeper of the state seal. Meanwhile, the attorney general provides legal services to state agencies, combats fraud and corruption, investigates and prosecutes crimes, and enforces consumer protection, environment, labor, and civil rights laws as Massachusetts chief lawyer and law enforcement officer. At the same time, the state treasurer manages the state's cash flow, debt, and investments as chief financial officer, whereas the state auditor conducts audits, investigations, and studies as chief audit executive in order to promote government accountability and transparency and improve state agency financial management, legal compliance, and performance.
Legislative branch
The Massachusetts House of Representatives and Massachusetts Senate comprise the legislature of Massachusetts, known as the Massachusetts General Court. The House consists of 160 members while the Senate has 40 members. Leaders of the House and Senate are chosen by the members of those bodies; the leader of the House is known as the Speaker while the leader of the Senate is known as the President. Each branch consists of several committees. Members of both bodies are elected to two-year terms.
Judicial branch
The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (a chief justice and six associates) are appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Governor's Council, as are all other judges in the state.
Federal court cases are heard in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, and appeals are heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.
Federal representation
The Congressional delegation from Massachusetts is entirely Democratic. The Senators are Elizabeth Warren and Ed Markey while the Representatives are Richard Neal (1st), Jim McGovern (2nd), Lori Trahan (3rd), Jake Auchincloss (4th), Katherine Clark (5th), Seth Moulton (6th), Ayanna Pressley (7th), Stephen Lynch (8th), and Bill Keating (9th).
In U.S. presidential elections since 2012, Massachusetts has been allotted 11 votes in the electoral college, out of a total of 538. Like most states, Massachusetts's electoral votes are granted in a winner-take-all system.
Politics
For more than 70 years, Massachusetts has shifted from a previously Republican-leaning state to one largely dominated by Democrats; the 1952 victory of John F. Kennedy over incumbent Senator Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. is seen as a watershed moment in this transformation. His younger brother Edward M. Kennedy held that seat until his death from a brain tumor in 2009. Since the 1950s, Massachusetts has gained a reputation as being a politically liberal state and is often used as an archetype of modern liberalism, hence the phrase "Massachusetts liberal".
Massachusetts is one of the most Democratic states in the country. Democratic core concentrations are everywhere, except for a handful of Republican leaning towns in the Central and Southern parts of the state. Until recently, Republicans were dominant in the Western and Northern suburbs of Boston, however both areas heavily swung Democratic in the Trump era. The state as a whole has not given its Electoral College votes to a Republican in a presidential election since Ronald Reagan carried it in 1984, and not a single county has voted for a Republican presidential candidate since 1988 . Additionally, Massachusetts provided Reagan with his smallest margins of victory in both the 1980 and 1984 elections. Massachusetts had been the only state to vote for Democrat George McGovern in the 1972 presidential election. In 2020, Biden received 65.6% of the vote, the best performance in over 50 years for a Democrat.
Democrats have an absolute grip on the Massachusetts congressional delegation; there are no Republicans elected to serve at the federal level. Both Senators and all nine Representatives are Democrats; only one Republican (former Senator Scott Brown) has been elected to either house of Congress from Massachusetts since 1994. Massachusetts is the most populous state to be represented in the United States Congress entirely by a single party.
As of the 2018 elections, the Democratic Party holds a super-majority over the Republican Party in both chambers of the Massachusetts General Court (state legislature). Out of the state house's 160 seats, Democrats hold 127 seats (79%) compared to the Republican Party's 32 seats (20%), an independent sits in the remaining one, and 37 out of the 40 seats in the state senate (92.5%) belong to the Democratic Party compared to the Republican Party's three seats (7.5%). Both houses of the legislature have had Democratic majorities since the 1950s.
| Party registration as of August 2024 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Total voters | Percentage | |||
| Unenrolled | 3,256,754 | 64.43% | |||
| Democratic | 1,327,704 | 26.27% | |||
| Republican | 418,899 | 8.29% | |||
| Other | 51,182 | 1.01% | |||
| Total | 5,054,539 | 100.00% | |||
Despite the state's Democratic-leaning tendency, Massachusetts has generally elected Republicans as Governor: only two Democrats (Deval Patrick and Maura Healey) have served as governor since 1991, and among gubernatorial election results from 2002 to 2022, Republican nominees garnered 48.4% of the vote compared to 45.7% for Democratic nominees. These have been considered to be among the most moderate Republican leaders in the nation; they have received higher net favorability ratings from the state's Democrats than Republicans.
A number of contemporary national political issues have been influenced by events in Massachusetts, such as the decision in 2003 by the state Supreme Judicial Court allowing same-sex marriage and a 2006 bill which mandated health insurance for all Massachusetts residents. In 2008, Massachusetts voters passed an initiative decriminalizing possession of small amounts of marijuana. Voters in Massachusetts also approved a ballot measure in 2012 that legalized the medical use of marijuana. Following the approval of a ballot question endorsing legalization in 2016, Massachusetts began issuing licenses for the regulated sale of recreational marijuana in June 2018. The licensed sale of recreational marijuana became legal on July 1, 2018; however, the lack of state-approved testing facilities prevented the sale of any product for several weeks. However, in 2020, a ballot initiative to implement Ranked-Choice Voting failed, despite being championed by many progressives.
Massachusetts is one of the most pro-choice states in the Union. A 2014 Pew Research Center poll found that 74% of Massachusetts residents supported the right to an abortion in all/most cases, making Massachusetts the most pro-choice state in the United States.
In 2020, the state legislature overrode Governor Charlie Baker's veto of the ROE Act, a controversial law that codified existing abortion laws in case the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade, dropped the age of parental consent for those seeking an abortion from 18 to 16, and legalized abortion after 24 weeks, if a fetus had fatal anomalies, or "to preserve the patient's physical or mental health."
The 2023 American Values Atlas by Public Religion Research Institute found that same-sex marriage is supported near-universally by Massachusettsans.
Cities, towns, and counties
As of 2023, there are 292 towns and 59 cities in Massachusetts. Over time, many towns have voted to become cities; 14 municipalities still refer to themselves as "towns" even though they have a city form of government.
There are 50 cities and 301 towns in Massachusetts, grouped into 14 counties. The fourteen counties, moving roughly from west to east, are Berkshire, Franklin, Hampshire, Hampden, Worcester, Middlesex, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Bristol, Plymouth, Barnstable, Dukes, and Nantucket. Eleven communities which call themselves "towns" are, by law, cities since they have traded the town meeting form of government for a mayor-council or manager-council form.
Boston is the state capital in Massachusetts. The population of the city proper is 692,600, and Greater Boston, with a population of 4,873,019, is the 11th largest metropolitan area in the nation. Other cities with a population over 100,000 include Worcester, Springfield, Lowell, Cambridge, Brockton, Quincy, New Bedford, and Lynn. Plymouth is the largest municipality in the state by land area, followed by Middleborough.
Massachusetts, along with the five other New England states, features the local governmental structure known as the New England town. In this structure, incorporated towns—as opposed to townships or counties—hold many of the responsibilities and powers of local government. Most of the county governments were abolished by the state of Massachusetts beginning in 1997 including Middlesex County, the largest county in the state by population. The voters of these now-defunct counties elect only Sheriffs and Registers of Deeds, who are part of the state government. Other counties have been reorganized, and a few still retain county councils.
Largest cities or towns in Massachusetts Source: | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Name | County | Pop. | Rank | Name | County | Pop. | ||
 Boston  Worcester | 1 | Boston | Suffolk | 654,776 | 11 | Lawrence | Essex | 88,508 |  Springfield  Cambridge |
| 2 | Worcester | Worcester | 205,918 | 12 | Newton | Middlesex | 87,453 | ||
| 3 | Springfield | Hampden | 154,789 | 13 | Somerville | Middlesex | 79,815 | ||
| 4 | Cambridge | Middlesex | 117,090 | 14 | Framingham | Middlesex | 71,265 | ||
| 5 | Lowell | Middlesex | 113,994 | 15 | Haverhill | Essex | 67,361 | ||
| 6 | Brockton | Plymouth | 105,994 | 16 | Malden | Middlesex | 65,074 | ||
| 7 | Quincy | Norfolk | 101,119 | 17 | Waltham | Middlesex | 64,015 | ||
| 8 | New Bedford | Bristol | 100,941 | 18 | Brookline | Norfolk | 62,726 | ||
| 9 | Lynn | Essex | 100,843 | 19 | Plymouth | Plymouth | 62,131 | ||
| 10 | Fall River | Bristol | 93,884 | 20 | Medford | Middlesex | 62,098 | ||
Culture
Massachusetts has contributed to American arts and culture. Drawing from its Native American and Yankee roots, along with later immigrant groups, Massachusetts has produced several writers, artists, and musicians. Some major museums and important historical sites are also located there, and events and festivals throughout the year celebrate the state's history and heritage.
Massachusetts was an early center of the Transcendentalist movement, which emphasized intuition, emotion, human individuality and a deeper connection with nature.Ralph Waldo Emerson, who was born in Boston but spent much of his later life in Concord, largely created the philosophy with his 1836 work Nature, and continued to be a key figure in the movement for the remainder of his life. Emerson's friend, Henry David Thoreau, who was also involved in Transcendentalism, recorded his year spent alone in a small cabin at nearby Walden Pond in the 1854 work Walden; or, Life in the Woods.
Other famous authors and poets born or strongly associated with Massachusetts include Anne Bradstreet, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Louisa May Alcott, Robert Frost, Emily Dickinson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Edith Wharton, e.e. cummings, Herman Melville, W.E.B. Du Bois, Sylvia Plath, Elizabeth Bishop, John Updike, Anne Sexton, H.P. Lovecraft, Edgar Allan Poe, Helen Hunt Jackson, Khalil Gibran, Mary Higgins Clark, Amelia Atwater-Rhodes, Jack Kerouac and Theodor Seuss Geisel, better known as "Dr. Seuss". Famous painters from Massachusetts include Winslow Homer and Norman Rockwell; many of the latter's works are on display at the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge.
Massachusetts is also an important center for the performing arts. Both the Boston Symphony Orchestra and Boston Pops Orchestra are based in Massachusetts. Other orchestras in Massachusetts include the Cape Cod Symphony Orchestra in Barnstable, the New Bedford Symphony Orchestra, and the Springfield Symphony Orchestra.Tanglewood, in western Massachusetts, is a music venue that is home to both the Tanglewood Music Festival and Tanglewood Jazz Festival, as well as the summer host for the Boston Symphony Orchestra.
Other performing arts and theater organizations in Massachusetts include the Boston Ballet, the Boston Lyric Opera, and the Lenox-based Shakespeare & Company. In addition to classical and folk music, Massachusetts has produced musicians and bands spanning a number of contemporary genres, such as the classic rock bands Aerosmith and Boston, the proto-punk band the Modern Lovers, the new wave band the Cars, and the alternative rock band Pixies. The state has also been the birthplace of the rock bands Staind, Godsmack, and Highly Suspect, since these bands all were formed in Massachusetts cities such Springfield, Lawrence, and Cape Cod respectively. Film events in the state include the Boston Film Festival, the Boston International Film Festival, and a number of smaller film festivals in various cities throughout Massachusetts.
Massachusetts is home to a large number of museums and historical sites. The Clark Art Institute, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, and the DeCordova contemporary art and sculpture museum in Lincoln are all located within Massachusetts, and the Maria Mitchell Association in Nantucket includes several observatories, museums, and an aquarium. Historically themed museums and sites such as the Springfield Armory National Historic Site in Springfield, Boston's Freedom Trail and nearby Minute Man National Historical Park, both of which preserve a number of sites important during the American Revolution, the Lowell National Historical Park, which focuses on some of the earliest mills and canals of the Industrial Revolution in the US, the Black Heritage Trail in Boston, which includes important African-American and abolitionist sites in Boston, and the New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park all showcase various periods of Massachusetts's history. Plymouth Rock, marks the disembarkation site of the Mayflower Pilgrims who founded Plymouth Colony in December 1620.
Plimoth Plantation and Old Sturbridge Village are two open-air or "living" museums in Massachusetts, recreating life as it was in the 17th and early 19th centuries, respectively.
Boston's annual St. Patrick's Day parade and "Harborfest", a week-long Fourth of July celebration featuring a fireworks display and concert by the Boston Pops as well as a turnaround cruise in Boston Harbor by the USS Constitution, are popular events. The New England Summer Nationals, an auto show in Worcester, draws tens of thousands of attendees every year. The Boston Marathon is also a popular event in the state drawing more than 30,000 runners and tens of thousands of spectators annually.
Long-distance hiking trails in Massachusetts include the Appalachian Trail, the New England National Scenic Trail, the Metacomet-Monadnock Trail, the Midstate Trail, and the Bay Circuit Trail. Other outdoor recreational activities in Massachusetts include sailing and yachting, freshwater and deep-sea fishing,whale watching, downhill and cross-country skiing, and hunting.
Massachusetts is one of the states with the largest percentage of Catholics. It has many sanctuaries such as the National Shrine of The Divine Mercy (Stockbridge, Massachusetts).
Media
There are two major television media markets located in Massachusetts. The Boston/Manchester market is the fifth-largest in the United States. The other market surrounds the Springfield area.WGBH-TV in Boston is a major public television station and produces national programs such as Nova, Frontline, and American Experience.
