List of oldest universities in continuous operation

This is a list of the oldest existing universities in continuous operation in the world.

The University of Bologna in Bologna, Italy, founded in 1088, the world's oldest university in continuous operation

Established in 1224 by Frederick II during his rule as King of Sicily, the University of Naples Federico II in Naples, Italy is the world's oldest state-funded university in continuous operation.

A dining hall at the University of Oxford in Oxford, England, the world's second-oldest university and oldest in the English-speaking world

A partial view of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England, the world's third-oldest university

Inclusion in this list is determined by the date at which the educational institute first met the traditional definition of a university used by academic historians^[specify] although it may have existed as a different kind of institution before that time. This definition limits the term "university" to institutions with distinctive structural and legal features that developed in Europe, and which make the university form different from other institutions of higher learning in the pre-modern world, even though these may sometimes now be referred to popularly as universities.

To be included in the list, the university must have been founded prior to 1500 in Europe or be the oldest university derived from the medieval European model in a country or region. It must also still be in operation, with institutional continuity retained throughout its history. So some early universities, including the University of Paris, founded around the beginning of the 13th century but abolished by the French Revolution in 1793, are excluded. Some institutions reemerge, but with new foundations, such as the modern University of Paris, which came into existence in 1896 after the Louis Liard law disbanded Napoleon's University of France system.

The word "university" is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which approximately means "community of teachers and scholars." The University of Bologna in Bologna, Italy, where teaching began around 1088 and which was organised into a university in the late 12th century, is the world's oldest university in continuous operation, and the first university in the sense of a higher-learning and degree-awarding institute. The origin of many medieval universities can be traced back to the Catholic cathedral schools or monastic schools, which appeared as early as the 6th century and were run for hundreds of years prior to their formal establishment as universities in the high medieval period.

Ancient higher-learning institutions, such as those of ancient Greece, Africa, ancient Persia, ancient Rome, Byzantium, ancient China, ancient India and the Islamic world, are not included in this list owing to their cultural, historical, structural and legal differences from the medieval European university from which the modern university evolved. These include the University of al-Qarawiyyin, University of Ez-Zitouna and Al-Azhar University, which were founded as mosques in 859, 698 or 734, and 972 respectively. These developed associated madrasas; the dates when organised teaching began are uncertain, but by 1129 for al-Qarawiyyin in the 13th century for Ez-Zitouna, and Al-Azhar. They became universities in 1963, 1956 and 1961 respectively.^{[citation needed]}

Medieval origins

The university as an institution was historically rooted in medieval society, which it in turn influenced and shaped. Academic historian Walter Rüegg asserts that:

The university is a European institution; indeed, it is the European institution par excellence. There are various reasons for this assertion. As a community of teachers and taught, accorded certain rights, such as administrative autonomy and the determination and realisation of curricula (courses of study) and of the objectives of research as well as the award of publicly recognised degrees, it is a creation of medieval Europe, which was the Europe of papal Christianity [...].

Modern spread

From the early modern period onwards, the university spread from the medieval Latin West across the globe, eventually replacing all other higher-learning institutions and becoming the preeminent institution for higher education everywhere. The process occurred in the following chronological order:

• Southern and Western Europe (from the 11th or 12th century)
• Central and Northern Europe (from the 14th or 15th century)
• Americas (from the 16th century)
• Australia (from the 19th century)
• Asia and Africa (from the 19th or 20th century), with the exception of the Philippines, where the University of Santo Tomas was established in the 17th century.

Founded as universities before 1500

A 1911 map of medieval universities in Europe

This list includes medieval universities that were founded before 1500 and which have retained institutional continuity since then (excluding not only those that ceased to exist, but also those that merged into or split away to an institution which is regarded as newly established). Several of these have been closed for brief periods: for example the University of Siena was closed 1805–1815 during the Napoleonic wars, and universities in the Czech Republic and Poland were closed during Nazi occupation, 1938–1945.

Universities are dated from when, according to scholars, they first met the definition of a university. In cases such as the universities of Bologna and Oxford which trace their history back to teaching in individual schools prior to their formation into a university, or which existed in another form prior to being a university, the date in the list below is thus later than the date given by the institutions for their foundation.

