Kosovo, officially the Republic of Kosovo, is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe with partial diplomatic recognition. It is bordered by Albania to the southwest, Montenegro to the west, Serbia to the north and east, and North Macedonia to the southeast. It covers an area of 10,887 km2 (4,203 sq mi) and has a population of approximately 1.6 million. Kosovo has a varied terrain, with high plains along with rolling hills and mountains, some of which have an altitude over 2,500 m (8,200 ft). Its climate is mainly continental with some Mediterranean and alpine influences. Kosovo's capital and most populous city is Pristina; other major cities and urban areas include Prizren, Ferizaj, Gjilan and Peja.
Republic of Kosovo | |
|---|---|
 Flag  Emblem | |
| Anthem: Himni i Republikës së Kosovës "Anthem of the Republic of Kosovo" | |
 Location of Kosovo (green) in Europe (dark grey) | |
| Status |
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| Capital and largest city | Pristinaa 42°40′N 21°10′E / 42.667°N 21.167°E |
| Official languages | Albanian Serbian |
| Regional languages |
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| Ethnic groups (2024) |
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| Religion (2024) |
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| Demonym(s) |
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| Government | Unitary parliamentary republic |
• President | Vjosa Osmani |
• Prime Minister | Albin Kurti |
• Speaker of the Assembly | Glauk Konjufca |
| Legislature | Assembly |
| Establishment | |
• Sanjak of Prizren | 1455 |
• Kosovo Vilayet | 1877 |
• Treaty of London | 1913 |
• Autonomous Province within Yugoslavia | 31 January 1946 |
• Republic of Kosova | 2 July 1990 |
• Kumanovo Agreement | 9 June 1999 |
• UN Administration | 10 June 1999 |
• Declaration of independence | 17 February 2008 |
• End of Steering Group supervision | 10 September 2012 |
• Brussels Agreement | 19 April 2013 |
| Area | |
• Total | 10,887 km2 (4,203 sq mi) |
• Water (%) | 1.0 |
| Population | |
• 2024 census |  1,585,566 |
• Density | 146/km2 (378.1/sq mi) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2024 estimate |
• Total |  $29.723 billion (148th) |
• Per capita | $18,746 (97th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2024 estimate |
• Total | $11.172 billion (155th) |
• Per capita | $7,048 (100th) |
| Gini (2017) |  29.0low inequality |
| HDI (2021) | 0.762 high |
| Currency | Euro (€)b (EUR) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Date format | dd.mm.yyyy |
| Calling code | +383 |
| ISO 3166 code | XK |
| Internet TLD | .xkc (proposed) |
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The Dardani tribe emerged in Kosovo and established the Kingdom of Dardania in the 4th century BCE. It was later annexed by the Roman Empire in the 1st century BCE. The territory remained in the Byzantine Empire, facing Slavic migrations in the 6th and 7th centuries CE. Control shifted between the Byzantines and the First Bulgarian Empire. In the 13th century, Kosovo became integral to the Serbian medieval state and the establishment of the Serbian Patriarchate. Ottoman expansion in the Balkans in the late 14th and 15th centuries led to the decline and fall of the Serbian Empire; the Battle of Kosovo of 1389, in which a Serbian-led coalition of various ethnicities fought against the Ottoman Empire, is considered one of the defining moments.
Various dynasties, mainly the Branković, governed Kosovo for much of the period after the battle. The Ottoman Empire fully conquered Kosovo after the Second Battle of Kosovo, ruling for nearly five centuries until 1912. Kosovo was the centre of the Albanian Renaissance and experienced the Albanian revolts of 1910 and 1912. After the Balkan Wars (1912–1913), it was ceded to the Kingdom of Serbia, and after World War II, it became an Autonomous Province within Yugoslavia. Tensions between Kosovo's Albanian and Serb communities simmered during the 20th century and occasionally erupted into major violence, culminating in the Kosovo War of 1998 and 1999, which resulted in the Yugoslav army's withdrawal and the establishment of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo.