The Boston Globe, Boston Herald, Springfield Republican, and the Worcester Telegram & Gazette are Massachusetts's largest daily newspapers. In addition, there are many community dailies and weeklies. The Associated Press maintains a bureau in Boston, and local news wire the State House News Service feeds coverage of state government to other Massachusetts media outlets. There are a number of major AM and FM stations which serve Massachusetts, along with many more regional and community-based stations. Some colleges and universities also operate campus television and radio stations, and print their own newspapers.
Health
Massachusetts generally ranks highly among states in most health and disease prevention categories. In 2015, the United Health Foundation ranked the state as third-healthiest overall. Massachusetts has the most doctors per 100,000 residents (435.38), the second-lowest infant mortality rate (3.8), and the lowest percentage of uninsured residents (children as well as the total population). According to Business Insider, commonwealth residents have an average life expectancy of 80.41 years, the fifth-longest in the country. 36.1% of the population is overweight and 24.4% is obese, and Massachusetts ranks sixth-highest in the percentage of residents who are considered neither obese nor overweight (39.5%). Massachusetts also ranks above average in the prevalence of binge drinking, which is the 20th-highest in the country.
The nation's first Marine Hospital was erected by federal order in Boston in 1799. There are currently a total of 143 hospitals in the state. According to 2015 rankings by U.S. News & World Report, Massachusetts General Hospital is ranked in the top three in two health care specialties. Massachusetts General Hospital was founded in 1811 and serves as the largest teaching hospital for nearby Harvard University.
The state of Massachusetts is a center for medical education and research including Harvard affiliates Brigham and Women's Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Dana–Farber Cancer Institute as well as the New England Baptist Hospital, Tufts Medical Center, and Boston Medical Center which is the primary teaching hospital for Boston University. The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School is located in Worcester. The Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences has two of its three campuses in Boston and Worcester.
Sports
Massachusetts is home to five major league professional sports teams: eighteen-time NBA Champions Boston Celtics, nine-time World Series winners Boston Red Sox, six-time Stanley Cup winners Boston Bruins, six-time Super Bowl winners New England Patriots, and five-time MLS Cup finalists New England Revolution.
In the late 19th century, the Olympic sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the Western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. The Basketball Hall of Fame is a major tourist destination in the City of Springfield and the Volleyball Hall of Fame is located in Holyoke. The American Hockey League (AHL), the NHL's development league, is headquartered in Springfield.
Several universities in Massachusetts are notable for their collegiate athletics. The state is home to two Division I FBS teams, Boston College of the Atlantic Coast Conference, and FBS Independent University of Massachusetts at Amherst. FCS play includes Harvard University, which competes in the famed Ivy League, and College of the Holy Cross of the Patriot League. Boston University, Northeastern University, UMASS Lowell, Stonehill College, and Merrimack College also participate in Division I athletics. Many other Massachusetts colleges compete in lower divisions such as Division III, where MIT, Tufts University, Amherst College, Williams College, and others field competitive teams.
Massachusetts is also the home of rowing events such as the Eastern Sprints on Lake Quinsigamond and the Head of the Charles Regatta. A number of major golf events have taken place in Massachusetts, including nine U.S. Opens and two Ryder Cups.
Massachusetts has produced several successful Olympians including Thomas Burke, James Connolly, and John Thomas (track and field); Butch Johnson (archery); Nancy Kerrigan (figure skating); Todd Richards (snowboarding); Albina Osipowich (swimming); Aly Raisman (gymnastics); Patrick Ewing (basketball); Stephen Nedoroscik (pommel horse); as well as Jim Craig, Mike Eruzione, Bill Cleary, Keith Tkachuk (ice hockey).
See also
- Administrative divisions of Massachusetts
- Index of Massachusetts-related articles
- Outline of Massachusetts
- Massachusetts Bay Colony
- New England
- USS Massachusetts, 8 ships
- USRC Massachusetts, 2 ships
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Massachusetts portal
Notes
- Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- Massachusetts is one of only four U.S. states to use the term "Commonwealth" in its official name, along with Kentucky, Virginia, and Pennsylvania.
- Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.
References
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Various nicknames have been given to describe Massachusetts, including the Bay State, the Old Bay State, the Pilgrim State, the Puritan State, the Old Colony State, the Spirit of America, and, less often, the Baked Bean State
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Massachusetts ˌ m ae s e ˈ tʃ uː s ɪ t s z ɪ t s MASS e CHOO sits zits Massachusett Muhsachuweesut mehswatʃewiːset officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is a state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States It borders the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Maine to its east Connecticut and Rhode Island to its south New Hampshire and Vermont to its north and New York to its west Massachusetts is the sixth smallest state by land area With a 2024 U S Census Bureau estimated population of 7 136 171 its highest estimated count ever Massachusetts is the most populous state in New England the 16th most populous in the United States and the third most densely populated U S state after New Jersey and Rhode Island MassachusettsStateCommonwealth of MassachusettsFlagSealNickname s The Bay State official The Pilgrim State The Puritan State The Old Colony State The Baked Bean StateMotto s Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem Latin By the sword we seek peace but peace only under libertyAnthem All Hail to Massachusetts Location of Massachusetts within the United StatesCountryUnited StatesBefore statehoodProvince of Massachusetts BayAdmitted to the UnionFebruary 6 1788 6th Capital and largest city BostonLargest county or equivalentMiddlesexLargest metro and urban areasGreater BostonGovernment GovernorMaura Healey D Lieutenant GovernorKim Driscoll D LegislatureGeneral Court Upper houseSenate Lower houseHouse of RepresentativesJudiciaryMassachusetts Supreme Judicial CourtU S senatorsElizabeth Warren D Ed Markey D U S House delegation9 Democrats list Area Total10 565 sq mi 27 363 km2 Land7 800 sq mi 20 202 km2 Water2 715 sq mi 7 032 km2 26 1 Rank44thDimensions Length190 mi 296 km Width115 mi 184 km Elevation508 ft 150 m Highest elevation Mount Greylock 3 489 ft 1 063 4 m Lowest elevation Atlantic Ocean 0 ft 0 m Population 2024 Total7 136 171 Rank16th Density914 89 sq mi 353 24 km2 Rank3rd Median household income 99 900 20 23 Income rank1stDemonymBay Stater official Masshole Massachusite traditional Massachusettsan recommended by the U S GPO Language Official languageEnglish Spoken languageEnglish 75 00 Spanish 9 55 Portuguese 3 43 Chinese 2 05 Time zoneUTC 05 00 Eastern Summer DST UTC 04 00 EDT USPS abbreviationMAISO 3166 codeUS MATraditional abbreviationMass Latitude41 14 N to 42 53 NLongitude69 56 W to 73 30 WWebsitemass wbr govState symbols of MassachusettsList of state symbolsFlag of MassachusettsSeal of MassachusettsPoemBlue Hills of MassachusettsSloganMake It Yours The Spirit of AmericaLiving insigniaBirdBlack capped chickadee wild turkeyFishCodFlowerMayflowerInsectLadybugMammalRight whale Morgan horse Tabby cat Boston TerrierReptileGarter snakeTreeAmerican elmInanimate insigniaBeverageCranberry juiceColor s Blue green cranberryDanceSquare danceFoodCranberry corn muffin navy bean Boston cream pie chocolate chip cookie Boston cream doughnutFossilDinosaur TracksGemstoneRhodoniteMineralBabingtoniteRockRoxbury PuddingstoneShellNew England Neptune Neptunea lyrata decemcostataShipSchooner ErnestinaSoilPaxtonSportBasketballState route markerState quarterReleased in 2000Lists of United States state symbols Massachusetts was a site of early English colonization The Plymouth Colony was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims of the Mayflower In 1630 the Massachusetts Bay Colony taking its name from the Indigenous Massachusett people also established settlements in Boston and Salem In 1692 the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America s most infamous cases of mass hysteria the Salem witch trials In the late 18th century Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that later led to the American Revolution In 1786 Shays Rebellion a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans influenced the United States Constitutional Convention Originally dependent on agriculture fishing and trade Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution Before the American Civil War the state was a center for the abolitionist temperance and transcendentalist movements During the 20th century the state s economy shifted from manufacturing to services and in the 21st century Massachusetts has become the global leader in biotechnology and also excels in artificial intelligence engineering higher education finance and maritime trade The state s capital and most populous city as well as its cultural and financial center is Boston Other major cities are Worcester Springfield and Cambridge Massachusetts is also home to the urban core of Greater Boston the largest metropolitan area in New England and a region profoundly influential upon American history academia and the research economy Massachusetts has a reputation for social and political progressivism becoming the only U S state with a right to shelter law and the first U S state and one of the earliest jurisdictions in the world to legally recognize same sex marriage Harvard University in Cambridge is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States with the largest financial endowment of any university in the world Both Harvard and MIT also in Cambridge are perennially ranked as either the most or among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world Massachusetts s public school students place among the top tier in the world in academic performance Massachusetts is the most educated and one of the most highly developed and wealthiest U S states ranking first in the percentage of population 25 and over with either a bachelor s degree or advanced degree first on both the American Human Development Index and the standard Human Development Index first in per capita income and first in median income both by household and individually Consequently Massachusetts typically ranks as the top U S state as well as the most expensive state for residents to live in EtymologyThe Massachusetts Bay Colony was named after the Indigenous population the Massachusett or Muhsachuweesut whose name likely derived from the Wopanaak word muswachasut segmented as mus ay big wach mountain s diminutive ut locative This word has been translated as near the great hill by the blue hills at the little big hill or at the range of hills in reference to the Blue Hills namely the Great Blue Hill located on the boundary of Milton and Canton Massachusett has also been represented as Moswetuset This comes from the name of the Moswetuset Hummock meaning hill shaped like an arrowhead in Quincy where Plymouth Colony commander Myles Standish a hired English military officer and Squanto a member of the Patuxet band of the Wamponoag people who have since died off due to contagious diseases brought by colonists met Chief Chickatawbut in 1621 Although the designation Commonwealth forms part of the state s official name it has no practical implications in modern times and Massachusetts has the same position and powers within the United States as other states John Adams may have chosen the word in 1779 for the second draft of what became the 1780 Massachusetts Constitution unlike the word state the word commonwealth had the connotation of a republic at the time This was in contrast to the monarchy the former colonies were fighting against during the American Revolutionary War The name State of Massachusetts Bay appeared in the first draft which was ultimately rejected It was also chosen to include the Cape Islands in reference to Martha s Vineyard and Nantucket from 1780 to 1844 they were seen as additional and separate entities confined within the Commonwealth HistoryPre colonization Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family including the Wampanoag Narragansett Nipmuc Pocomtuc Mahican and Massachusett While cultivation of crops like squash and corn were an important part of their diet the people of these tribes hunted fished and searched the forest for most of their food Villagers lived in lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses Tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems Colonial period The Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor by William Halsall 1882 The Pilgrims founded Plymouth in 1620 In the early 1600s European colonists caused virgin soil epidemics such as smallpox measles influenza and perhaps leptospirosis in what is now known as the northeastern region of the United States Between 1617 and 1619 a disease that was most likely smallpox killed approximately 90 of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans The first English colonists in Massachusetts Bay Colony landed with Richard Vines and spent the winter in Biddeford Pool near Cape Porpoise after 1820 the State of Maine in 1616 The Puritans arrived at Plymouth in 1620 This was the second permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States after the Jamestown Colony The First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Puritans after their first harvest in the New World and lasted for three days They were soon followed by other Puritans who colonized the Massachusetts Bay Colony now known as Boston in 1630 The Puritans believed the Church of England needed to be further reformed along Protestant Calvinist lines and experienced harassment due to the religious policies of King Charles I and high ranking clergy such as William Laud who would become Charles s Archbishop of Canterbury whom they feared were re introducing Romish elements to the national church They decided to colonize to Massachusetts intending to establish what they considered an ideal religious society The Massachusetts Bay Colony was colonized under a royal charter unlike the Plymouth colony in 1629 Both religious dissent and expansionism resulted in several new colonies being founded shortly after Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay elsewhere in New England The Massachusetts Bay banished dissenters such as Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams due to religious and political conflict In 1636 Williams colonized what is now known as Rhode Island and Hutchinson joined him there several years later Religious intolerance continued and among those who objected to this later that century were the English Quaker preachers Alice and Thomas Curwen who were publicly flogged and imprisoned in Boston in 1676 In 1646 John Winthrop the Younger established the Saugus Iron Works which was the first integrated ironworks in North America It included a blast furnace forge rolling mill shear slitter and a quarter ton trip hammer all of which has been restored and is now a museum By 1641 Massachusetts had expanded inland significantly The Commonwealth acquired the Connecticut River Valley settlement of Springfield which had recently disputed