Year	University	Location		Notes
		Original	Current
1180–1190 (teaching from c. 1088)	University of Bologna	Kingdom of Italy,  Holy Roman Empire	Bologna, Italy	Law schools existed in Bologna from the second half of the 12th century, with 1088 often considered to be the date on which teaching outside of ecclesiastical schools began. In 1158, petitions by Bolognese doctors of law led to Emperor Barbarossa granting the "Authentic Habita", which granted various rights to students and masters but did not name Bologna or any other particular place of study. However, it is unlikely that the university had become organised by the 1150s, and this may have been as late as the 1180s. The law schools appear to have remained independent, private entities until around 1180, but became organised over the following decade. In 1189 the masters made an agreement with the commune not to transfer the studium to another town, while the Lombard students were organised into a 'nation' by 1191.
1200–1214 (teaching from c. 1096)	University of Oxford	Kingdom of England	Oxford, United Kingdom	Teaching existed in Oxford from the late 11th century, with the university giving the date of 1096 for the earliest classes. However, it was not until the early 13th century that the schools in Oxford took on an organised character. In 1201 a papal letter described John Grimm as magister scolarum Oxonie. In 1209 the masters suspended their teaching in Oxford and moved to other towns (including Cambridge, leading to the foundation of the university there), returning after a bull issued on 20 June 1214 by the papal legate, Niccolò de Romanis, that granted a number of rights to the university and established the office of chancellor. Both Oxford and Cambridge were granted rights of discipline over students and of fixing rents in letters issued by King Henry III in 1231. A royal charter, sometimes referred to as the Magna Carta of the university, was granted in 1244, awarding further rights to the university. The university received a papal bull Querentes in agro in 1254, with a first version issued on 27 September and a second version on 6 October. The first version followed the common form of privileges granted to monastic houses, confirming the liberties and immunities granted to the university and placing the members of the university under papal protection, but the second version (which was the version recorded in the papal register) explicitly recognised and approved the existence of the university as a scholarly community and confirmed its "liberties, ancient customs and approved statutes".
1209–1225	University of Cambridge	Kingdom of England	Cambridge, United Kingdom	Founded by scholars leaving Oxford after a dispute caused by the execution of three scholars in 1209. The university was organised under a chancellor by 1225. The university takes 1209 as its official founding year. Along with Oxford, Cambridge was granted rights of discipline over its students and of fixing rents in letters issued by King Henry III in 1231. It received papal recognition as an academic corporation via an indult granted by Pope Gregory IX in 1233 and was named as a studium generale in the papal bull Inter singula in 1318. The traditional view was that this raised it to a studium generale but more recent scholarship (which is now generally, although not universally, accepted) sees the bull as confirming, rather than conferring, this status.
1218–1219	University of Salamanca	Kingdom of León	Salamanca, Spain	The oldest university in the Hispanic world. The university was founded by Alfonso IX of León in 1218 and recognised by a papal bull from Pope Alexander IV in 1255.
1222	University of Padua	Medieval commune of Padua	Padua, Italy	Founded by scholars and professors after leaving Bologna. Awarded the first degree in the world to be conferred on a woman, Elena Cornaro Piscopia, in 1678.
1224	University of Naples Federico II	Kingdom of Sicily	Naples, Italy	It is the world's oldest state-funded university in continuous operation, and one of the first to be founded by a head of state, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and king of Sicily. Refounded in 1234, 1239 and 1465, and closed 1490–1507.
1290	University of Coimbra	Kingdom of Portugal	Coimbra, Portugal	Originally established in Lisbon but relocated to Coimbra from 1308 to 1338 and again from 1354 to 1377, before finally moving permanently to Coimbra in 1537.
1293 (Papal recognition 1346)	University of Valladolid	Crown of Castile	Valladolid, Spain	Founded in the late 13th century, probably by the city, with the first documented reference dating from 1293.
1308	University of Perugia	Papal States	Perugia, Italy	The university traces its history back to 1276 and statutes were granted in 1306 prior to the bull of Pope Clement V of 8 September 1308.
1348	Charles University	Kingdom of Bohemia,  Holy Roman Empire	Prague, Czech Republic	Faculties of theology, law and medicine closed during the Bohemian Reformation, leaving only the faculty of liberal arts. Became Charles-Ferdinand University after the Thirty Years' War, with all four faculties restored. Split into German and Czech parts in 1882; the Czech branch restored the name Charles University after independence in 1918 and closed briefly during Nazi occupation (1939–1945) while the German branch closed permanently in 1945.
1357 (originally 1246–1252)	University of Siena	Republic of Siena	Siena, Italy	Claims to have been founded in 1240 by the Commune of Siena, although Rashdall dates the proclamation of the Studium to 1246, when Frederick II tried to place a ban on scholars travelling to Bologna, the date also given by Verger. Was granted some exemptions from taxes by Pope Innocent II in 1252, but closed shortly after when the scholars returned to Bologna. Attempted revivals in 1275 and (fed by further short-lived migrations of scholars from Bologna) in 1321 and 1338 were unsuccessful. Gained an Imperial Bull in 1357 "granting it de novo the 'privileges of a Studium Generale.'", but was not firmly established until "[i]n 1408 a fresh grant of privileges was obtained from Pope Gregory XII". Closed temporarily in 1808–1815 when Napoleonic forces occupied Tuscany.
1361	University of Pavia	Domain of the House of Visconti	Pavia, Italy	Transferred to Piacenza 1398–1412. Closed for short periods during the Italian Wars, Napoleonic wars, and Revolutions of 1848.
1364 (re-established in 1400)	Jagiellonian University	Kingdom of Poland	Kraków, Poland	Founded by King Casimir the Great as a studium generale in 1364. After the death of Casimir the Great in 1370, the development of the university stalled, with lectures being held in various places across the city, including churches and the Wawel cathedral school, and eventually coming to a pause. The faculty of theology was re-opened in 1397 by Queen Jadwiga who left a large endowment to the university upon her death in 1399. The university was formally re-established on 26 July 1400 by King Władysław Jagiełło. After Kraków was incorporated into the Austrian Empire, the university was merged with Lwów University from 1805 to 1809. The university was forcibly shut down during the German Occupation of Poland (1939–1945). The staff was deported to German-Nazi concentration camps, and many of its collections were deliberately destroyed by the occupying German authorities. Underground lectures continued for around 800 students during this period and the university formally reopened in 1945.