Kosovo unilaterally declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008 and has since gained diplomatic recognition as a sovereign state by 104 member states of the United Nations. Serbia does not officially recognise Kosovo as a sovereign state and continues to claim it as its constituent Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija, but it accepts the governing authority of the Kosovo institutions as part of the 2013 Brussels Agreement.
Kosovo is a developing country, with an upper-middle-income economy. It has experienced solid economic growth over the last decade as measured by international financial institutions since the onset of the financial crisis of 2007–2008. Kosovo is a member of the International Monetary Fund, World Bank, EBRD, Venice Commission, and the International Olympic Committee, and has applied for membership in the Council of Europe, UNESCO, and Interpol, and for observer status in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. In December 2022, Kosovo filed a formal application to become a member of the European Union.
Etymology
The name Kosovo is of South Slavic origin. Kosovo (Serbian Cyrillic: Косово) is the Serbian neuter possessive adjective of kos (кос), 'blackbird', an ellipsis for Kosovo Polje, 'Blackbird Field', the name of a karst field situated in the eastern half of today's Kosovo and the site of the 1389 Battle of Kosovo Field. The name of the karst field was for the first time applied to a wider area when the Ottoman Vilayet of Kosovo was created in 1877.
The entire territory that corresponds to today's country is commonly referred to in English simply as Kosovo and in Albanian as Kosova (definite form) or Kosovë (indefinite form, pronounced [kɔˈsɔvə]). In Serbia, a formal distinction is made between the eastern and western areas of the country; the term Kosovo (Косово) is used for the eastern part of Kosovo centred on the historical Kosovo Field, while the western part of the territory of Kosovo is called Metohija (Albanian: Dukagjin). Thus, in Serbian the entire area of Kosovo is referred to as Kosovo and Metohija.
Dukagjini or Dukagjini plateau (Albanian: 'Rrafshi i Dukagjinit') is an alternative name for Western Kosovo, having been in use since the 15th–16th century as part of the Sanjak of Dukakin with its capital Peja, and is named after the medieval Albanian Dukagjini family.
Modern usage
Some Albanians also prefer to refer to Kosovo as Dardania, the name of an ancient kingdom and later Roman province, which covered the territory of modern-day Kosovo. The name is derived from the ancient tribe of the Dardani, which is considered be related to the Proto-Albanian term dardā, which means "pear" (Modern Albanian: dardhë). The former Kosovo President Ibrahim Rugova had been an enthusiastic backer of a "Dardanian" identity, and the Kosovar presidential flag and seal refer to this national identity. However, the name "Kosova" remains more widely used among the Albanian population. The flag of Dardania remains in use as the official Presidential seal and standard and is heavily featured in the institution of the presidency of the country.
The official conventional long name, as defined by the constitution, is Republic of Kosovo. Additionally, as a result of an arrangement agreed between Pristina and Belgrade in talks mediated by the European Union, Kosovo has participated in some international forums and organisations under the title "Kosovo*" with a footnote stating, "This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSC 1244 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence". This arrangement, which has been dubbed the "asterisk agreement", was agreed in an 11-point arrangement on 24 February 2012.
History
Ancient history
The strategic position including the abundant natural resources were favourable for the development of human settlements in Kosovo, as is highlighted by the hundreds of archaeological sites identified throughout its territory.
Since 2000, the increase in archaeological expeditions has revealed many, previously unknown sites. The earliest documented traces in Kosovo are associated to the Stone Age; namely, indications that cave dwellings might have existed, such as Radivojce Cave near the source of the Drin River, Grnčar Cave in Viti municipality and the Dema and Karamakaz Caves in the municipality of Peja.
The earliest archaeological evidence of organised settlement, which have been found in Kosovo, belong to the Neolithic Starčevo and Vinča cultures.Vlashnjë and Runik are important sites of the Neolithic era with the rock art paintings at Mrrizi i Kobajës near Vlashnjë being the first find of prehistoric art in Kosovo. Amongst the finds of excavations in Neolithic Runik is a baked-clay ocarina, which is the first musical instrument recorded in Kosovo.
The first archaeological expedition in Kosovo was organised by the Austro-Hungarian army during the World War I in the Illyrian tumuli burial grounds of Nepërbishti within the district of Prizren.