with and defected from its original administrators the Connecticut Colony This established Massachusetts s southern border in the west However this became disputed territory until 1803 04 due to surveying problems leading to the modern Southwick Jog The Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up Biblum God cover page shown also called the Eliot Indian Bible was the first Bible printed in British North America In 1652 the Massachusetts General Court authorized Boston silversmith John Hull to produce local coinage in shilling sixpence and threepence denominations to address a coin shortage in the colony Before that point the colony s economy had been entirely dependent on barter and foreign currency including English Spanish Dutch Portuguese and counterfeit coins In 1661 shortly after the restoration of the British monarchy the British government considered the Boston mint to be treasonous However the colony ignored the English demands to cease operations until at least 1682 when Hull s contract as mintmaster expired and the colony did not move to renew his contract or appoint a new mintmaster The coinage was a contributing factor to the revocation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony charter in 1684 In 1691 the colonies of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth were united along with present day Maine which had previously been divided between Massachusetts and New York into the Province of Massachusetts Bay Shortly after the new province s first governor William Phips arrived The Salem witch trials also took place where a number of men and women were hanged for alleged witchcraft The most destructive earthquake known to date in New England occurred on November 18 1755 causing considerable damage across Massachusetts The Revolutionary War A 1910 painting of the Battle of Lexington Massachusetts was a center of the movement for independence from Great Britain Colonists in Massachusetts had long had uneasy relations with the British monarchy including open rebellion under the Dominion of New England in the 1680s Protests against British attempts to tax the colonies after the French and Indian War ended in 1763 led to the Boston Massacre in 1770 and the 1773 Boston Tea Party escalated tensions In 1774 the Intolerable Acts targeted Massachusetts with punishments for the Boston Tea Party and further decreased local autonomy increasing local dissent Anti Parliamentary activity by men such as Samuel Adams and John Hancock followed by reprisals by the British government were a primary reason for the unity of the Thirteen Colonies and the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1775 The first shots of the American Revolution were fired on Lexington Green in front of Buckman Tavern The tavern is now a museum John Adams 2nd President of the United States 1797 1801 The Battles of Lexington and Concord fought in Massachusetts in 1775 initiated the American Revolutionary War George Washington later the first president of the future country took over what would become the Continental Army after the battle His first victory was the siege of Boston in the winter of 1775 76 after which the British were forced to evacuate the city The event is still celebrated in Suffolk County only every March 17 as Evacuation Day On the coast Salem became a center for privateering Although the documentation is incomplete about 1 700 letters of marque issued on a per voyage basis were granted during the American Revolution Nearly 800 vessels were commissioned as privateers which were credited with capturing or destroying about 600 British ships A 1779 five shilling note issued by Massachusetts Federal period Bostonian John Adams known as the Atlas of Independence was highly involved in both separation from Britain and the Constitution of Massachusetts which effectively the Elizabeth Freeman and Quock Walker cases as interpreted by William Cushing made Massachusetts the first state to abolish slavery David McCullough points out that an equally important feature was its placing for the first time the courts as a co equal branch separate from the executive The Constitution of Vermont adopted in 1777 represented the first partial ban on slavery among the states Vermont became a state in 1791 but did not fully ban slavery until 1858 with the Vermont Personal Liberty Law The Pennsylvania Gradual Abolition Act of 1780 made Pennsylvania the first state to abolish slavery by statute the second English colony to do so the first having been the Colony of Georgia in 1735 Later Adams was active in early American foreign affairs and succeeded Washington as the second president of the United States His son John Quincy Adams also from Massachusetts would go on to become the nation s sixth president The Friendship of Salem at Salem Maritime National Historic Site in Salem is a replica of an 18th century East Indiaman Salem was a major port and the spice trade was very lucrative resulting in Salem having the highest per capita income in the United States in the early 1800s The Friendship was owned by Jerathmeil Peirce and Aaron Waite Peirce s mansion in Salem is preserved by the Peabody Essex Museum From 1786 to 1787 an armed uprising led by Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays now known as Shays Rebellion wrought havoc throughout Massachusetts and ultimately attempted to seize the federal Springfield Armory The rebellion was one of the major factors in the decision to draft a stronger national constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation On February 6 1788 Massachusetts became the sixth state to ratify the United States Constitution 19th century In 1820 Maine separated from Massachusetts and entered the Union as the 23rd state due to the ratification of the Missouri Compromise Textile mills such as the one depicted here in Lowell made Massachusetts a leader in the Industrial Revolution During the 19th century Massachusetts became a national leader in the American Industrial Revolution with factories around cities such as Lowell and Boston producing textiles and shoes and factories around Springfield producing tools paper and textiles The state s economy transformed from one based primarily on agriculture to an industrial one initially making use of water power and later the steam engine to power factories Canals and railroads were being used in the state for transporting raw materials and finished goods At first the new industries drew labor from Yankees on nearby subsistence farms though they later relied upon immigrant labor from Europe and Canada Although Massachusetts was the first slave holding colony with slavery dating back to the early 1600s the state became a center of progressivist and abolitionist anti slavery activity in the years leading up to the American Civil War Horace Mann made the state s school system a national model Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson both philosophers and writers from the state also made major contributions to American philosophy Furthermore members of the transcendentalist movement within the state emphasized the importance of the natural world and emotion to humanity Although significant opposition to abolitionism existed early on in Massachusetts resulting in anti abolitionist riots between 1835 and 1837 abolitionist views there gradually increased throughout the next few decades Abolitionists John Brown and Sojourner Truth lived in Springfield and Northampton respectively while Frederick Douglass lived in Boston and Susan B Anthony in Adams The works of such abolitionists contributed to Massachusetts s actions during the Civil War Massachusetts was the first state to recruit train and arm a Black regiment with White officers the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment In 1852 Massachusetts became the first state to pass compulsory education laws 20th century Although the U S stock market had sustained steep losses the last week in October 1929 Tuesday October 29 is remembered as the beginning of the Great Depression The Boston Stock Exchange drawn into the whirlpool of panic selling that beset the New York Stock Exchange lost over 25 percent of its value in two days of frenzied trading The BSE nearly 100 years old at the time had helped raise the capital that had funded many of the Commonwealth s factories railroads and businesses Governor of Massachusetts Frank G Allen appointed John C Hull the first Securities Director of Massachusetts Hull would assume office in January 1930 and his term would end in 1936 With the departure of several manufacturing companies the state s industrial economy began to decline during the early 20th century By the 1920s competition from the American South and Midwest followed by the Great Depression led to the collapse of the three main industries in Massachusetts textiles shoemaking and precision mechanics This decline would continue into the latter half of the 20th century Between 1950 and 1979 the number of Massachusetts residents involved in textile manufacturing declined from 264 000 to 63 000 The 1969 closure of the Springfield Armory in particular spurred an exodus of high paying jobs from Western Massachusetts which suffered greatly as it de industrialized during the century s last 40 years Massachusetts manufactured 3 4 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II ranking tenth among the 48 states After the world war the economy of eastern Massachusetts transformed from one based on heavy industry into a service based economy Government contracts private investment and research facilities led to a new and improved industrial climate with reduced unemployment and increased per capita income Suburbanization flourished and by the 1970s the Route 128 Interstate 95 corridor was dotted with high tech companies who recruited graduates of the area s many elite institutions of higher education In 1987 the state received federal funding for the Central Artery Tunnel Project Commonly known as the Big Dig it was at the time the biggest federal highway project ever approved The project included making the Central Artery part of Interstate 93 into a tunnel under downtown Boston in addition to the re routing of several other major highways failed verification The project was often controversial with numerous claims of graft and mismanagement and with its initial price tag of 2 5 billion increasing to a final tally of over 15 billion Nonetheless the Big Dig changed the face of Downtown Boston and connected areas that were once divided by elevated highway Much of the raised old Central Artery was replaced with the Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Greenway The project also improved traffic conditions along several routes Notable 20th century politicians John F Kennedy Massachusetts native and 35th President of the United States 1961 1963 The Kennedy family was prominent in 20th century Massachusetts politics The children of businessman and ambassador Joseph P Kennedy Sr included John F Kennedy who was a senator and U S president before his assassination in 1963 Ted Kennedy a senator from 1962 until his death in 2009 and Eunice Kennedy Shriver a co founder of the Special Olympics In 1966 Massachusetts became the first state to directly elect an African American to the U S senate with Edward Brooke George H W Bush 41st President of the United States 1989 1993 was born in Milton in 1924 Other notable Massachusetts politicians on the national level included Joseph W Martin Jr Speaker of the House from 1947 to 1949 and then again from 1953 to 1955 and leader of House Republicans from 1939 until 1959 where he was the only Republican to serve as Speaker between 1931 and 1995 John W McCormack Speaker of the House in the 1960s and Tip O Neill whose service as Speaker of the House from 1977 to 1987 was the longest continuous tenure in United States history 21st century On May 17 2004 Massachusetts became the first state in the U S to legalize same sex marriage This followed the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court s decision in Goodridge v Department of Public Health in November 2003 which determined that the exclusion of same sex couples from the right to a civil marriage was unconstitutional In 2004 Massachusetts senator John Kerry who won the Democratic nomination for President of the United States lost to incumbent George W Bush Eight years later former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney the Republican nominee lost to incumbent Barack Obama in 2012 Another eight years later Massachusetts senator Elizabeth Warren became a frontrunner in the Democratic primaries for the 2020 presidential election However she later suspended her campaign and endorsed presumptive nominee Joe Biden Boston Marathon bombing Two pressure cooker bombs exploded near the finish line of the Boston Marathon on April 15 2013 at around 2 49 pm local time EDT The explosions killed three people and injured an estimated 264 others The Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI later identified the suspects as brothers Dzhokhar Tsarnaev and Tamerlan Tsarnaev The ensuing manhunt ended on April 19 when thousands of law enforcement officers searched a 20 block area of nearby Watertown Dzhokhar later said he was motivated by extremist Islamic beliefs and learned to build explosive devices from Inspire the online magazine of al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula On November 8 2016 Massachusetts voted in favor of the Massachusetts Marijuana Legalization Initiative also known as Question 4 GeographyA portion of the north central Pioneer Valley in South Deerfield Massachusetts is the seventh smallest state in the United States It is located in the New England region of the Northeastern United States It has an area of 10 555 square miles 27 340 km2 25 7 of which is water Several large bays distinctly shape its coast giving it the nickname the Bay State Boston is its largest city Despite its small size Massachusetts features numerous topographically distinctive regions The large coastal plain of the Atlantic Ocean in the eastern section of the state contains Greater Boston along with most of the state s population as well as the distinctive Cape Cod peninsula To the west lies the hilly rural region of Central Massachusetts and beyond that the Connecticut River Valley Along the western border of Western Massachusetts lies the highest elevated part of the state the Berkshires forming a portion of the northern terminus of the Appalachian Mountains citation needed The U S National Park Service administers a number of natural and historical sites in Massachusetts Along with twelve national historic sites areas and corridors the National Park Service also manages the Cape Cod National Seashore and the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area In addition the Department of Conservation and Recreation maintains a number of parks trails and beaches throughout Massachusetts Ecology The primary biome of inland Massachusetts is temperate deciduous forest Although much of Massachusetts had been cleared for agriculture leaving only traces of old growth forest in isolated pockets secondary growth has regenerated in many rural areas as farms have been abandoned Forests cover around 62 of Massachusetts The areas most affected by human development include the Greater Boston area in the east and the Springfield metropolitan area in the west although the latter includes agricultural areas throughout the Connecticut River Valley There are 219 endangered species in Massachusetts A number of species are doing well in the increasingly urbanized Massachusetts Peregrine falcons utilize office towers in larger cities as nesting areas and the population of coyotes whose diet may include garbage and roadkill has been increasing in recent decades White tailed deer raccoons wild turkeys and eastern gray squirrels are also found throughout Massachusetts In more rural areas in the western part of Massachusetts larger mammals such as moose and black bears have returned largely due to reforestation