1365	University of Vienna	Duchy of Austria,  Holy Roman Empire	Vienna, Austria	Founded by Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria, granted papal assent in 1384 by Pope Urban VI. The oldest university in the contemporary German-speaking world; it remains a question of definition whether Charles University in Prague was also German-speaking when founded. Due to its strong association with the Catholic Church, the university suffered setbacks during the Reformation, but never ceased operation.
1385	Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg	Electoral Palatinate,  Holy Roman Empire	Heidelberg, Germany	Oldest university in Germany. Pope Urban VI granted permission for the founding of a university in October 1385 to Rupert I, Elector Palatine; teaching began in June 1386. Gradually declined during the 17th and 18th centuries until re-established as a state-owned institution by Karl Friedrich, Grand Duke of Baden in 1803.
c. 1400 (originally 1343 to c. 1360)	University of Pisa	Republic of Pisa	Pisa, Italy	Established 1343 but closed around 1360; refounded at the start of the 15th century. Formally founded on 3 September 1343 by a bull of Pope Clement VI, although according to the university "a number of scholars claim its origin dates back to the 11th century". Transferred to Pistoia, Prato and Florence between 1494 and 1543.
1404	University of Turin	Duchy of Savoy	Turin, Italy
1409	University of Leipzig	Holy Roman Empire	Leipzig, Germany
1410–1413	University of St. Andrews	Kingdom of Scotland	St. Andrews, United Kingdom	A school of higher studies was founded in 1410 and was chartered by Bishop Henry Wardlaw in 1411. Full university status conferred by a papal bull of Antipope Benedict XIII on 28 August 1413. The university was founded in 1410 when a group of Augustinian clergy, driven from the University of Paris by the Avignon schism and from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge by the Anglo-Scottish Wars, formed a society of higher learning in St Andrews, which offered courses of lectures in divinity, logic, philosophy, and law. St Andrews was the obvious choice — "for centuries, it was the heart of the Scottish church and political activities" and "the seat of the greatest bishopric in Scotland and location of a monastery noted as a centre for learning". A charter of privilege was bestowed upon the society of masters and scholars by the Bishop of St Andrews, Henry Wardlaw, on 28 February 1412. Wardlaw then successfully petitioned the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII to grant the school university status by issuing a series of papal bulls, which followed on 28 August 1413. King James I of Scotland confirmed the charter of the university in 1432. Subsequent kings supported the university, with King James V of Scotland "confirming privileges of the university" in 1532.
1419	University of Rostock	Holy Roman Empire	Rostock, Germany	Continuous operation during the Reformation is disputed. Some sources state that "the Catholic university of Rostock closed altogether and the closure was long enough to make the refounded body feel a new institution" and that the university fell into complete decay after the beginning of the Reformation in (1523) when the university revenues were lost and matriculations ceased". However, Johann Oldendorp is reported by several sources as having held a professorship at the university from 1526 to 1534, although this is not proven beyond doubt, and other historians refer to "the remaining university lecturers" as supporting plans to restore the university revenues in 1532 (which was eventually accomplished via the Rostock Formula concordiae in 1563). There are records of a number of professors being appointed in 1551, including Johannes Aurifaber, David Chytraeus, and  [de].
1430 (originally 1391–1394)	University of Ferrara	House of Este	Ferrara, Italy
1431 (originally 1303 to c. 1400)	Sapienza University of Rome	Papal States	Rome, Italy	Founded in 1303 but closed at the end of the 14th century; refounded 1431.
1444	University of Catania	Kingdom of Sicily	Catania, Italy
1450	University of Barcelona	Crown of Aragon	Barcelona, Spain	Founded by Alfonso V of Aragon on 3 September 1450 as the Estudi General de Barcelona. From 1401 the city had a medical school founded by King Martin of Aragon (the Estudi General de Medecina de Barcelona), to which a faculty of arts was added in 1402. Before this, there were chairs of higher education (associated with the cathedral, the Dominican Convent of Santa Carolina, and the escoles majors supported by the city's governing council) from the 13th century.
1451	University of Glasgow	Kingdom of Scotland	Glasgow, United Kingdom	Founded by papal bull in 1451, it is the fourth-oldest university in the English-speaking world and one of Scotland's four ancient universities. Along with the universities of Edinburgh, Aberdeen, and St Andrews, the university was part of the Scottish Enlightenment during the 18th century.
1456	University of Greifswald	Holy Roman Empire	Greifswald, Germany	Some professors from Rostock taught temporarily in Greifswald between 1437 and 1443 due to unrest in Rostock. The university was founded in 1456 by Duke Wartislaw IX with the approval of Pope Callixtus III on the initiative of Heinrich Rubenow, Lord Mayor of Greifswald (and first rector). Teaching paused temporarily during the Protestant Reformation (1527–39).
1457	Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg		Freiburg, Germany	A papal bull of 1455 authorised the Bishop of Constance to establish a university, and in 1457 a ducal charter from Albert VI, Archduke of Austria founded the university.
1459	University of Basel		Basel, Switzerland
1459–1472	Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich		Munich, Germany	Founded in Ingolstadt in 1472; with a papal bull obtained in 1459 from Pope Pius II by Louis the Rich, transferred to Landshut in 1800 and then to Munich in 1826.
1475	University of Copenhagen	Kingdom of Denmark within the  Kalmar Union	Copenhagen, Denmark	Founded by papal bull in 1475 and royal decree in 1478, opening in 1479.
1476	Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen	Holy Roman Empire	Tübingen, Germany
1477	Uppsala University	Kingdom of Sweden within the  Kalmar Union	Uppsala, Sweden	Established in 1477 by the Catholic Archbishop Jakob Ulvsson. Decayed due to political unrest in the first decade of the 16th century and then the Reformation in the 1520s and 30s, remaining "only an idea without real content" until re-chartered in 1595.
1495	University of Aberdeen	Kingdom of Scotland	Aberdeen, United Kingdom	King's College was founded by a papal bull in 1495 and then Marischal College in 1593; they merged in 1860.
1499	Complutense University of Madrid	Crown of Castile	Madrid, Spain	A studium generale was founded by Sancho IV of Castile in 1293 in Alcalá de Henares. Very little is known of this institution over the next two centuries. In 1499 a papal bull was granted by Pope Alexander VI authorising Archbishop Cisneros to establish a Colegio Mayor in Alcalá with the same powers as the universities of Salamanca and Vallodolid, from which date Verger considers it a university. The new university opened in 1509. The university was moved to Madrid in 1836 by royal decree.
1500	University of Valencia	Crown of Aragon	Valencia, Spain