The beginning of the Bronze Age coincides with the presence of tumuli burial grounds in western Kosovo, like the site of Romajë.
The Dardani were the most important Paleo-Balkan tribe in the region of Kosovo. A wide area which consists of Kosovo, parts of Northern Macedonia and eastern Serbia was named Dardania after them in classical antiquity, reaching to the Thraco-Illyrian contact zone in the east. In archaeological research, Illyrian names are predominant in western Dardania, while Thracian names are mostly found in eastern Dardania.
Thracian names are absent in western Dardania, while some Illyrian names appear in the eastern parts. Thus, their identification as either an Illyrian or Thracian tribe has been a subject of debate, the ethnolinguistic relationship between the two groups being largely uncertain and debated itself as well. The correspondence of Illyrian names, including those of the ruling elite, in Dardania with those of the southern Illyrians suggests a thracianisation of parts of Dardania. The Dardani retained an individuality and continued to maintain social independence after Roman conquest, playing an important role in the formation of new groupings in the Roman era.
Roman period
During Roman rule, Kosovo was part of two provinces, with its western part being part of Praevalitana, and the vast majority of its modern territory belonging to Dardania. Praevalitana and the rest of Illyria was conquered by the Roman Republic in 168 BC. On the other hand, Dardania maintained its independence until the year 28 BC, when the Romans, under Augustus, annexed it into their Republic. Dardania eventually became a part of the Moesia province. During the reign of Diocletian, Dardania became a full Roman province and the entirety of Kosovo's modern territory became a part of the Diocese of Moesia, and then during the second half of the 4th century, it became part of the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum.: 548
During Roman rule, a series of settlements developed in the area, mainly close to mines and to the major roads. The most important of the settlements was Ulpiana, which is located near modern-day Gračanica. It was established in the 1st century AD, possibly developing from a concentrated Dardanian oppidum, and then was upgraded to the status of a Roman municipium at the beginning of the 2nd century during the rule of Trajan. Ulpiana became especially important during the rule of Justinian I, after the Emperor rebuilt the city after it had been destroyed by an earthquake and renamed it to Iustinianna Secunda.
Other important towns that developed in the area during Roman rule were Vendenis, located in modern-day Podujevë; Viciano, possibly near Vushtrri; and Municipium Dardanorum, an important mining town in Leposavić. Other archeological sites include Çifllak in Western Kosovo, Dresnik in Klina, Pestova in Vushtrri, Vërban in Klokot, Poslishte between Vërmica and Prizren, Paldenica near Hani i Elezit, as well as Nerodimë e Poshtme and Nikadin near Ferizaj. The one thing all the settlements have in common is that they are located either near roads, such as Via Lissus-Naissus, or near the mines of North Kosovo and eastern Kosovo. Most of the settlements are archaeological sites that have been discovered recently and are being excavated.
It is also known that the region was Christianised during Roman rule, though little is known regarding Christianity in the Balkans in the three first centuries AD. The first clear mention of Christians in literature is the case of Bishop Dacus of Macedonia, from Dardania, who was present at the First Council of Nicaea (325). It is also known that Dardania had a Diocese in the 4th century, and its seat was placed in Ulpiana, which remained the episcopal centre of Dardania until the establishment of Justiniana Prima in 535 AD. The first known bishop of Ulpiana is Machedonius, who was a member of the council of Serdika. Other known bishops were Paulus (synod of Constantinople in 553 AD), and Gregentius, who was sent by Justin I to Ethiopia and Yemen to ease problems among different Christian groups there.
Middle Ages
In the next centuries, Kosovo was a frontier province of the Roman, and later of the Byzantine Empire, and as a result it changed hands frequently. The region was exposed to an increasing number of raids from the 4th century CE onward, culminating with the Slavic migrations of the 6th and 7th centuries. Toponymic evidence suggests that Albanian was probably spoken in Kosovo prior to the Slavic settlement of the region. The overwhelming presence of towns and municipalities in Kosovo with Slavic in their toponymy suggests that the Slavic migrations either assimilated or drove out population groups already living in Kosovo.