following the regional decline in agriculture Massachusetts is located along the Atlantic Flyway a major route for migratory waterfowl along the eastern coast Lakes in central Massachusetts provide habitat for many species of fish and waterfowl but some species such as the common loon are becoming rare A significant population of long tailed ducks winter off Nantucket Small offshore islands and beaches are home to roseate terns and are important breeding areas for the locally threatened piping plover Protected areas such as the Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge provide critical breeding habitat for shorebirds and a variety of marine wildlife including a large population of grey seals Since 2009 there has been a significant increase in the number of Great white sharks spotted and tagged in the coastal waters off of Cape Cod Freshwater fish species in Massachusetts include bass carp catfish and trout while saltwater species such as Atlantic cod haddock and American lobster populate offshore waters Other marine species include Harbor seals the endangered North Atlantic right whales as well as humpback whales fin whales minke whales and Atlantic white sided dolphins The European corn borer a significant agricultural pest was first found in North America near Boston Massachusetts in 1917 Climate Most of Massachusetts has a humid continental climate with cold winters and warm summers Far southeast coastal areas are the broad transition zone to Humid Subtropical climates The warm to hot summers render the oceanic climate rare in this transition only applying to exposed coastal areas such as on the peninsula of Barnstable County The climate of Boston is quite representative for the commonwealth characterized by summer highs of around 81 F 27 C and winter highs of 35 F 2 C and is quite wet Frosts are frequent all winter even in coastal areas due to prevailing inland winds Boston has a relatively sunny climate for a coastal city at its latitude averaging over 2 600 hours of sunshine a year Koppen climate types of MassachusettsAverage daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Massachusetts Location July F July C January F January C Boston 81 65 27 18 36 22 2 5Worcester 79 61 26 16 31 17 0 8Springfield 84 62 27 17 34 17 1 8New Bedford 80 65 26 18 37 23 3 4Quincy 80 61 26 16 33 18 1 7Plymouth 80 61 27 16 38 20 3 6Environmental issuesClimate change Climate change in Massachusetts will affect both urban and rural environments including forestry fisheries agriculture and coastal development The Northeast is projected to warm faster than global average temperatures by 2035 according to the U S Global Change Research Program the Northeast is projected to be more than 3 6 F 2 C warmer on average than during the preindustrial era As of August 2016 the EPA reports that Massachusetts has warmed by over two degrees Fahrenheit or 1 1 degrees Celsius Shifting temperatures also result in the shifting of rainfall patterns and the intensification of precipitation events To that end average precipitation in the Northeast United States has risen by ten percent from 1895 to 2011 and the number of heavy precipitation events has increased by seventy percent during that time These increased precipitation patterns are focused in the winter and spring Increasing temperatures coupled with increasing precipitation will result in earlier snow melts and subsequent drier soil in the summer months The shifting climate in Massachusetts will result in a significant change to the state s built environment and ecosystems In Boston alone costs of climate change related storms will result in 5 to 100 billion in damage Warmer temperatures will also disrupt bird migration and flora blooming With these changes deer populations are expected to increase resulting in a decrease in underbrush which smaller fauna use as camouflage Additionally rising temperatures will increase the number of reported Lyme disease cases in the state Ticks can transmit the disease once temperatures reach 45 degrees so shorter winters will increase the window of transmission These warmer temperatures will also increase the prevalence of Asian tiger mosquitoes which often carry the West Nile virus To fight this change the Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs has outlined a path to decarbonize the state s economy On April 22 2020 Kathleen A Theoharides the state s Secretary of Energy and Environmental Affairs released a Determination of Statewide Emissions limits for 2050 In her letter Theoharides stresses that as of 2020 the Commonwealth has experienced property damage attributable to climate change of more than 60 billion To ensure that the Commonwealth experiences warming no more than 1 5 C of pre industrialization levels the state will work towards two goals by 2050 to achieve net zero emissions and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 85 percent overall Power initiatives The State of Massachusetts has developed a plethora of incentives to encourage the implementation of renewable energy and efficient appliances and home facilities The Mass Save program formed in conjunction with the State by several companies that provide power and gas in Massachusetts provides homeowners and renters with monetary incentives to retrofit their homes with efficient HVAC equipment and other household appliances Appliances such as water heaters air conditioners washers and driers and heat pumps are eligible for rebates in order to incentivize change The concept of Mass Save was created in 2008 by the passing of the Green Communities Act of 2008 during Deval Patrick s tenure as governor The main goal of the Green Communities Act was to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels in the State and to encourage new more efficient technologies Among others one result of this act was a requirement for Program Administrators of utilities to invest in saving energy as opposed to purchasing and generating additional energy where economically feasible In Massachusetts eleven Program Administrators including Eversource National Grid Western Massachusetts Electric and jointly own the rights to this program in conjunction with the MA Department of Energy Resources DOER and the EEAC The provides incentives for the installation of solar panels In addition to the Federal Residential Renewable energy credit Massachusetts residents may be eligible for a tax credit of up to 15 percent of the project Once installed arrays are eligible for net metering Certain municipalities will offer up to 1 20 per watt up to 50 percent of the system s cost on PV arrays 25 kW or less The Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources also offered low interest fixed rate financing with loan support for low income residents until December 31 2020 As a part of the Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources effort to incentivize the usage of renewable energy the Massachusetts Offers Rebates for Electric Vehicles MOR EV initiative was created With this incentive residents may qualify for a state provided incentive of up to 2 500 for the purchase or lease of an electric vehicle or 1 500 for the purchase or lease of a plug in hybrid vehicle This rebate is available in addition to the tax credits offered by the United States Department of Energy for the purchase of electric and plug in hybrid vehicles For income eligible residents Mass Save has partnered with Massachusetts Community Action Program Agencies and LEAN to offer residents assistance with upgrades to their homes that will result in more efficient energy usage Residents may qualify for a replacement of their heating system insulation installation appliances and thermostats if they meet the income qualifications provided on Mass Save s website For residents of 5 family residential buildings there are additional income restricted benefits available through LEAN If at least 50 percent of the residents of the building qualify as low income energy efficiency improvements like those available through Mass Save are available Residential structures operated by non profit organizations for profit operations or housing authorities may take advantage of these programs In late 2020 the administration of Massachusetts governor Charlie Baker released a decarbonization roadmap to aim for net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 The plan calls for major investments in offshore wind and solar energy It would also require all new cars sold in the state to be zero emissions electric or hydrogen powered by 2035 DemographicsMassachusetts population density map The centers of high density settlement from east to west are Boston Worcester Springfield and Pittsfield respectively Historical population CensusPop Note 1790378 787 1800422 84511 6 1810472 04011 6 1820523 28710 9 1830610 40816 6 1840737 69920 9 1850994 51434 8 18601 231 06623 8 18701 457 35118 4 18801 783 08522 4 18902 238 94725 6 19002 805 34625 3 19103 366 41620 0 19203 852 35614 4 19304 249 61410 3 19404 316 7211 6 19504 690 5148 7 19605 148 5789 8 19705 689 17010 5 19805 737 0370 8 19906 016 4254 9 20006 349 0975 5 20106 547 6293 1 20207 029 9177 4 2024 est 7 136 1711 5 At the 2020 U S census Massachusetts had a population of over 7 million a 7 4 increase since the 2010 United States Census As of 2015 Massachusetts was estimated to be the third most densely populated U S state with 871 0 people per square mile behind New Jersey and Rhode Island In 2014 Massachusetts had 1 011 811 foreign born residents or 15 of the population As of July 2024 the state s population was estimated to have grown to 7 136 171 Most Massachusetts residents live within the Boston metropolitan area also known as Greater Boston which includes Boston and its proximate surroundings but also extending to Greater Lowell and to Worcester The Springfield metropolitan area also known as Greater Springfield is also a major center of population Demographically the center of population of Massachusetts is located in the town of Natick Like the rest of the Northeastern United States the population of Massachusetts has continued to grow in the late 20th and early 21st centuries Massachusetts is the fastest growing state in New England and the 25th fastest growing state in the United States Population growth has been driven primarily by the relatively high quality of life and a large higher education system Foreign immigration is also a factor in the state s population growth causing the state s population to continue to grow as of the 2010 census particularly in Massachusetts gateway cities where costs of living are lower Forty percent of foreign immigrants were from Central or South America according to a 2005 Census Bureau study with many of the remainder from Asia Many residents who have settled in Greater Springfield claim Puerto Rican descent Many areas of Massachusetts showed relatively stable population trends between 2000 and 2010 Exurban Boston and coastal areas grew the most rapidly while Berkshire County in far Western Massachusetts and Barnstable County on Cape Cod were the only counties to lose population as of the 2010 census In 2018 The top countries of origin for Massachusetts immigrants were China the Dominican Republic Brazil India and Haiti By sex 48 4 were male and 51 6 were female in 2014 In terms of age 79 2 were over 18 and 14 8 were over 65 According to HUD s 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report there were an estimated 15 507 homeless people in Massachusetts Race and ancestry Saint Patrick s Day parade in Scituate the municipality with the highest percentage identifying Irish ancestry in the United States at 47 5 in 2010 Irish Americans constitute the largest ethnicity in Massachusetts Ethnic origins in MassachusettsEthnic composition as of the 2020 census Race and Ethnicity Alone TotalWhite non Hispanic 67 6 67 6 71 4 71 4 Hispanic or Latino 12 6 12 6 African American non Hispanic 6 5 6 5 8 2 8 2 Asian 7 2 7 2 8 2 8 2 Native American 0 1 0 1 0 9 0 9 Pacific Islander 0 02 0 02 0 1 0 1 Other 1 3 1 3 3 6 3 6 The state s most populous ethnic group non Hispanic white has declined from 95 4 in 1970 to 67 6 in 2020 As of 2011 non Hispanic whites were involved in 63 6 of all the births while 36 4 of the population of Massachusetts younger than age 1 was minorities at least one parent who was not non Hispanic white One major reason for this is that non Hispanic whites in Massachusetts recorded a total fertility rate of 1 36 in 2017 the second lowest in the country after neighboring Rhode Island As late as 1795 the population of Massachusetts was nearly 95 of English ancestry During the early and mid 19th century immigrant groups began arriving in Massachusetts in large numbers first from Ireland in the 1840s today the Irish and part Irish are the largest ancestry group in the state at nearly 25 of the total population Others arrived later from Quebec as well as places in Europe such as Italy Portugal and Poland In the early 20th century an increasing number of although in somewhat fewer numbers than many other Northern states Later in the 20th century immigration from Latin America increased considerably More than 156 000 Chinese Americans made their home in Massachusetts in 2014 and Boston hosts a growing Chinatown accommodating heavily traveled Chinese owned bus lines to and from Chinatown Manhattan in New York City Massachusetts also has large Dominican Puerto Rican Haitian Cape Verdean and Brazilian populations Boston s South End and Jamaica Plain are both gay villages as is nearby Provincetown Massachusetts on Cape Cod Boston s Chinatown with its paifang gate is home to many Chinese and also Vietnamese restaurants Boston gay pride march held annually in June In 2004 Massachusetts became the first U S state to legalize same sex marriage The largest ancestry group in Massachusetts are the Irish 22 5 of the population who live in significant numbers throughout the state but form more than 40 of the population along the South Shore in Norfolk and Plymouth counties in both counties overall Irish Americans comprise more than 30 of the population Italians form the second largest ethnic group in the state 13 5 but form a plurality in some suburbs north of Boston and in a few towns in the Berkshires English Americans the third largest 11 4 group form a plurality in some western towns French and French Canadians also form a significant part 10 7 with sizable populations in Bristol Hampden and Worcester Counties along with Middlesex county especially concentrated in the areas surrounding Lowell and Lawrence Lowell is home to the second largest Cambodian community of the nation Massachusetts is home to a small community of Greek Americans as well which according to the American Community Survey there are 83 701 of them scattered along the state 1 2 of the total state population There are also several populations of Native Americans in Massachusetts The Wampanoag tribe maintains reservations at Aquinnah on Martha s Vineyard and at Mashpee on Cape Cod with an ongoing native language revival project underway since 1993 while the Nipmuc maintain two state recognized reservations in the central part of the state including one at Grafton Massachusetts has avoided many forms of racial strife seen elsewhere in the US but examples such as the successful electoral showings of the nativist mainly anti Catholic Know Nothings in the 1850s the controversial Sacco and Vanzetti executions in the 1920s and Boston s opposition to desegregation busing in the 1970s Historical racial and ethnic composition Massachusetts Racial and Ethnic Composition NH Non Hispanic Note the US Census treats Hispanic Latino as an ethnic category This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category Hispanics Latinos may be of any race Race Ethnicity Pop 2000 Pop 2010 Pop 2020 2000 2010 2020White alone NH 5 198 359 4 984 800 4 748 897 81 88 76 13 67 55 Black or African American alone NH 318 329 391 693 457 055 5 01 5 98 6 5 Native American or Alaska Native alone NH 11 264 10 788 9 378 0 18 0 16 0 13 Asian alone NH 236 786 347 