Oldest universities by country or region after 1500 still in operation

The majority of European countries had universities by 1500. Many universities were established at institutes of learning such as schools and colleges that may have been founded significantly earlier but were not classed as universities upon their foundation; this is normally described in the notes for that institution. In some countries (particularly the US and those influenced by its culture), degree-granting higher education institutions that would normally be called universities are instead called colleges. In this case, both the oldest institution that would normally be regarded as a university and the oldest institution (if different) to actually be called a university are given. In many parts of the world, the first university to have a presence was an institution based elsewhere (often the University of London via the affiliation of a local college); where this is different from the first locally established university, both are given.

Africa

Location		Current name	Year	Notes
Current	Original
Algeria (Algiers)	French Algeria (Algiers)	University of Algiers	1909
Angola (Luanda)	Portuguese Angola (Luanda)	Agostinho Neto University	1962	Founded as Estudos Gerais Universitários de Angola. Was renamed Universidade de Luanda (University of Luanda) in 1968. After Angolan independence from Portugal in 1975, the institution was renamed the University of Angola (Universidade de Angola). In 1985 it was renamed Agostinho Neto University, in honour of Agostinho Neto, the first President of Angola.
Benin (Abomey-Calavi)	Republic of Dahomey (Abomey-Calavi)	University of Abomey-Calavi	1970	Originally the University of Dahomey. Renamed the National University of Benin in 1975 and took its current name in 2001.
Botswana (Gaborone, Francistown, Maun)		University of Botswana	1964 (as part of the University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland; university 1982)
Burkina Faso (Ouagadougou)	Republic of Upper Volta (Ouagadougou)	University of Ouagadougou	1974
Burundi (Bujumbura)	Kingdom of Burundi (Bujumbura)	University of Burundi	1964
Cameroon (Yaoundé)	Federal Republic of Cameroon (Yaoundé)	University of Yaoundé	1962	In 1993 following a university reform the University of Yaounde was split into two (University of Yaoundé I and University of Yaoundé II) following the university branch-model pioneered by the University of Paris.
Cape Verde (Praia)		Jean Piaget University of Cape Verde	2001	As a result of the merger of the two previously existing higher education establishments (ISE and ISECMAR)
Central African Republic (Bangui)		University of Bangui	1969
Chad (N'Djamena)		University of N'Djamena	1971	Originally the University of Chad, renamed the University of N'Djamena 1994.
Comoros (Moroni)		University of the Comoros	2003
DR Congo (Kinshasa)	Belgian Congo (Kinshasa)	University of Kinshasa	1954	Originator established as the Lovanium University, affiliated to the Catholic University of Leuven. Merged into the National University of Zaire in 1971 then demerged under its current name in 1981.
Congo (Brazzaville)	People's Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville)	Marien Ngouabi University	1971	Founded as the University of Brazzaville in 1971, changed to current name in 1977.
Djibouti (Djibouti City)		University of Djibouti	2006
Egypt (Giza)	Khedivate of Egypt (Cairo)	Cairo University	1908	The oldest university in Egypt and second oldest higher education institution (after Al-Azhar University, which was founded as a madrasa c. 970 and became a university in 1962)
Equatorial Guinea (Malabo)		National University of Equatorial Guinea	1995
Eritrea (Mai Nefhi)		Eritrea Institute of Technology	2003	Founded following the closure of the University of Asmara, which had been established as a college in 1958
Eswatini (Kwaluseni)	Swaziland (Kwaluseni)	University of Eswatini	1964 (as part of the University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland; university 1982)	Originally established as the University of Swaziland, changed to current name in 2018
Ethiopia (Addis Ababa)	Ethiopian Empire (Addis Ababa)	University of Addis Ababa	1950 (as college offering degree courses; university 1962)	The university was originally called the University College of Addis Ababa in 1950, offering courses leading to degrees of the University of London. It became Haile Selassie I University in 1962, named after the Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie I. The institution received its current name in 1975.
Gabon (Libreville)		Omar Bongo University	1970	Founded as the National University of Gabon and took current name in 1978
Gambia (Serekunda)		University of the Gambia	1999
Ghana (Accra)	Gold Coast (Accra)	University of Ghana	1948 (as affiliate college of the University of London; university 1961)	Founded as the University College of the Gold Coast, an affiliate college of the University of London which supervised its academic programmes and awarded the degrees. It gained full university status in 1961.
Guinea (Conakry)		Gamal Abdel Nasser University of Conakry	1962
Guinea-Bissau (Bissau)		Universidade Colinas de Boé	2003
		Universidade Amílcar Cabral	2003
Ivory Coast (Abidjan)		Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny	1964 (as main campus of the University of Abidjan; university 1996)
Kenya (Nairobi)	Colony and Protectorate of Kenya (Nairobi)	University of Nairobi	1961 (as affiliate college of the University of London; college 1956; university 1970)	Oldest in Kenya. Established 1956 as the Royal Technical College. Renamed the Royal College of Nairobi when it became affiliated to the University of London in 1961. On 20 May 1964, was renamed University College Nairobi when it was admitted as a constituent college of inter-territorial University of East Africa. In 1970, it transformed into the first national university in Kenya and was renamed the University of Nairobi.