There is one intriguing line of argument to suggest that the Slav presence in Kosovo and southernmost part of the Morava valley may have been quite weak in the first one or two centuries of Slav settlement. Only in the ninth century can the expansion of a strong Slav (or quasi-Slav) power into this region be observed. Under a series of ambitious rulers, the Bulgarians pushed westwards across modern Macedonia and eastern Serbia, until by the 850's they had taken over Kosovo and were pressing on the border of Serbian Principality.
The First Bulgarian Empire acquired Kosovo by the mid-9th century, but Byzantine control was restored by the late 10th century. In 1072, the leaders of the Bulgarian Uprising of Georgi Voiteh traveled from their centre in Skopje to Prizren and held a meeting in which they invited Mihailo Vojislavljević of Duklja to send them assistance. Mihailo sent his son, Constantine Bodin with 300 of his soldiers. After they met, the Bulgarian magnates proclaimed him "Emperor of the Bulgarians".Demetrios Chomatenos is the last Byzantine archbishop of Ohrid to include Prizren in his jurisdiction until 1219.Stefan Nemanja had seized the area along the White Drin in 1185 to 1195 and the ecclesiastical split of Prizren from the Patriarchate in 1219 was the final act of establishing Nemanjić rule. Konstantin Jireček concluded, from the correspondence of archbishop Demetrios of Ohrid from 1216 to 1236, that Dardania was increasingly populated by Albanians and the expansion started from Gjakova and Prizren area, prior to the Slavic expansion.
During the 13th and 14th centuries, Kosovo was a political, cultural and religious centre of the Serbian Kingdom. In the late 13th century, the seat of the Serbian Archbishopric was moved to Peja, and rulers centred themselves between Prizren and Skopje, during which time thousands of Christian monasteries and feudal-style forts and castles were erected, with Stefan Dušan using Prizren Fortress as one of his temporary courts for a time. When the Serbian Empire fragmented into a conglomeration of principalities in 1371, Kosovo became the hereditary land of the House of Branković. During the late 14th and early 15th centuries, parts of Kosovo, the easternmost area located near Pristina, were part of the Principality of Dukagjini, which was later incorporated into an anti-Ottoman federation of all Albanian principalities, the League of Lezhë.
Medieval Monuments in Kosovo is a combined UNESCO World Heritage Site consisting of four Serbian Orthodox churches and monasteries in Deçan, Peja, Prizren and Gračanica. The constructions were founded by members of the Nemanjić dynasty, a prominent dynasty of mediaeval Serbia.
Ottoman rule
In 1389, as the Ottoman Empire expanded northwards through the Balkans, Ottoman forces under Sultan Murad I met with a Christian coalition led by Moravian Serbia under Prince Lazar in the Battle of Kosovo. Both sides suffered heavy losses and the battle was a stalemate and it was even reported as a Christian victory at first, but Serbian manpower was depleted and de facto Serbian rulers could not raise another equal force to the Ottoman army.
Different parts of Kosovo were ruled directly or indirectly by the Ottomans in this early period. The medieval town of Novo Brdo was under Lazar's son, Stefan who became a loyal Ottoman vassal and instigated the downfall of Vuk Branković who eventually joined the Hungarian anti-Ottoman coalition and was defeated in 1395–96. A small part of Vuk's land with the villages of Pristina and Vushtrri was given to his sons to hold as Ottoman vassals for a brief period.
By 1455–57, the Ottoman Empire assumed direct control of all of Kosovo and the region remained part of the empire until 1912. During this period, Islam was introduced to the region. After the failed siege of Vienna by the Ottoman forces in 1693 during the Great Turkish War, a number of Serbs that lived in Kosovo, Macedonia and south Serbia migrated northwards near the Danube and Sava rivers, and is one of the events known as the great migrations of the Serbs which also included some Christian Albanians. The Albanians and Serbs who stayed in Kosovo after the war faced waves of Ottoman and Tatar forces, who unleashed a savage retaliation on the local population. To compensate for the population loss, the Turks encouraged settlement of non-Slav Muslim Albanians in the wider region of Kosovo. By the end of the 18th century, Kosovo would reattain an Albanian majority – with Peja, Prizren, Prishtina becoming especially important towns for the local Muslim population.