495 504 900 3 73 5 31 7 18 Pacific Islander alone NH 1 706 1 467 1 607 0 03 0 02 0 02 Some Other Race alone NH 43 586 61 547 92 108 0 69 0 94 1 31 Mixed Race Multi Racial NH 110 338 122 195 328 278 1 74 1 87 4 67 Hispanic or Latino any race 428 729 627 654 887 685 6 75 9 59 12 63 Total 6 349 097 6 547 629 7 029 917 100 100 100 Languages The most common varieties of American English spoken in Massachusetts other than General American are the cot caught distinct rhotic western Massachusetts dialect and the cot caught merged non rhotic eastern Massachusetts dialect popularly known as a Boston accent Top 11 Non English Languages Spoken in Massachusetts Language Percentage of population as of 2010 Spanish 7 50 Portuguese 2 97 Chinese including Cantonese and Mandarin 1 59 French including New England French 1 11 French Creole 0 89 Italian 0 72 Russian 0 62 Vietnamese 0 58 Greek 0 41 Arabic and Khmer Cambodian including all Austroasiatic languages tied 0 37 As of 2010 78 93 4 823 127 of Massachusetts residents 5 and older spoke English at home as a first language while 7 50 458 256 spoke Spanish 2 97 181 437 Portuguese 1 59 96 690 Chinese which includes Cantonese and Mandarin 1 11 67 788 French 0 89 54 456 French Creole 0 72 43 798 Italian 0 62 37 865 Russian and Vietnamese was spoken as a primary language by 0 58 35 283 of the population over 5 In total 21 07 1 287 419 of Massachusetts s population 5 and older spoke a first language other than English Religion The template Pie chart is being considered for merging Religious self identification per Public Religion Research Institute s 2022 American Values Survey Unaffiliated 34 Catholicism 34 Protestantism 22 Eastern Orthodoxy 1 Unitarian Universalist 1 Judaism 3 Hinduism 2 Buddhism 1 New Age 1 Other 1 Massachusetts was founded and settled by Brownist Puritans in 1620 and soon after by other groups of Separatists Dissenters Nonconformists and Independents from 17th century England A majority of people in Massachusetts today remain Christians The descendants of the Puritans belong to many different churches in the direct line of inheritance are the various Congregational churches the United Church of Christ and congregations of the Unitarian Universalist Association The headquarters of the Unitarian Universalist Association long located on Beacon Hill is now located in South Boston Many Puritan descendants also dispersed to other Protestant denominations Some disaffiliated along with Roman Catholics and other Christian groups in the wake of modern secularization As of the 2014 Pew study Christians made up 57 of the state s population with Protestants making up 21 of them Roman Catholics made up 34 and now predominate because of massive immigration from primarily Catholic countries and regions chiefly Ireland Italy Poland Portugal Quebec and Latin America Both Protestant and Roman Catholic communities have been in decline since the late 20th century due to the rise of irreligion in New England It is the most irreligious region of the country along with the Western United States for comparison and contrast however in 2020 the Public Religion Research Institute determined 67 of the population were Christian reflecting a slight increase of religiosity A significant Jewish population immigrated to the Boston and Springfield areas between 1880 and 1920 Jews make up 3 of the population Mary Baker Eddy made the Boston Mother Church of Christian Science serve as the world headquarters of this new religious movement Buddhists Pagans Hindus Seventh day Adventists Muslims and Mormons may also be found The Satanic Temple has its headquarters in Salem Kripalu Center in Stockbridge the Shaolin Meditation Temple in Springfield and the Insight Meditation Center in Barre are examples of non Abrahamic religious centers in Massachusetts According to 2010 data from The Association of Religion Data Archives ARDA the largest single denominations are the Catholic Church with 2 940 199 adherents the United Church of Christ with 86 639 adherents and the Episcopal Church with 81 999 adherents In 2014 32 of the population identified as having no religion in a separate 2020 study 23 of the population identified as irreligious and 67 of the population identified as Christians including 26 as white Protestants and 20 as white Catholics As of 2022 a plurality of Massachusettsans were irreligious and the state is considered to be a part of the Unchurched Belt Native American tribes What is today Massachusetts was originally inhabited by the Wampanoag the Nipmuc the Massachusett the Pocumtuc the Nauset the Pennacook and a few other tribes Some of these tribes are still represented among the population of the state today The largest Native American tribes in Massachusetts according to the 2010 census are listed in the table below Tribal groupings with over 600 members in Massachusetts in 2010 census Tribal grouping American Indian and Alaska Native alone AIAN in combination with one or more other races Total AIAN alone or in any combinationTotal AIAN population 18850 31855 50705Cherokee 885 3654 4539Wampanoag 1674 1642 3316Micmac 623 1166 1789South American Indian 817 930 1747Blackfeet 298 1347 1645Mexican American Indian 1131 449 1580Iroquois 457 984 1441Central American Indian 635 332 967Nipmuc 305 550 855Abenaki 197 469 666Sioux 186 463 649Tribe not specified 9421 16535 25956EducationHarvard University and MIT are both widely regarded as in the top handful of universities worldwide for academic research in various disciplines Shown are the Widener Library at Harvard and MIT Building 10 Towns in Massachusetts by combined mean SAT of their public high school district for the 2015 2016 academic year In 2018 Massachusetts s overall educational system was ranked the top among all fifty U S states by U S News amp World Report Massachusetts was the first state in North America to require municipalities to appoint a teacher or establish a grammar school with the passage of the Massachusetts Education Law of 1647 and 19th century reforms pushed by Horace Mann laid much of the groundwork for contemporary universal public education which was established in 1852 Massachusetts is home to the oldest school in continuous existence in North America The Roxbury Latin School founded in 1645 as well as the country s oldest public elementary school The Mather School founded in 1639 its oldest high school Boston Latin School founded in 1635 its oldest continuously operating boarding school The Governor s Academy founded in 1763 its oldest college Harvard University founded in 1636 and its oldest women s college Mount Holyoke College founded in 1837 Massachusetts is also home to the highest ranked private high school in the United States Phillips Academy in Andover Massachusetts which was founded in 1778 Massachusetts s per student public expenditure for elementary and secondary schools was eighth in the nation in 2012 at 14 844 In 2013 Massachusetts scored highest of all the states in math and third highest in reading on the National Assessment of Educational Progress Massachusetts public school students place among the top tier in the world in academic performance In 2022 Massachusetts was 1st or 2nd in the reading and mathematics average scores and proficiency percentages of the evaluated 4th and 8th graders Massachusetts is home to 121 institutions of higher education Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology both located in Cambridge consistently rank among the world s best private universities and universities in general In addition to Harvard and MIT several other Massachusetts universities rank in the top 50 at the undergraduate level nationally in the widely cited rankings of U S News amp World Report Tufts University 27 Boston College 32 Brandeis University 34 Boston University 37 and Northeastern University 40 Massachusetts is also home to three of the top five U S News amp World Report s best Liberal Arts Colleges Williams College 1 Amherst College 2 and Wellesley College 4 It is also home to the oldest Catholic liberal arts college College of the Holy Cross 33 Boston Architectural College is New England s largest private college of spatial design The public University of Massachusetts nicknamed UMass features five campuses in the state with its flagship campus in Amherst which enrolls more than 25 000 As of 2021 Massachusetts has the highest percentage of adults over the age of 25 with a bachelor s degree 46 62 and a graduate degree 21 27 of any state in the country EconomyThe United States Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that the Massachusetts gross state product in 2020 was 584 billion The per capita personal income in 2012 was 53 221 making it the third highest state in the nation As of January 2023 Massachusetts state general minimum wage is 15 00 per hour while the minimum wage for tipped workers is 6 75 an hour with a guarantee that employers will pay the difference should a tipped employee s hourly wage not meet or exceed the general minimum wage This wage was set to increase to a general minimum of 15 00 per hour and a tipped worker minimum of 6 75 per hour in January 2023 as part of a series of minimum wage amendments passed in 2018 that saw the minimum wage increase slowly every January up to 2023 In 2015 twelve Fortune 500 companies were located in Massachusetts Liberty Mutual Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company TJX Companies General Electric Raytheon American Tower Global Partners Thermo Fisher Scientific State Street Corporation Biogen Eversource Energy and Boston Scientific CNBC s list of Top States for Business for 2023 has recognized Massachusetts as the 15th best state in the nation for business and for the second year in a row in 2016 the state was ranked by Bloomberg as the most innovative state in America According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International Massachusetts had the sixth largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States with a ratio of 6 73 percent Billionaires living in the state include past and present leaders and related family of local companies such as Fidelity Investments New Balance Kraft Group Boston Scientific and the former Continental Cablevision Massachusetts has three foreign trade zones the Massachusetts Port Authority of Boston the Port of New Bedford and the City of Holyoke Boston Logan International Airport is the busiest airport in New England serving 33 4 million total passengers in 2015 and witnessing rapid growth in international air traffic since 2010 Sectors vital to the Massachusetts economy include higher education biotechnology information technology finance health care tourism manufacturing and defense The Route 128 corridor and Greater Boston continue to be a major center for venture capital investment and high technology remains an important sector In recent years tourism has played an ever important role in the state s economy with Boston and Cape Cod being the leading destinations Other popular tourist destinations include Salem Plymouth and the Berkshires Massachusetts is the sixth most popular tourist destination for foreign travelers In 2010 the Great Places in Massachusetts Commission published 1 000 Great Places in Massachusetts that identified 1 000 sites across the commonwealth to highlight the diverse historic cultural and natural attractions Sunset at Brewster on Cape Cod Bay While manufacturing comprised less than 10 of Massachusetts s gross state product in 2016 the Commonwealth ranked 16th in the nation in total manufacturing output in the United States This includes a diverse array of manufactured goods such as medical devices paper goods specialty chemicals and plastics telecommunications and electronics equipment and machined components The more than 33 000 nonprofits in Massachusetts employ one sixth of the state s workforce In 2007 Governor Deval Patrick signed into law a state holiday Nonprofit Awareness Day In February 2017 U S News amp World Report ranked Massachusetts the best state in the United States based upon 60 metrics including healthcare education crime infrastructure opportunity economy and government Massachusetts ranked number one in education number two in healthcare and number five in the handling of the economy Agriculture As of 2012 there were 7 755 farms in Massachusetts encompassing a total of 523 517 acres 2 120 km2 averaging 67 5 acres 27 3 hectares apiece Greenhouse floriculture and sod products including the ornamental market make up more than one third of the state s agricultural output Particular agricultural products of note also include cranberries sweet corn and apples are also large sectors of production Fruit cultivation is an important part of the state s agricultural revenues and Massachusetts is the second largest cranberry producing state after Wisconsin Taxation Depending on how it is calculated state and local tax burden in Massachusetts has been estimated among U S states and Washington D C as 21st highest 11 44 or 6 163 per year for a household with nationwide median income or 25th highest overall with below average corporate taxes 39th highest above average personal income taxes 13th highest above average sales tax 18th highest and below average property taxes 46th highest In the 1970s the Commonwealth ranked as a relatively high tax state gaining the pejorative nickname Taxachusetts This was followed by a round of tax limitations during the 1980s a conservative period in American politics including Proposition 2 As of January 1 2020 Massachusetts has a flat rate personal income tax of 5 00 after a 2002 voter referendum to eventually lower the rate to 5 0 as amended by the legislature There is a tax exemption for income below a threshold that varies from year to year The corporate income tax rate is 8 8 and the short term capital gains tax rate is 12 An unusual provision allows filers to voluntarily pay at the pre referendum 5 85 income tax rate which is done by between one and two thousand taxpayers per year The state imposes a 6 25 sales tax on retail sales of tangible personal property except for groceries clothing up to 175 00 and periodicals The sales tax is charged on clothing that costs more than 175 00 for the amount exceeding 175 00 Massachusetts also charges a use tax when goods are bought from other states and the vendor does not remit Massachusetts sales tax taxpayers report and pay this on their income tax forms or dedicated forms though there are safe harbor amounts that can be paid without tallying up actual purchases except for purchases over 1 000 There is no inheritance tax and limited Massachusetts estate tax related to federal estate tax collection Energy Massachusetts s electricity generation market was made competitive in 1998 enabling retail customers to change suppliers without changing utility companies In 2018 Massachusetts consumed 1 459 trillion BTU making it the seventh lowest state in terms of consumption of energy per capita and 31 percent of that energy came from natural gas In 2014 and 2015 Massachusetts was ranked as the most energy efficient state the United States while Boston is the most efficient city but it had the fourth highest average residential retail electricity prices of any state In 2018 renewable energy was about 7 2 percent of total energy consumed in the state ranking 34th TransportationThe Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority serving Greater Boston For federal funding purposes Massachusetts has 10 regional metropolitan planning organizations and three non metropolitan planning organizations covering the remainder of the state statewide planning is handled by the Massachusetts Department of Transportation Transportation is the single largest source of greenhouse gas emissions by economic sector in Massachusetts Regional public transportation The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority MBTA also known as The T operates public transportation in the form of subway bus and ferry systems in the Metro Boston area Fifteen other regional transit authorities provide public transportation