Kenya (Nairobi)	Colony and Protectorate of Kenya (Nairobi)	Egerton University	1939 as a farm school; 1987 as university	Founded in 1939, and was originally named Egerton Farm School. It was established by a land grant of 740 acres (3 km^2) by Maurice Egerton, 4th Baron Egerton. The school's original purpose was to prepare white European youth for careers in agriculture. By 1955, the name had changed to Egerton Agricultural College. A one-year certificate course and a two-year diploma course in agriculture were offered. In 1958, Lord Egerton donated another 1,100 acres (4.5 km^2) of land. Soon afterward, the college opened its doors to people of all races from Kenya and other African countries in 1956. In 1979, with support from the Government of Kenya and USAID, the college expanded yet again, becoming part of the University of Nairobi system. In 1987, the college was recognized as a chartered public university.
Lesotho (Roma)		National University of Lesotho	1964 (as part of the University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland; college 1945; university 1975
Liberia (Monrovia)		University of Liberia	1951 (college 1863)	Building on Liberia College founded in 1863
Libya (Benghazi & Tripoli)	Kingdom of Libya (Benghazi)	University of Libya	1956	A royal decree was issued on 15 December 1955 for the founding of the university. The first faculty to be formed was the Faculty of Literature in Benghazi, and the royal palace "Al Manar", from which King Idris I of Libya declared its independence on 24 December 1951, was assigned to be the campus. Later divided to University of Benghazi and University of Tripoli, the names were changed again during Gaddafi's era, but now they have reinstated their original names.
Madagascar (Antananarivo)	Colony of Madagascar and Dependencies (Antananarivo)	University of Antananarivo	1961 (as university; institute for advanced studies 1955)	Founded December 1955 as the Institute for Advanced Studies in Antananarivo. Renamed the University of Madagascar in 1961.
Malawi (Zomba, Blantyre & Lilongwe)		University of Malawi	1965
Mali (Bamako)		University of Bamako	1996
Mauritania (Nouakchott)		University of Nouakchott Al Aasriya	1981
Mauritius (Moka)	British Mauritius (Moka)	University of Mauritius	1965	The Faculty of Agriculture is the oldest faculty of the university. It was founded in 1914 as the School of Agriculture in 1914, and in 1966 it was incorporated into the newly established University of Mauritius.
Morocco (Fez)	Idrisid Kingdom of Morocco (Fez)	University of Al Quaraouiyine	1965 (as university; madrasa 859)	Traces its origins back to the al-Qarawiyyin mosque and associated madrasa founded by Fatima al-Fihri in 859, and was named a university in 1965. It is the oldest continuously operating institution of higher learning in the world, though only became an official university in 1965.
Morocco (Rabat)		Mohammed V University	1957	Founded as University of Rabat
Mozambique (Maputo)	Portuguese Mozambique (Lourenço Marques)	Eduardo Mondlane University	1962
Namibia (Windhoek)		University of Namibia	1992
Niger (Niamey)		Abdou Moumouni University	1974	Originally the University of Niamey
Nigeria (Ibadan)	Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria (Yaba, Lagos)	University of Ibadan	1949 (as affiliated college of the University of London; college 1932; university 1962)	Founded as Yaba College in 1932 in Yaba, Lagos, as the first tertiary educational institute in Nigeria. Yaba College was transferred to Ibadan, becoming the University College of Ibadan, in 1948 and was a university college associated with the University of London. Independent university since 1962.
Nigeria (Nsukka)	Federation of Nigeria (Nsukka)	University of Nigeria, Nsukka	1960	First university in Nigeria.
Rwanda (Kigali)	Rwanda (Kigali)	University of Rwanda	1963	Founded as the National University of Rwanda in 1963; incorporated into the University of Rwanda 2013
São Tomé and Príncipe (São Tomé)		University of São Tomé and Príncipe	2014 (as university; polytechnic school 1996)
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (Tifariti)		University of Tifariti	2013
Senegal (Dakar)	French Senegal (Dakar)	Cheikh Anta Diop University	1957
Seychelles (Anse Royale)		University of Seychelles	2009
Sierra Leone (Freetown)	Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate (Freetown)	Fourah Bay College	1876 (as affiliated college of Durham University; college 1827; part of University of Sierra Leone 1967)	Oldest university-level institution in Africa. Founded as a missionary school to train teachers in 1827. Became an affiliated college of Durham University in 1876 and awarded first degrees in West Africa in 1878. Became part of the federal University of Sierra Leone in 1967.
Somalia (Mogadishu)	Trust Territory of Somaliland (Mogadishu)	Somali National University	1954
South Africa (Pretoria)	Cape Colony (Cape Town)	University of South Africa	1873	Originally founded as the University of the Cape of Good Hope in 1916 it was transformed into the federal University of South Africa (Unisa) and relocated to Pretoria.
South Sudan (Juba)	Democratic Republic of the Sudan (Juba)	University of Juba	1975
Sudan (Khartoum)	Republic of the Sudan (Khartoum)	University of Khartoum	1956 (as university; college 1902)	Renamed from Gordon Memorial College, founded 1902, when it gained full university status in 1956
Tanzania (Dar es Salaam)	Tanganyika Territory (Dar es Salaam)	University of Dar es Salaam	1961 (as affiliated college of the University of London; part of the University of East Africa 1963; university 1970)
Togo (Lomé)		University of Lomé	1970	Originally the University of Benin, changed to current name in 2001
Tunisia (Tunis)	Umayyad Caliphate (Tunis)	University of Ez-Zitouna	1961 (as university; madrasa c. 737)	Traces its origins back to the Al-Zaytuna madrasa founded around 737, it gained university status in 1961
Uganda (Kampala)	British Protectorate of Uganda (Kampala)	Makerere University	1922	Started as a technical college in 1922. Then became an affiliate college of the University of London; part of the University of East Africa 1963. It would become an independent University 1970.
Zambia (Lusaka)		University of Zambia	1966
Zimbabwe (Harare)	Southern Rhodesia (Salisbury)	University of Zimbabwe	1952 (as affiliated college of the University of London; university 1970)	Founded in 1952 as University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. University of Rhodesia from 1970 and University of Zimbabwe from 1980