Although initially stout opponents of the advancing Turks, Albanian chiefs ultimately came to accept the Ottomans as sovereigns. The resulting alliance facilitated the mass conversion of Albanians to Islam. Given that the Ottoman Empire's subjects were divided along religious (rather than ethnic) lines, the spread of Islam greatly elevated the status of Albanian chiefs. Centuries earlier, Albanians of Kosovo were predominantly Christian and Albanians and Serbs for the most part co-existed peacefully. The Ottomans appeared to have a more deliberate approach to converting the Roman Catholic population who were mostly Albanians in comparison with the mostly Serbian adherents of Eastern Orthodoxy, as they viewed the former less favourably due to its allegiance to Rome, a competing regional power.
Rise of nationalism
In the 19th century, there was an awakening of ethnic nationalism throughout the Balkans. The underlying ethnic tensions became part of a broader struggle of Christian Serbs against Muslim Albanians. The ethnic Albanian nationalism movement was centred in Kosovo. In 1878 the League of Prizren (Lidhja e Prizrenit) was formed, a political organisation that sought to unify all the Albanians of the Ottoman Empire in a common struggle for autonomy and greater cultural rights, although they generally desired the continuation of the Ottoman Empire. The League was dis-established in 1881 but enabled the awakening of a national identity among Albanians, whose ambitions competed with those of the Serbs, the Kingdom of Serbia wishing to incorporate this land that had formerly been within its empire.
The modern Albanian-Serbian conflict has its roots in the expulsion of the Albanians in 1877–1878 from areas that became incorporated into the Principality of Serbia. During and after the Serbian–Ottoman War of 1876–78, between 30,000 and 70,000 Muslims, mostly Albanians, were expelled by the Serb army from the Sanjak of Niš and fled to the Kosovo Vilayet. According to Austrian data, by the 1890s Kosovo was 70% Muslim (nearly entirely of Albanian descent) and less than 30% non-Muslim (primarily Serbs). In May 1901, Albanians pillaged and partially burned the cities of Novi Pazar, Sjenica and Pristina, and killed many Serbs near Pristina and in Kolašin (now North Kosovo).
In the spring of 1912, Albanians under the lead of Hasan Prishtina revolted against the Ottoman Empire. The rebels were joined by a wave of Albanians in the Ottoman army ranks, who deserted the army, refusing to fight their own kin. The rebels defeated the Ottomans and the latter were forced to accept all fourteen demands of the rebels, which foresaw an effective autonomy for the Albanians living in the Empire. However, this autonomy never materialised, and the revolt created serious weaknesses in the Ottoman ranks, luring Montenegro, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece into declaring war on the Ottoman Empire and starting the First Balkan War.
After the Ottomans' defeat in the First Balkan War, the 1913 Treaty of London was signed with Metohija ceded to the Kingdom of Montenegro and eastern Kosovo ceded to the Kingdom of Serbia. During the Balkan Wars, over 100,000 Albanians left Kosovo and about 50,000 were killed in the massacres that accompanied the war. Soon, there were concerted Serbian colonisation efforts in Kosovo during various periods between Serbia's 1912 takeover of the province and World War II, causing the population of Serbs in Kosovo to grow by about 58,000 in this period.
Serbian authorities promoted creating new Serb settlements in Kosovo as well as the assimilation of Albanians into Serbian society, causing a mass exodus of Albanians from Kosovo. The figures of Albanians forcefully expelled from Kosovo range between 60,000 and 239,807, while Malcolm mentions 100,000–120,000. In combination with the politics of extermination and expulsion, there was also a process of assimilation through religious conversion of Albanian Muslims and Albanian Catholics into the Serbian Orthodox religion which took place as early as 1912. These politics seem to have been inspired by the nationalist ideologies of Ilija Garašanin and Jovan Cvijić.