in the form of bus services in the rest of the state Four heritage railways are also in operation The Cape Cod Central Railroad operating from Hyannis to Buzzards Bay The Berkshire Scenic Railway operating from Lee to Great Barrington Edaville Railroad in Carver The Lowell National Historical Park Trolley Line in LowellLong distance rail and bus Amtrak operates several inter city rail lines in Massachusetts Boston s South Station serves as the terminus for three lines namely the high speed Acela Express which links to cities such as Providence New Haven New York City and eventually Washington DC the Northeast Regional which follows the same route but includes many more stops and also continues further south to Newport News in Virginia and the Lake Shore Limited which runs westward to Worcester Springfield and eventually Chicago Boston s other major station North Station serves as the southern terminus for Amtrak s Downeaster which connects to Portland and Brunswick in Maine Outside of Boston Amtrak connects several cities across Massachusetts along the aforementioned Acela Northeast Regional Lake Shore Limited and Downeaster lines as well as other routes in central and western Massachusetts The Amtrak Hartford Line connects Springfield to New Haven operated in conjunction with the Connecticut Department of Transportation and the Valley Flyer runs a similar route but continues further north to Greenfield Several stations in western Massachusetts are also served by the Vermonter which connects St Albans Vermont to Washington DC Amtrak carries more passengers between Boston and New York than all airlines combined about 54 of market share in 2012 but service between other cities is less frequent There more frequent intercity service is provided by private bus carriers including Peter Pan Bus Lines headquartered in Springfield Greyhound Lines OurBus BoltBus and Plymouth and Brockton Street Railway Various Chinatown bus lines depart for New York from South Station in Boston MBTA Commuter Rail services run throughout the larger Greater Boston area including service to Worcester Fitchburg Haverhill Newburyport Lowell and Kingston This overlaps with the service areas of neighboring regional transportation authorities As of the summer of 2013 the Cape Cod Regional Transit Authority in collaboration with the MBTA and the Massachusetts Department of Transportation MassDOT is operating the CapeFLYER providing passenger rail service between Boston and Cape Cod Ferry Most ports north of Cape Cod are served by Boston Harbor Cruises which operates ferry services in and around Greater Boston under contract with the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Several routes connect the downtown area with Hingham Hull Winthrop Salem Logan Airport Charlestown and some of the islands located within the harbor The same company also operates seasonal service between Boston and Provincetown On the southern shore of the state several different passenger ferry lines connect Martha s Vineyard to ports along the mainland including Woods Hole Hyannis New Bedford and Falmouth all in Massachusetts as well as North Kingstown in Rhode Island Highlands in New Jersey and New York City in New York Similarly several different lines connect Nantucket to ports including Hyannis New Bedford Harwich and New York City Service between the two islands is also offered The dominant companies serving these routes include SeaStreak Hy Line Cruises and The Steamship Authority the latter of which regulates all passenger services in the region and is also the only company permitted to offer freight ferry services to the islands Other ferry connections in the state include a water taxi connecting various points in Fall River seasonal ferry service connecting Plymouth to Provincetown and a service between New Bedford and Cuttyhunk Rail freight As of 2018 a number of freight railroads were operating in Massachusetts with Class I railroad CSX being the largest carrier and another Class 1 Norfolk Southern serving the state via its Pan Am Southern joint partnership Several regional and short line railroads also provide service and connect with other railroads Massachusetts has a total of 1 110 miles 1 790 km of freight trackage in operation Air service Logan International Airport in Boston is the largest airport in New England in terms of passenger volume Boston Logan International Airport served 33 5 million passengers in 2015 up from 31 6 million in 2014 through 103 gates Logan Hanscom Field in Bedford and Worcester Regional Airport are operated by Massport an independent state transportation agency Massachusetts has 39 public use airfields and more than 200 private landing spots Some airports receive funding from the Aeronautics Division of the Massachusetts Department of Transportation and the Federal Aviation Administration the FAA is also the primary regulator of Massachusetts air travel Roads Prominent roads and cities in Massachusetts There are a total of 36 800 miles 59 200 km of interstates and other highways in Massachusetts Interstate 90 I 90 also known as the Massachusetts Turnpike is the longest interstate in Massachusetts The route travels 136 mi 219 km generally west to east entering Massachusetts at the New York state line in the town of West Stockbridge and passes just north of Springfield just south of Worcester and through Framingham before terminating near Logan International Airport in Boston Other major interstates include I 91 which travels generally north and south along the Connecticut River I 93 which travels north and south through central Boston then passes through Methuen before entering New Hampshire and I 95 which connects Providence Rhode Island with Greater Boston forming a partial loop concurrent with Route 128 around the more urbanized areas before continuing north along the coast into New Hampshire I 495 forms a wide loop around the outer edge of Greater Boston Other major interstates in Massachusetts include I 291 I 391 I 84 I 195 I 395 I 290 and I 190 Major non interstate highways in Massachusetts include U S Routes 1 3 6 and 20 and state routes 2 3 9 24 and 128 A great majority of interstates in Massachusetts were constructed during the mid 20th century and at times were controversial particularly the intent to route I 95 northeastwards from Providence Rhode Island directly through central Boston first proposed in 1948 Opposition to continued construction grew and in 1970 Governor Francis W Sargent issued a general prohibition on most further freeway construction within the I 95 Route 128 loop in the Boston area A massive undertaking to bring I 93 underground in downtown Boston called the Big Dig brought the city s highway system under public scrutiny for its high cost and construction quality Government and politicsThe Massachusetts State House topped by its golden dome faces Boston Common on Beacon Hill Massachusetts has a long political history earlier political structures included the Mayflower Compact of 1620 the separate Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies and the combined colonial Province of Massachusetts The Massachusetts Constitution was ratified in 1780 while the Revolutionary War was in progress four years after the Articles of Confederation was drafted and eight years before the present United States Constitution was ratified on June 21 1788 Drafted by John Adams the Massachusetts Constitution is the oldest functioning written constitution in continuous effect in the world It has been amended 121 times most recently in 2022 Massachusetts politics since the second half of the 20th century have generally been dominated by the Democratic Party and the state has a reputation for being the most liberal state in the country In 1974 Elaine Noble became the first openly lesbian or gay candidate elected to a state legislature in US history The state s 12th congressional district elected the first openly gay member of the United States House of Representatives Gerry Studds in 1972 and in 2004 Massachusetts became the first state to allow same sex marriage In 2006 Massachusetts became the first state to approve a law that provided for nearly universal healthcare Massachusetts has a pro sanctuary city law As of 2024 Massachusetts has a Democratic Governor two Democratic Senators and all nine Congressional Representatives are Democrats Massachusetts is a blue state Ronald Reagan was the last Republican to win the state in 1984 In a 2020 study Massachusetts was ranked as the 11th easiest state for citizens to vote in Government Maura Healey D the 73rd Governor of Massachusetts The Government of Massachusetts is divided into three branches executive legislative and judicial The governor of Massachusetts heads the executive branch while legislative authority vests in a separate but coequal legislature Meanwhile judicial power is constitutionally guaranteed to the independent judicial branch Executive branch As chief executive the governor is responsible for signing or vetoing legislation filling judicial and agency appointments granting pardons preparing an annual budget and commanding the Massachusetts National Guard Massachusetts governors unlike those of most other states are addressed as His Her Excellency The governor is Maura Healey and the incumbent lieutenant governor is Kim Driscoll The governor conducts the affairs of state alongside a separate Governor s Council made up of the lieutenant governor and eight separately elected councilors The council is charged by the state constitution with reviewing and confirming gubernatorial appointments and pardons approving disbursements out of the state treasury and certifying elections among other duties Aside from the governor and Governor s Council the executive branch also includes four independently elected constitutional officers a secretary of the commonwealth an attorney general a state treasurer and a state auditor The commonwealth s incumbent constitutional officers are respectively William F Galvin Andrea Campbell Deb Goldberg and Diana DiZoglio all Democrats In accordance with state statute the secretary of the commonwealth administers elections regulates lobbyists and the securities industry registers corporations serves as register of deeds for the entire state and preserves public records as keeper of the state seal Meanwhile the attorney general provides legal services to state agencies combats fraud and corruption investigates and prosecutes crimes and enforces consumer protection environment labor and civil rights laws as Massachusetts chief lawyer and law enforcement officer At the same time the state treasurer manages the state s cash flow debt and investments as chief financial officer whereas the state auditor conducts audits investigations and studies as chief audit executive in order to promote government accountability and transparency and improve state agency financial management legal compliance and performance Legislative branch The Massachusetts House of Representatives and Massachusetts Senate comprise the legislature of Massachusetts known as the Massachusetts General Court The House consists of 160 members while the Senate has 40 members Leaders of the House and Senate are chosen by the members of those bodies the leader of the House is known as the Speaker while the leader of the Senate is known as the President Each branch consists of several committees Members of both bodies are elected to two year terms Judicial branch The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court a chief justice and six associates are appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Governor s Council as are all other judges in the state Federal court cases are heard in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts and appeals are heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit Federal representation The Congressional delegation from Massachusetts is entirely Democratic The Senators are Elizabeth Warren and Ed Markey while the Representatives are Richard Neal 1st Jim McGovern 2nd Lori Trahan 3rd Jake Auchincloss 4th Katherine Clark 5th Seth Moulton 6th Ayanna Pressley 7th Stephen Lynch 8th and Bill Keating 9th In U S presidential elections since 2012 Massachusetts has been allotted 11 votes in the electoral college out of a total of 538 Like most states Massachusetts s electoral votes are granted in a winner take all system Politics Boston Pride Parade 2012 From left Representative Joe Kennedy III Senator Elizabeth Warren and former representative Barney Frank For more than 70 years Massachusetts has shifted from a previously Republican leaning state to one largely dominated by Democrats the 1952 victory of John F Kennedy over incumbent Senator Henry Cabot Lodge Jr is seen as a watershed moment in this transformation His younger brother Edward M Kennedy held that seat until his death from a brain tumor in 2009 Since the 1950s Massachusetts has gained a reputation as being a politically liberal state and is often used as an archetype of modern liberalism hence the phrase Massachusetts liberal Massachusetts is one of the most Democratic states in the country Democratic core concentrations are everywhere except for a handful of Republican leaning towns in the Central and Southern parts of the state Until recently Republicans were dominant in the Western and Northern suburbs of Boston however both areas heavily swung Democratic in the Trump era The state as a whole has not given its Electoral College votes to a Republican in a presidential election since Ronald Reagan carried it in 1984 and not a single county has voted for a Republican presidential candidate since 1988 Additionally Massachusetts provided Reagan with his smallest margins of victory in both the 1980 and 1984 elections Massachusetts had been the only state to vote for Democrat George McGovern in the 1972 presidential election In 2020 Biden received 65 6 of the vote the best performance in over 50 years for a Democrat Democrats have an absolute grip on the Massachusetts congressional delegation there are no Republicans elected to serve at the federal level Both Senators and all nine Representatives are Democrats only one Republican former Senator Scott Brown has been elected to either house of Congress from Massachusetts since 1994 Massachusetts is the most populous state to be represented in the United States Congress entirely by a single party As of the 2018 elections the Democratic Party holds a super majority over the Republican Party in both chambers of the Massachusetts General Court state legislature Out of the state house s 160 seats Democrats hold 127 seats 79 compared to the Republican Party s 32 seats 20 an independent sits in the remaining one and 37 out of the 40 seats in the state senate 92 5 belong to the Democratic Party compared to the Republican Party s three seats 7 5 Both houses of the legislature have had Democratic majorities since the 1950s Party registration as of August 2024Party Total voters PercentageUnenrolled 3 256 754 64 43 Democratic 1 327 704 26 27 Republican 418 899 8 29 Other 51 182 1 01 Total 5 054 539 100 00 Despite the state s Democratic leaning tendency Massachusetts has generally elected Republicans as Governor only two Democrats Deval Patrick and Maura Healey have served as governor since 1991 and among gubernatorial election results from 2002 to 2022 Republican nominees garnered 48 4 of the vote compared to 45 7 for Democratic nominees These have been considered to be among the most moderate Republican leaders in the nation they have received higher net favorability ratings from the state s Democrats than Republicans A number of contemporary national political issues have been influenced by events in Massachusetts such as the decision in 2003 by the state Supreme Judicial Court allowing same sex marriage and a 2006 bill which mandated health insurance for all Massachusetts residents In 2008 Massachusetts voters passed an initiative decriminalizing possession of small amounts of marijuana Voters in Massachusetts also approved a ballot measure in 2012 that legalized the