Asia

Location		Current name	Year	Notes
Current	Original
Afghanistan (Kabul)	Kingdom of Afghanistan (Kabul)	Kabul University	1931	Founded in 1931, formally opened 1932.
Bahrain (Sakhir, Isa Town)		University of Bahrain	1986
Bangladesh (Dhaka)	India (Dacca, Bengal Presidency)	University of Dhaka	1921	First university in Bangladesh, opened 1 July 1921.
Bhutan (Thimphu)		Royal University of Bhutan	2003
Brunei (Bandar Seri Begawan)		University of Brunei Darussalam	1985
Cambodia (Phnom Penh)	French Protectorate of Cambodia (Phnom Penh)	Royal University of Fine Arts	1917
China	Qing Empire	Tianjin University	1895	The first higher education institution in China. It was established in 1895 as Imperial Tientsin University (天津北洋西學學堂) and later Peiyang University (北洋大學). In 1951, after restructuring, it was renamed Tianjin University, and became one of the largest multidisciplinary engineering universities in China.
		Southwest Jiaotong University	1896	The university's original name was Imperial Chinese Railway College.
		Peking University	1898	The second higher education institution in China. The university's original name was Imperial University of Peking (京师大学堂).
Timor-Leste		National University of East Timor	2000
Hong Kong	Hong Kong	The University of Hong Kong	1911 (as university; college 1887)	Founded as the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese in 1887, incorporated as a university in 1911
India (New Delhi)	India (Aligarh, United Provinces of British India)	Jamia Milia Islamia	1920	Moved from Aligarh to New Delhi in 1925 and to its current location in 1936.
	India (New Delhi)	Delhi University	1922	First university established in Delhi, affiliating four older colleges (St Stephen's College, Hindu College, Zakir Husain Delhi College and Ramjas College)
India (Serampore)	Danish India (Frederiknagore)	Serampore College	1827 (as university; college 1818)	Incorporated and granted university status and the right to award degrees by royal charter of Frederick VI of Denmark on 23 February 1827, endorsed by the Bengal Government Act 1918.
India (Kolkata)	India (Calcutta, Bengal Presidency)	University of Calcutta	1857	First full-fledged multi-disciplinary university in South Asia. The University of Bombay and the University of Madras were subsequently established in the same year
India (Mumbai)	India (Bombay, Bombay Presidency)	University of Mumbai		Called the University of Bombay until 1996.
India (Chennai)	India (Madras, Madras Presidency)	University of Madras
India (Aligarh)	India (Aligarh, North-Western Provinces)	Aligarh Muslim University	1920 (college 1875)	Established as Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875; became Aligarh Muslim University in 1920.
India (Prayagraj)	India (Allahabad, United Provinces of British India)	University of Allahabad	1887
India (Mysore)	India (Mysore, Kingdom of Mysore)	University of Mysore	1916	Started by Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV under the premiership of Sir M. Visvesvaraya.
India (Varanasi)	India (Banaras, United Provinces of British India)	Banaras Hindu University	1916
India (Chandigarh)	India (Lahore, Punjab Province)	Panjab University	1882 (Before partition) 1947 (After partition)	First established by British Raj in 1882 in Lahore, Punjab (now in Pakistan). After the partition of India, the University was established in Chandigarh, Punjab (India) in 1947 under the Panjab University Act VII of 1947 enacted by the Government of India.
Indonesia	Dutch East Indies	Bandung Institute of Technology	1920	Founded as Technische Hogeschool. Renamed in 1959.
		University of Indonesia	1924 (as hogeschool; medical school 1851; university 1947)	Incorporates the medical school founded as the Dokter-Djawa School Batavia in 1851, which became the Geneeskundige Hogeschool in 1927 and the Rechts Hogeschool founded in 1924.
Iran	Imperial State of Persia	University of Tehran	1934	Founded by Rezā Shāh, incorporating portions of the Dar ul-Funun Polytechnic Institute (1851) and the Tehran School of Political Sciences (1899)
	Sublime State of Persia	Kharazmi University	1974 (as university; institute 1919)	Named after Khwarizmi (c. 780–850), Persian mathematician, astronomer and geographer. It was established in 1919 as the Central Teachers' Institute and gained university status as Tarbiat Moallem University of Tehran in 1974. It changed its name to Kharazmi University on January 31, 2012.
Iraq	Kingdom of Iraq	University of Baghdad	1956	The Iraqi Royal College of Medicine was established in 1928
Israel	Ottoman Empire (Beirut vilayet)	Technion – Israel Institute of Technology	1912 (opened 1924)	Founded in 1912, but formal teaching began in 1924
	Occupied Enemy Territory Administration	Hebrew University of Jerusalem	1918
Japan	Japan	University of Tokyo	1877 (as a university; earliest predecessor 1630)	Previous names are University of Tokyo (1877–1886), Imperial University (1886–1897), and Tokyo Imperial University (1897–1947). Its origins include a private college of Confucian studies founded by Hayashi Razan in 1630,Tenmonkata (The Observatory, 1684) and Shutōsho (Smallpox Vaccination Centre, 1849). The university was established in 1877 by the merger of three institutions: Shoheiko (Japanese and Chinese Literature, established 1789), Yogakusho (Occidental Studies, established 1855) and Shutosho (Vaccinations, established 1860), originally as Tokyo University before becoming the Imperial University and then Tokyo Imperial University before reverting to its original name after World War II.
		Keio University	1920 (as university; school for Dutch studies 1858)	Founded as a "school for Dutch studies" in 1858. College with three university departments (literature, law and economics) established 1890. Accredited as a university by the Japanese government in 1920.
		Ryukoku University	1922 (as "Daikyoko (Great School)" 1876; school 1639)	Traces its origins to a school for Buddhist monks of the Nishi Hongan-ji denomination founded in 1639. Assumed its current name and became a university under the University Ordinance in 1922.
Jordan		University of Jordan	1962
Kazakhstan	Soviet Union ( Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic)	Al-Farabi Kazakh National University	1933
Kuwait		University of Kuwait	1966
Kyrgyzstan	Soviet Union ( Kirghiz SSR)	Kyrgyz National University	1951 (as university; institute of education 1925)
Laos		National University of Laos	1996
Lebanon	Ottoman Empire (Syria vilayet)	American University of Beirut	1920 (as degree-awarding college 1866)	Originally Syrian Protestant College, chartered by the State of New York, took current name in 1920
		Saint Joseph University	1872
Pakistan	India (Punjab)	University of the Punjab	1882	Established by British colonial authorities in 1882 as the first university in what would become Pakistan and the first teaching university in the sub-continent.
		King Edward Medical University, Lahore	1860	Established as Lahore Medical College, 1860. Became an independent university in 2005.
		Government College University, Lahore	2002 (as a University) 1864 (as college)	Established as Government College, Lahore, 1864. Became an independent university in 2002.
Macau	Macau	University of Macau	1981	Established as University of East Asia in 1981, renamed 1991
Malaysia	British Malaya	University of Malaya	1905	Established as Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States Government Medical School on 13 July 1905 in Singapore
Maldives		Maldives National University	1998 (as degree awarding college; university 2011)	Established in 1998 as the Maldives College of Higher Education, establishing its first degree course in 2000. Became the Maldives National University in 2011.
Mongolia	Mongolian People's Republic	National University of Mongolia	1942
Myanmar	Burma	Rangoon University	1878
Nepal	Nepal	Tribhuvan University	1959
North Korea	Provisional People's Committee for North Korea	Kim Il-sung University	1946
Oman		Sultan Qaboos University	1986
Palestine	Israeli Military Governorate	Bethlehem University	1973
Philippines	Captaincy General of the Philippines	University of Santo Tomas	1645 (college 1611)	Founded on 28 April 1611 by the Order of Preachers and raised to university status by Pope Innocent X in 1645. The National Historical Commission of the Philippines recognizes it as the oldest university in the country as well as in Asia.
Qatar		Qatar University	1977
Saudi Arabia		King Saud University	1957
Singapore	Straits Settlements	National University of Singapore	1905	Founded as Straits and Federated Malay States Government Medical School
South Korea	Korea	Sungkyunkwan University	1895 (as university; royal institution 1398)	Sungkyunkwan was established in 1398 as the highest educational institution of the Joseon Dynasty. In 1895, Sungkyunkwan was reformed into a modern three-year university after the national state examination was abolished the previous year. It was again reorganized as Sungkyunkwan University in 1946 at the end of the Japanese occupation of Korea.
		Ewha Womans University	1946 (as university; school 1886)	Established in 1886 as the Ewha Haktang mission school for girls, started higher education in 1910, and was reorganized as Ewha Womans University in 1946.
Sri Lanka	Ceylon	University of Colombo	1942	Formed in 1942 as the University of Ceylon by the amalgamation of University College Colombo (established 1921) and Ceylon Medical College (established in 1870). Was part of the University of Sri Lanka 1972–1978.
Syria	State of Damascus	University of Damascus	1923	Founded in 1923 through the merger of the School of Medicine (established 1903) and the Institute of Law (established 1913)
Taiwan	Japanese Taiwan	National Taiwan University	1928	Founded as Taihoku (Taipei) Imperial University
Tajikistan	Soviet Union ( Tajik SSR)	Tajik National University	1947
Turkmenistan (Ashgabat)	Soviet Union ( Turkmen SSR)	Turkmen State University	1950 (as university; pedagogical institute 1931)
Thailand	Rattanakosin Kingdom	Chulalongkorn University	1917 (as university; college 1899)
United Arab Emirates		United Arab Emirates University	1976
Vietnam	French Indochina	Hanoi Medical University	1902
		Vietnam National University, Hanoi	1904	Originally the University of Indochina, first full subject university in Vietnam.
Yemen	Yemen Arab Republic	Sanaa University	1970