medical use of marijuana Following the approval of a ballot question endorsing legalization in 2016 Massachusetts began issuing licenses for the regulated sale of recreational marijuana in June 2018 The licensed sale of recreational marijuana became legal on July 1 2018 however the lack of state approved testing facilities prevented the sale of any product for several weeks However in 2020 a ballot initiative to implement Ranked Choice Voting failed despite being championed by many progressives Massachusetts is one of the most pro choice states in the Union A 2014 Pew Research Center poll found that 74 of Massachusetts residents supported the right to an abortion in all most cases making Massachusetts the most pro choice state in the United States In 2020 the state legislature overrode Governor Charlie Baker s veto of the ROE Act a controversial law that codified existing abortion laws in case the Supreme Court overturned Roe v Wade dropped the age of parental consent for those seeking an abortion from 18 to 16 and legalized abortion after 24 weeks if a fetus had fatal anomalies or to preserve the patient s physical or mental health The 2023 American Values Atlas by Public Religion Research Institute found that same sex marriage is supported near universally by Massachusettsans Cities towns and countiesAs of 2023 there are 292 towns and 59 cities in Massachusetts Over time many towns have voted to become cities 14 municipalities still refer to themselves as towns even though they have a city form of government There are 50 cities and 301 towns in Massachusetts grouped into 14 counties The fourteen counties moving roughly from west to east are Berkshire Franklin Hampshire Hampden Worcester Middlesex Essex Suffolk Norfolk Bristol Plymouth Barnstable Dukes and Nantucket Eleven communities which call themselves towns are by law cities since they have traded the town meeting form of government for a mayor council or manager council form Boston is the state capital in Massachusetts The population of the city proper is 692 600 and Greater Boston with a population of 4 873 019 is the 11th largest metropolitan area in the nation Other cities with a population over 100 000 include Worcester Springfield Lowell Cambridge Brockton Quincy New Bedford and Lynn Plymouth is the largest municipality in the state by land area followed by Middleborough Massachusetts along with the five other New England states features the local governmental structure known as the New England town In this structure incorporated towns as opposed to townships or counties hold many of the responsibilities and powers of local government Most of the county governments were abolished by the state of Massachusetts beginning in 1997 including Middlesex County the largest county in the state by population The voters of these now defunct counties elect only Sheriffs and Registers of Deeds who are part of the state government Other counties have been reorganized and a few still retain county councils Largest cities or towns in Massachusetts Source Rank Name County Pop Rank Name County Pop Boston Worcester 1 Boston Suffolk 654 776 11 Lawrence Essex 88 508 Springfield Cambridge2 Worcester Worcester 205 918 12 Newton Middlesex 87 4533 Springfield Hampden 154 789 13 Somerville Middlesex 79 8154 Cambridge Middlesex 117 090 14 Framingham Middlesex 71 2655 Lowell Middlesex 113 994 15 Haverhill Essex 67 3616 Brockton Plymouth 105 994 16 Malden Middlesex 65 0747 Quincy Norfolk 101 119 17 Waltham Middlesex 64 0158 New Bedford Bristol 100 941 18 Brookline Norfolk 62 7269 Lynn Essex 100 843 19 Plymouth Plymouth 62 13110 Fall River Bristol 93 884 20 Medford Middlesex 62 098CultureThe site of Henry David Thoreau s cabin at Walden Pond in ConcordMassachusetts is home to many of the worlds most prestigious art museums such as the Clark Art Institute pictured above Massachusetts has contributed to American arts and culture Drawing from its Native American and Yankee roots along with later immigrant groups Massachusetts has produced several writers artists and musicians Some major museums and important historical sites are also located there and events and festivals throughout the year celebrate the state s history and heritage Massachusetts was an early center of the Transcendentalist movement which emphasized intuition emotion human individuality and a deeper connection with nature Ralph Waldo Emerson who was born in Boston but spent much of his later life in Concord largely created the philosophy with his 1836 work Nature and continued to be a key figure in the movement for the remainder of his life Emerson s friend Henry David Thoreau who was also involved in Transcendentalism recorded his year spent alone in a small cabin at nearby Walden Pond in the 1854 work Walden or Life in the Woods Other famous authors and poets born or strongly associated with Massachusetts include Anne Bradstreet Nathaniel Hawthorne Louisa May Alcott Robert Frost Emily Dickinson Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Edith Wharton e e cummings Herman Melville W E B Du Bois Sylvia Plath Elizabeth Bishop John Updike Anne Sexton H P Lovecraft Edgar Allan Poe Helen Hunt Jackson Khalil Gibran Mary Higgins Clark Amelia Atwater Rhodes Jack Kerouac and Theodor Seuss Geisel better known as Dr Seuss Famous painters from Massachusetts include Winslow Homer and Norman Rockwell many of the latter s works are on display at the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge An outdoor dance performance at Jacob s Pillow in Becket Massachusetts is also an important center for the performing arts Both the Boston Symphony Orchestra and Boston Pops Orchestra are based in Massachusetts Other orchestras in Massachusetts include the Cape Cod Symphony Orchestra in Barnstable the New Bedford Symphony Orchestra and the Springfield Symphony Orchestra Tanglewood in western Massachusetts is a music venue that is home to both the Tanglewood Music Festival and Tanglewood Jazz Festival as well as the summer host for the Boston Symphony Orchestra Other performing arts and theater organizations in Massachusetts include the Boston Ballet the Boston Lyric Opera and the Lenox based Shakespeare amp Company In addition to classical and folk music Massachusetts has produced musicians and bands spanning a number of contemporary genres such as the classic rock bands Aerosmith and Boston the proto punk band the Modern Lovers the new wave band the Cars and the alternative rock band Pixies The state has also been the birthplace of the rock bands Staind Godsmack and Highly Suspect since these bands all were formed in Massachusetts cities such Springfield Lawrence and Cape Cod respectively Film events in the state include the Boston Film Festival the Boston International Film Festival and a number of smaller film festivals in various cities throughout Massachusetts USS Constitution fires a salute during its annual Fourth of July turnaround cruiseBuilt in 1681 the Old Ship Church in Hingham is the oldest church in America in continuous ecclesiastical use Massachusetts has since become one of the most irreligious states in the U S Massachusetts is home to a large number of museums and historical sites The Clark Art Institute the Museum of Fine Arts Boston the Institute of Contemporary Art Boston and the DeCordova contemporary art and sculpture museum in Lincoln are all located within Massachusetts and the Maria Mitchell Association in Nantucket includes several observatories museums and an aquarium Historically themed museums and sites such as the Springfield Armory National Historic Site in Springfield Boston s Freedom Trail and nearby Minute Man National Historical Park both of which preserve a number of sites important during the American Revolution the Lowell National Historical Park which focuses on some of the earliest mills and canals of the Industrial Revolution in the US the Black Heritage Trail in Boston which includes important African American and abolitionist sites in Boston and the New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park all showcase various periods of Massachusetts s history Plymouth Rock marks the disembarkation site of the Mayflower Pilgrims who founded Plymouth Colony in December 1620 Plimoth Plantation and Old Sturbridge Village are two open air or living museums in Massachusetts recreating life as it was in the 17th and early 19th centuries respectively Massachusetts has the largest population of the New England states New Englander culture and identity remains strong in Massachusetts Flag of New England pictured above Boston s annual St Patrick s Day parade and Harborfest a week long Fourth of July celebration featuring a fireworks display and concert by the Boston Pops as well as a turnaround cruise in Boston Harbor by the USS Constitution are popular events The New England Summer Nationals an auto show in Worcester draws tens of thousands of attendees every year The Boston Marathon is also a popular event in the state drawing more than 30 000 runners and tens of thousands of spectators annually Long distance hiking trails in Massachusetts include the Appalachian Trail the New England National Scenic Trail the Metacomet Monadnock Trail the Midstate Trail and the Bay Circuit Trail Other outdoor recreational activities in Massachusetts include sailing and yachting freshwater and deep sea fishing whale watching downhill and cross country skiing and hunting Massachusetts is one of the states with the largest percentage of Catholics It has many sanctuaries such as the National Shrine of The Divine Mercy Stockbridge Massachusetts MediaThere are two major television media markets located in Massachusetts The Boston Manchester market is the fifth largest in the United States The other market surrounds the Springfield area WGBH TV in Boston is a major public television station and produces national programs such as Nova Frontline and American Experience The Boston Globe Boston Herald Springfield Republican and the Worcester Telegram amp Gazette are Massachusetts s largest daily newspapers In addition there are many community dailies and weeklies The Associated Press maintains a bureau in Boston and local news wire the State House News Service feeds coverage of state government to other Massachusetts media outlets There are a number of major AM and FM stations which serve Massachusetts along with many more regional and community based stations Some colleges and universities also operate campus television and radio stations and print their own newspapers HealthMap showing the average Medicare reimbursement per enrollee for the counties in Massachusetts Massachusetts generally ranks highly among states in most health and disease prevention categories In 2015 the United Health Foundation ranked the state as third healthiest overall Massachusetts has the most doctors per 100 000 residents 435 38 the second lowest infant mortality rate 3 8 and the lowest percentage of uninsured residents children as well as the total population According to Business Insider commonwealth residents have an average life expectancy of 80 41 years the fifth longest in the country 36 1 of the population is overweight and 24 4 is obese and Massachusetts ranks sixth highest in the percentage of residents who are considered neither obese nor overweight 39 5 Massachusetts also ranks above average in the prevalence of binge drinking which is the 20th highest in the country The nation s first Marine Hospital was erected by federal order in Boston in 1799 There are currently a total of 143 hospitals in the state According to 2015 rankings by U S News amp World Report Massachusetts General Hospital is ranked in the top three in two health care specialties Massachusetts General Hospital was founded in 1811 and serves as the largest teaching hospital for nearby Harvard University The state of Massachusetts is a center for medical education and research including Harvard affiliates Brigham and Women s Hospital Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Dana Farber Cancer Institute as well as the New England Baptist Hospital Tufts Medical Center and Boston Medical Center which is the primary teaching hospital for Boston University The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School is located in Worcester The Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences has two of its three campuses in Boston and Worcester SportsGillette Stadium in Foxborough is the home venue for the New England Patriots NFL and the New England Revolution MLS Massachusetts is home to five major league professional sports teams eighteen time NBA Champions Boston Celtics nine time World Series winners Boston Red Sox six time Stanley Cup winners Boston Bruins six time Super Bowl winners New England Patriots and five time MLS Cup finalists New England Revolution In the late 19th century the Olympic sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the Western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke respectively The Basketball Hall of Fame is a major tourist destination in the City of Springfield and the Volleyball Hall of Fame is located in Holyoke The American Hockey League AHL the NHL s development league is headquartered in Springfield Several universities in Massachusetts are notable for their collegiate athletics The state is home to two Division I FBS teams Boston College of the Atlantic Coast Conference and FBS Independent University of Massachusetts at Amherst FCS play includes Harvard University which competes in the famed Ivy League and College of the Holy Cross of the Patriot League Boston University Northeastern University UMASS Lowell Stonehill College and Merrimack College also participate in Division I athletics Many other Massachusetts colleges compete in lower divisions such as Division III where MIT Tufts University Amherst College Williams College and others field competitive teams Massachusetts is also the home of rowing events such as the Eastern Sprints on Lake Quinsigamond and the Head of the Charles Regatta A number of major golf events have taken place in Massachusetts including nine U S Opens and two Ryder Cups Massachusetts has produced several successful Olympians including Thomas Burke James Connolly and John Thomas track and field Butch Johnson archery Nancy Kerrigan figure skating Todd Richards snowboarding Albina Osipowich swimming Aly Raisman gymnastics Patrick Ewing basketball Stephen Nedoroscik pommel horse as well as Jim Craig Mike Eruzione Bill Cleary Keith Tkachuk ice hockey See alsoAdministrative divisions of Massachusetts Index of Massachusetts related articles Outline of Massachusetts Massachusetts Bay Colony New England USS Massachusetts 8 ships USRC Massachusetts 2 ships Massachusetts portalNotesElevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 Massachusetts is one of only four U S states to use the term Commonwealth in its official name along with Kentucky Virginia and Pennsylvania Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry ReferencesHerman Jennifer 2008 Massachusetts Encyclopedia State History Publications LLC p 7 Various nicknames have been given to describe Massachusetts including the Bay State the Old Bay State the Pilgrim State the Puritan State the Old Colony State the Spirit of America and less often the Baked Bean State Massachusetts United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on August 21 2015 Retrieved June 10 2015 State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates Greylock RM 1 Reset NGS Data Sheet National Geodetic Survey National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States Department of Commerce United States Census Bureau QuickFacts Massachusetts United States Census Bureau Here Are The Richest Places In Massachusetts Based On The Latest Census Data Forbes October 14 2024 Retrieved December 21 2024 Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 2 Section 35 Designation of citizens of commonwealth The General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Retrieved July 21 2021 Gavin Christopher August 5 2019 Massachusettsan Bay Staters and Massholes are perplexed by this word for Mass natives Boston com The Boston Globe If you hail from Massachusetts you may consider yourself a few things A Bay Stater A Bostonian perhaps Maybe even a Masshole Quinn Garrett June 25 2015 Rejoice Oxford English Dictionary Adds Masshole Boston My fellow Massholes we ve finally arrived The Oxford English Dictionary the authoritative book on the English language has included Masshole in its list of 500 new words to be officially added to its pages Buell Spencer November 1 2018 We re Massholes Not Assholes A New Question 3 Ad Stars a Foul Mouthed Bostonian Boston I know some people question the use of our words says Kelly Fredrickson president of MullenLowe Boston But I m from here and I m a proud Masshole I ve been raised in a state that protects all our liberties and I want those to exist for my kids Buell Spencer August 19 2019 Ken Jennings Gentle and Sweet Redefinition of Masshole Boston In a tweet on Sunday Jennings offered his take on the word which is sometimes used as an insult but just as often worn as a badge of honor But ours is not a state that historically listens to dictums from the British and term of contempt or not locals seem to have adopted Masshole as a descriptor Faraone Chris Pramas Jason November 12 2020 Editor s Note Gloves Off PDF DigBoston Running a state is hard at the best of times and these are worse times than most Mass residents have ever experienced We re all just one big happy Masshole family right McGinnes Meagan Scalese Roberto Creamer Lisa Kaufman Jill June 25 2024 Day trips in Massachusetts Hikes history made fun ice cream and unofficial hot dog tours WBUR FM There are the North and South shores which to an untrained eye look alike but to a Masshole are completely different planets Collections Boston Massachusetts Historical Society 1877 p 435 Retrieved June 10 2015 Jones Thomas 1879 DeLancey Edward Floyd ed History of New York During the Revolutionary War New York New York Historical Society p 465 Retrieved June 10 2015 U S Government Publishing Office Style Manual 2016 5 23 Schwarz Hunter August 12 2014 States where English is the official language The Washington Post Retrieved December 29 2014 Massachusetts Language amp Education American FactFinder Retrieved March 14 2024 Massachusetts Facts Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Retrieved April 21 2015 Blue Hills of Massachusetts Massachusetts State Poem StateSymbolsUSA org May 26 2014 Retrieved April 20 2015 State Slogans Ereferencedesk com Retrieved April 21 2015 Black Capped Chickadee Massachusetts State Bird StateSymbolsUSA org May 20 2014 Retrieved April 17 2015 Wild Turkey Massachusetts State Game Bird StateSymbolsUSA org May 22 2014 Retrieved April 17 2015 Cod Massachusetts State Fish StateSymbolsUSA org May 21 2014 Retrieved April 18 2015 Mayflower Massachusetts State Flower StateSymbolsUSA org May 20 2014 Retrieved April 18 2015 Ladybug Massachusetts State Insect StateSymbolsUSA org May 20 2014 Retrieved April 18 2015 Right Whale Massachusetts State Marine Mammal StateSymbolsUSA org May 26 2014 Retrieved April 18 2015 Morgan Horse Massachusetts State Horse StateSymbolsUSA org May 21 2014 Retrieved April 18 2015 Tabby Cat Massachusetts State Cat StateSymbolsUSA org May 20 2014 Retrieved April 18 2015 Boston Terrier Massachusetts State Dog StateSymbolsUSA org May 20 2014 Retrieved April 18 2015 Garter Snake Massachusetts State Reptile StateSymbolsUSA org May 21 2014 Retrieved April 18 2015 American Elm Massachusetts State Tree StateSymbolsUSA org May 22 2014 Retrieved April 18 2015 Cranberry Juice Massachusetts State Beverage StateSymbolsUSA org May 20 2014 Retrieved April 18 2015 Blue Green Cranberry Massachusetts State Colors StateSymbolsUSA org May 26 2014 Retrieved April 18 2015 Square Dance Massachusetts State Folk Dance StateSymbolsUSA org May 26 2014 Retrieved April 18 2015 Cranberry Massachusetts State Berry StateSymbolsUSA org May 20 2014 Retrieved April 18 2015 Corn Muffin Massachusetts State Muffin StateSymbolsUSA org May 20 2014 Retrieved April 20 2015 Baked Navy Bean Massachusetts State Bean StateSymbolsUSA org May 20 2014 Retrieved April 20 2015 Boston Creme Pie Massachusetts State Dessert StateSymbolsUSA org May 20 2014 Retrieved April 20 2015 Chocolate Chip Cookie Massachusetts State Cookie StateSymbolsUSA org May 21 2014 Retrieved April 20 2015 Boston Cream Donut Massachusetts State Donut StateSymbolsUSA org May 20 2014 Retrieved April 18 2015 Dinosaur Tracks Massachusetts State Fossil StateSymbolsUSA org May 20 2014 Retrieved April 20 2015 Rhodonite Massachusetts State Gem StateSymbolsUSA org May 21 2014 Retrieved April 20 2015 Babingtonite Massachusetts State Mineral StateSymbolsUSA org May 26 2014 Retrieved April 20 2015 Official State Rock of Massachusetts StateSymbolsUSA org May 21 2014 Retrieved November 28 2019 New England Neptune Massachusetts State Shell StateSymbolsUSA org May 19 2014 Retrieved April 23 2015 Levenson Michael August 9 2006 Can you guess the state sport of Massachusetts The Boston Globe Archived from the original on February 16 2012 Retrieved February 14 2012 The Official Massachusetts State Quarter The Us50 theus50 com Retrieved April 21 2015 The 1692 Salem Witch Trials Salem Witch Trials Museum Retrieved April 21 2015 Faneuil Hall Celebrateboston com Retrieved April 21 2015 Shays Rebellion ushistory org Retrieved April 21 2015 Maritime Commerce National Park Service Retrieved April 21 2015 History of Lowell Massachusetts City of Lowell Archived from the original on April 5 2010 Retrieved April 21 2015 The Temperance Issue in the Election of 1840 Massachusetts Teachushistory org Retrieved April 21 2015 Packer Barbara 2007 The Transcendentalists University of Georgia Press First edition April 25 2007 ISBN 978 0 8203 2958 1 Images of the Antislavery Movement in Massachusetts Masshist org Retrieved April 21 2015 Staying Power The Future of Manufacturing in Massachusetts PDF The Center for Urban and Regional Policy School of Social Science Urban Affairs and Public Policy Northeastern University Archived from the original PDF on March 4 2016 Retrieved April 21 2015 Boston is Now the Largest Biotech Hub in the World EPM Scientific February 2023 Retrieved January 9 2024 Why Boston Will Be the Star of The AI Revolution VentureFizz October 24 2017 Retrieved November 9 2023 Boston startups are working to overcome some of the largest technical barriers holding AI back and they re attracting attention across a wide variety of industries in the process Housing and Economic Development Key Industries mass gov Archived from the original on April 22 2015 Retrieved April 21 2015 Douglas Craig Greater Boston gains population remains 10th largest region in U S Boston Business Journal Retrieved April 21 2015 Does Massachusetts liberal label still matter www usatoday com Retrieved April 26 2023 Massachusetts court strikes down ban on same sex marriage CNN Reuters November 18 2003 Retrieved April 21 2015 History of Harvard University Harvard University Retrieved April 21 2015 Lewin Tamar January 28 2015 Harvard s Endowment Remains Biggest of All The New York Times Retrieved March 6 2015 1 Times Higher Education Retrieved December 3 2016 Massachusetts Students Score among World Leaders on PISA Reading Science and Math Tests Archived from the original on December 4 2019 Retrieved January 14 2020 Kamaron McNair April 6 2024 10 U S states where Americans earn the lowest incomes only 2 aren t in the South CNBC Retrieved April 6 2024 More education typically correlates with higher earnings which helps explain why Massachusetts the most educated state with nearly 47 of its population holding a bachelor s degree or higher is also the highest paid according to the St Louis Fed Jay Edwards August 12 2024 WalletHub New Jersey is 2024 s 3rd best state to live in WRNJ Radio Retrieved August 13 2024 Mike Winters June 20 2024 The salary a family of 4 needs to get by in every U S state it s more than 150 000 in the most expensive one CNBC Retrieved June 22 2024 Fermino Jessie Little Doe 2000 Introduction to Wampanoag Grammar Thesis Massachusetts Institute of Technology hdl 1721 1 8740 Tooker William Wallace 1904 Algonquian Names of some Mountains and Hills American Folk lore Society p 175 Retrieved June 10 2015 Salwen Bert 1978 Indians of Southern New England and Long Island Early Period In Northeast ed Bruce G Trigger Vol 15 of Handbook of North American Indians ed William C Sturtevant pp 160 76 Washington DC Smithsonian Institution Quoted in Campbell Lyle 1997 American Indian Languages The Historical Linguistics of Native America Oxford Oxford University Press p 401 Bright William 2004 Native American Place Names of the United States Norman University of Oklahoma Press p 270 East Squantum Street Moswetuset Hummock Quincy Mass Historical and Architectural Survey Thomas Crane Public Library 1986 Archived from the original on June 26 2009 Retrieved June 24 2009 Neal Daniel 1747 XIV The Present State of New England The history of New England Vol 2 2 ed London A Ward p 216 OCLC 8616817 Retrieved June 24 2009 Why is Massachusetts a Commonwealth Commonwealth of Massachusetts Retrieved April 21 2015 The term Commonwealth does not describe or provide for any specific political status or legal relationship when used by a state Those U S states that do use it are equal to those that do not Legally Massachusetts is a commonwealth because the term is contained in the Constitution Kentucky as a Commonwealth Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives Archived from the original on January 31 2011 Retrieved May 22 2010 Finucane Martin Why do we call Massachusetts a commonwealth Blame John Adams The Boston Globe A previous draft of the state constitution proposed by the Legislature and rejected had used the name State of Massachusetts Bay At the time the word was used to mean republic and there might have been some antimonarchical sentiment in using it according to the Massachusetts secretary of state s website Brown amp Tager 2000 pp 6 7 Origin amp Early Mohican History Stockbridge Munsee Community Band of Mohican Indians Archived from the original on September 12 2009 Retrieved October 21 2009 Brown amp Tager 2000 p 7 Hoxie Frederick E 1996 Encyclopedia of North American Indians Boston Houghton Mifflin Harcourt p 164 ISBN 978 0 395 66921 1 OCLC 34669430 Retrieved July 30 2009 Marr JS Cathey JT February 2010 New hypothesis for cause of an epidemic among Native Americans New England 1616 1619 Emerging Infectious Diseases 16 2 281 286 doi 10 3201 e0di1602 090276 ISSN 1080 6040 PMC 2957993 PMID 20113559 Kaplow David 2003 Smallpox The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge University of California Press p 13 ISBN 978 0 520 24220 3 Goldfield et al 1998 p 30 The New England Colonies ushistory org Retrieved April 24 2015 Goldfield et al 1998 p 29 Charter Of Massachusetts Bay 1629 let rug nl Retrieved April 24 2015 Michael Mullett Curwen Thomas c 1610 1680 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford UK OUP 2004 Retrieved 17 November 2015 Brown amp Tager 2000 pp 30 32 Barrows Charles Henry 1911 The History of Springfield in Massachusetts for the Young Being Also in Some Part the History of Other Towns and Cities in the County of Hampden The Connecticut Valley Historical Society pp 46 48 US 13459 5 7 William Pynchon Archived September 21 2013 at the Wayback Machine Bio umass edu Retrieved September 7 2013 Connecticut s Southwick Jog Connecticut State Library Retrieved June 10 2015 Barth 2014 p 499 Clarke Hermann F 1937 John Hull Mintmaster The New England Quarterly 10 4 669 673 doi 10 2307 359931 JSTOR 359931 Barth 2014 p 500 Barth 2014 p 514 Barth 2014 p 520 Goldfield et al 1998 p 66 Brown amp Tager 2000 p 50 Perley Sidney April 18 2014 Historic Earthquakes Earthquake Hazards Program USGS Archived from the original on November 10 2011 Retrieved February 7 2011 Memorandum Boston Gazette November 24 1755 p 1 Brown amp Tager 2000 pp 63 83 The Intolerable Acts ushistory org Retrieved April 24 2015 Goldfield et al 1998 pp 88 90 Goldfield et al 1998 pp 95 96 Goldfield et al 1998 pp 96 97 Massachusetts Legal Holidays Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth Archived from the original on June 27 2004 Retrieved May 22 2010 John Fraylor Salem Maritime National Historic Park National Park Service Retrieved September 3 2012 The Declaration of Independence PBS Retrieved April 25 2015 McCullough David September 3 2002 John Adams 1st ed Simon amp Schuster ISBN 978 0 7432 2313 3 Pennsylvania s Gradual Abolition Act of 1780 Explore PA history Archived from the original on October 4 2013 Rettig Polly M April 3 1978 John Quincy Adams Birthplace National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination National Park Service Retrieved April 24 2015 The Ratification of the U S Constitution in Massachusetts Massachusetts Historical Society Retrieved May 22 2010 On this day in 1820 Massmoments org Retrieved April 25 2015 Brown amp Tager 2000 p 129 Brown amp Tager 2000 p 211 Brown amp Tager 2000 p 202 Brown amp Tager 2000 pp 133 36 Brown amp Tager 2000 p 179 Goldfield et al 1998 p 251 Goldfield et al 1998 p 254 Brown amp Tager 2000 p 185 Brown amp Tager 2000 p 183 Brown amp Tager 2000 pp 187 93 Robert Gould Shaw and the 54th Regiment National Park Service Retrieved October 19 2009 State Compulsory School Attendance Laws infoplease com Retrieved May 5 2015 Stock Market Crash Heralds Great Depression massmoments org Retrieved June 30 2022 Osborne Paul E March 2016 Department of Public Utilities History PDF Government of Massachusetts Retrieved June 30 2022 Bowdoin Alumnus Volume 4 1929 1930 Bowdoin Alumnus Magazines Bowdoin College 129 1930 Acts and resolves passed by the General Court 1663 290 Acts 1929 Chap 287 Chap 2S7 An Act to provide for the more effective enforcement of the Sale of Securities Act Identifier actsresolvespass1929mass Section 1 Chapter twenty five of the General Laws is hereby amended by adding thereto under the heading Securities Division There shall be in the department and under its general supervision and control a securities division which shall be under the charge of a director John C Hull was the first Securities Director appointed January 1930 His term would end in 1936 Publication date 1927 1928 pg 102 Brown amp Tager 2000 p 246 Brown amp Tager 2000 p 276 Job Loss Shrinking Revenues and Grinding Decline in Springfield Massachusetts Is A Finance Control Board the Answer PDF University of Massachusetts Lowell Archived from the original PDF on October 18 2013 Retrieved June 10 2015 Peck Merton J Scherer Frederic M March 1964 The weapons acquisition process An economic analysis IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management EM 11 1 51 52 doi 10 1109 TEM 1964 6446393 ISSN 1558 0040 Retrieved October 28 2022 Brown amp Tager 2000 pp 275 83 Brown amp Tager 2000 p 284 Grunwald Michael Dig the Big Dig 2 The Washington Post August 6 2006 Retrieved May 31 2010 The Central Artery Tunnel Project The Big Dig Massachusetts Department of Transportation Highway Division Archived from the original on August 30 2018 Retrieved April 26 2015 Biography Edward Moore Kennedy American Experience Retrieved May 28 2010 The Kennedys A Family Tree St Petersburg Times Retrieved May 28 2010 Brooke Edward William III Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Retrieved April 25 2015 George H W Bush Biography biography com Retrieved April 26 2015 James J Kenneally A Compassionate Conservative A Political Biography of Joseph W Martin Jr Speaker of the U S House of Representatives 2003 Tip O Neill Donegal Diaspora www donegaldiaspora ie Archived from the original on December 3 2022 Retrieved December 3 2022 McCammond Alexi April 15 2020 Elizabeth Warren endorses Joe Biden in 2020 presidential race Axios Retrieved December 3 2022 Police narrow in on two suspects in Boston Marathon bombings Daily News New York Retrieved December 3 2022 Cooper Michael Schmidt Michael S Schmitt Eric April 23 2013 Boston Suspects Are Seen as Self Taught and Fueled by Web The New York Times Retrieved December 3 2022