Europe

While Europe had 143 universities in 1789, the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars took a heavy toll, reducing the number to 83 by 1815. The universities of France were abolished and over half of the universities in both Germany and Spain were destroyed. By the mid 19th century, Europe had recovered to 98 universities.

Location		Current name	Year	Notes
Current	Original
Albania (Tirana)	People's Socialist Republic of Albania (Tirana)	University of Tirana	1957	Originally established in 1957 as the State University of Tirana through merging of five existing institutes of higher education, the most important of which was the Institute of Sciences, founded in 1947.
Albania (Shkodër)	People's Socialist Republic of Albania (Shkodër)	University of Shkodër "Luigj Gurakuqi"	1957
Armenia (Yerevan)	First Republic of Armenia (Alexandropol)	Yerevan State University	1919
Austria (Graz)	Archduchy of Austria,  Holy Roman Empire (Graz)	University of Graz	1585 (continuous from 1827)	Founded in 1585 by Archduke Charles II of Austria. Closed 1782–1827.
Austria (Innsbruck)	Archduchy of Austria,  Holy Roman Empire (Innsbruck)	University of Innsbruck	1669 (continuous from 1826)	Originally established as a Jesuit school in 1562 before becoming a university in 1669. Closed as a university from 1782 to 1826.
Azerbaijan (Baku)	Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (Baku)	Baku State University	1919	In 1930, the government ordered the university shut down in accordance with a reorganization of higher education, and the university was replaced with the Supreme Pedagogical Institute. In 1934 the university was reestablished.
Belgium (Flemish Region) (Ghent)	United Kingdom of the Netherlands (Ghent)	Ghent University	1817	Established in 1817 by William I of the Netherlands
Belgium (Wallonia) (Liège)	United Kingdom of the Netherlands (Liège)	University of Liège	1817	Established in 1817 by William I of the Netherlands
Belgium (Flemish Region and Wallonia) (Leuven and Louvain-la-Neuve)	Belgium (Mechelen)	KU Leuven and UCLouvain	1834	Founded as the Catholic University of Belgium in Mechlin on 8 November 1834 by the bishops of Belgium. Moved to Leuven on 1 December 1835, after the suppression of the State University of Leuven, where it took the name Catholic University of Louvain. In 1968, it split to form two institutions: Dutch-speaking Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven and French-speaking Université catholique de Louvain.
Belgium (Brussels – Capital Region)	Belgium (Brussels)	Université libre de Bruxelles and Vrije Universiteit Brussel	1834	Founded as the Free University of Belgium in the Palace of Charles of Lorraine on 20 November 1834 by Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen. In 1842, it changed its name to Free University of Brussels. On 1 October 1969, it split to form two institutions: French-speaking Université Libre de Bruxelles and the Dutch-speaking Vrije Universiteit Brussel.
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sarajevo)	Yugoslavia (Sarajevo)	University of Sarajevo	1949
Bulgaria (Sofia)	Principality of Bulgaria (Sofia)	Sofia University	1904 ("higher pedagogical course" from 1888)
Croatia (Zagreb)	Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg) (Zagreb)	University of Zagreb	1669	History of the university began on 23 September 1669, when the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I issued a decree granting the establishment of the Jesuit Academy of the Royal Free City of Zagreb. Decree was accepted at the Council of the Croatian Kingdom on 3 November 1671.
Czech Republic (Olomouc)	Bohemian crown lands,  Holy Roman Empire (Olomouc)	Palacký University	1573	Originally known as Olomouc Jesuit University.
Denmark (Copenhagen)	Denmark	Technical University of Denmark	1829	Was founded in 1829 as the College of Advanced Technology
Estonia (Tartu)	Kingdom of Sweden (Dorpat)	University of Tartu	1632 (continuous operation since 1802)	Founded as Academia Gustaviana in the then Swedish province of Livonia. It was closed by the Russian Government from 1710 to 1802.
Finland (Helsinki)	Kingdom of Sweden (Åbo)	University of Helsinki	1640	Founded as the Royal Academy of Turku (Swedish: Kungliga Akademin i Åbo). It was shut down by the Great Fire of Turku in 1827. The University of Helsinki was founded the next year, in 1828, and it started operating in 1829. The University of Helsinki sees itself as continuation of the Royal Academy of Turku.
France (Paris)	Kingdom of France (Paris)	Sorbonne University	1150–1250 (continuous operation since 1896)	Emerged around 1150 as a corporation associated with the cathedral school of Notre Dame de Paris, it was considered the second-oldest university in Europe. Officially chartered in 1200 by Philip II of France and recognised in 1215 by Pope Innocent III, it was often nicknamed after its theology collegiate institution, College of Sorbonne, founded about 1257 by Robert de Sorbon and charted by Louis IX of France. It was abolished in 1793 by the French Revolution, and was replaced by Napoleon on 1 May 1806 by the University of France system. In 1896 the Louis Liard law allowed the founding of a new University of Paris. In 1970, it split into 13 separate universities and numerous specialised institutions of higher education. In 2018, Sorbonne University was formed from the Paris-Sorbonne University (created from the faculty of humanities of the University of Paris) and Pierre and Marie Curie University (created from the faculty of science and medicine of the University of Paris).
France (Occitanie)	County of Toulouse (Toulouse)	Université fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées	continuous operation since 1896	Founded by papal bull in 1229 as the University of Toulouse. It closed in 1793 due to the French Revolution, and reopened in 1896. In 1969, it split into three separate universities and numerous specialised institutions of higher education. It no longer represents a single university, as it is now the collective entity which federates the universities and specialised institutions of higher education in the region.
France (Montpellier)	Kingdom of Majorca (Montpellier)	University of Montpellier Paul Valéry University Montpellier 3	continuous operation since 1896	The world's oldest medicine faculty was established before 1137 and operated continuously until the French Revolution. University by papal bull in 1289. It closed in 1793 due to the French Revolution, and reopened in 1896. The university of Montpellier was officially re-organised in 1969 after a students' revolt. It was split into its successor institutions the University of Montpellier 1 (comprising the former faculties of medicine, law, and economy), Montpellier 2 (science and technology) and Montpellier 3 (social sciences, humanities and liberal arts). On 1 January 2015, the University of Montpellier 1 and the University of Montpellier 2 merged to form the newly recreated University of Montpellier. Meanwhile, the Paul Valéry University Montpellier 3 remains a separate institution.
France (Aix-en-Provence, Marseille)	County of Provence,  Holy Roman Empire (Aix)	Aix-Marseille University	continuous operation since 1896	Founded in 1409 as the University of Provence, and in 1792, dissolved, along with twenty-one other universities. In 1896 it was reformed as the University of Aix-Marseille, one of 17 self-governing regional universities financed by the state. In 1968 it was divided into two institutions, the University of Provence (Aix-Marseille I) as a school of languages and letters, and the University of Aix-Marseille (Aix-Marseille II) as primarily a school of medicine and sciences. In 1973 the University of Law, Economics and Science (Aix-Marseille III) was added. In 2012 the three universities merged and was renamed Aix-Marseille University.
France (Lille)	County of Flanders, Spanish Netherlands (Douai)	University of Lille	1559	Founded by Philip II of Spain in 1559 as the University of Douai. It closed in 1795 due to the French Revolution, and reopened in 1808. In 1887, it was transferred as University of Lille 27 km away from Douai. In 1971, it split into three separate universities. At the beginning of 2018, the three universities merged to form again the University of Lille.
Germany (Wittenberg Halle)	Holy Roman Empire (Wittenberg)	Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg	1502	Established in 1502 as the University of Wittenberg. Merged with University of Halle (founded 1691) in 1817.
Germany (Frankfurt/Oder)	Holy Roman Empire (Frankfurt/Oder)	European University Viadrina Frankfurt (Oder)	1506 (continuous operation from 1991)	Established in 1506 as the Alma Mater Viadrina. Relocated and merged with the Leopoldina in Breslau (present-day Wrocław, Poland) in 1811. Reestablished in Frankfurt (Oder) in 1991 after German reunification.
Georgia (Tbilisi)	Democratic Republic of Georgia (Tbilisi)	Tbilisi State University	1918	Founded in 1918 as Tbilisi State University
Gibraltar		University of Gibraltar	2015
Greece (Athens)	Kingdom of Greece (Athens)	National and Kapodistrian University of Athens	1837
Hungary (Budapest)	Kingdom of Hungary (Nagyszombat)	Eötvös Loránd University	1635	Founded in 1635 by the archbishop and theologian Péter Pázmány as the University of Nagyszombat. Renamed Royal Hungarian University of Science in 1769. The university was moved to Buda (today part of Budapest) in 1777. The university moved to its final location in Pest (now also part of Budapest) in 1784 and was renamed Royal University of Pest. It has been renamed three times since then: University of Budapest (1873–1921), (Hungarian Royal Pázmány Péter University (1921–1950), and since 1950, Eötvös Loránd University.
Iceland (Reykjavík)	Denmark (Reykjavík)	University of Iceland	1911
Ireland (Dublin)	Kingdom of Ireland (Dublin)	University of Dublin	1592	Founded by Queen Elizabeth I and modelled after the collegiate universities of Oxford and Cambridge. Only one college was ever established, Trinity College Dublin, making the two designations effectively synonymous.
Italy (Urbino)	Kingdom of Italy,  Holy Roman Empire (Urbino)	University of Urbino	1506
Kosovo (Pristina)	Yugoslavia (Pristina)	University of Pristina	1969
Latvia (Riga)	Russian Empire (Riga)	Riga Technical University	1862	First established as Riga Polytechnicum in 1862
Liechtenstein (Vaduz)		University of Liechtenstein	1961	Successor to the Abendtechnikum Vaduz in 1992
Lithuania (Vilnius)