In the winter of 1915–16, during World War I, Kosovo saw the retreat of the Serbian army as Kosovo was occupied by Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary. In 1918, the Allied Powers pushed the Central Powers out of Kosovo.
A new administration system since 26 April 1922 split Kosovo among three districts (oblast) of the Kingdom: Kosovo, Raška and Zeta. In 1929, the country was transformed into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the territories of Kosovo were reorganised among the Banate of Zeta, the Banate of Morava and the Banate of Vardar. In order to change the ethnic composition of Kosovo, between 1912 and 1941 a large-scale Serbian colonisation of Kosovo was undertaken by the Belgrade government. Kosovar Albanians' right to receive education in their own language was denied alongside other non-Slavic or unrecognised Slavic nations of Yugoslavia, as the kingdom only recognised the Slavic Croat, Serb, and Slovene nations as constituent nations of Yugoslavia. Other Slavs had to identify as one of the three official Slavic nations and non-Slav nations deemed as minorities.
Albanians and other Muslims were forced to emigrate, mainly with the land reform which struck Albanian landowners in 1919, but also with direct violent measures. In 1935 and 1938, two agreements between the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and Turkey were signed on the expatriation of 240,000 Albanians to Turkey, but the expatriation did not occur due to the outbreak of World War II.
After the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in 1941, most of Kosovo was assigned to Italian-controlled Albania, and the rest was controlled by Germany and Bulgaria. A three-dimensional conflict ensued, involving inter-ethnic, ideological, and international affiliations. Albanian collaborators persecuted Serb and Montenegrin settlers. Estimates differ, but most authors estimate that between 3,000 and 10,000 Serbs and Montenegrins died in Kosovo during the Second World War. Another 30,000 to 40,000, or as high as 100,000, Serbs and Montenegrins, mainly settlers, were deported to Serbia in order to Kosovo. A decree from Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito, followed by a new law in August 1945 disallowed the return of colonists who had taken land from Albanian peasants. During the war years, some Serbs and Montenegrins were sent to concentration camps in Pristina and Mitrovica. Nonetheless, these conflicts were relatively low-level compared with other areas of Yugoslavia during the war years. Two Serb historians also estimate that 12,000 Albanians died. An official investigation conducted by the Yugoslav government in 1964 recorded nearly 8,000 war-related fatalities in Kosovo between 1941 and 1945, 5,489 of them Serb or Montenegrin and 2,177 Albanian. Some sources note that up to 72,000 individuals were encouraged to settle or resettle into Kosovo from Albania by the short-lived Italian administration. As the regime collapsed, this was never materialised with historians and contemporary references emphasising that a large-scale migration of Albanians from Albania to Kosovo is not recorded in Axis documents.
Communist Yugoslavia
The existing province took shape in 1945 as the Autonomous Region of Kosovo and Metohija, with a final demarcation in 1959. Until 1945, the only entity bearing the name of Kosovo in the late modern period had been the Vilayet of Kosovo, a political unit created by the Ottoman Empire in 1877. However, those borders were different.
Tensions between ethnic Albanians and the Yugoslav government were significant, not only due to ethnic tensions but also due to political ideological concerns, especially regarding relations with neighbouring Albania. Harsh repressive measures were imposed on Kosovo Albanians due to suspicions that there were sympathisers of the Stalinist regime of Enver Hoxha of Albania. In 1956, a show trial in Pristina was held in which multiple Albanian Communists of Kosovo were convicted of being infiltrators from Albania and given long prison sentences. High-ranking Serbian communist official Aleksandar Ranković sought to secure the position of the Serbs in Kosovo and gave them dominance in Kosovo's nomenklatura.
Islam in Kosovo at this time was repressed and both Albanians and Muslim Slavs were encouraged to declare themselves to be Turkish and emigrate to Turkey. At the same time Serbs and Montenegrins dominated the government, security forces, and industrial employment in Kosovo. Albanians resented these conditions and protested against them in the late 1960s, calling the actions taken by authorities in Kosovo colonialist, and demanding that Kosovo be made a republic, or declaring support for Albania.
After the ouster of Ranković in 1966, the agenda of pro-decentralisation reformers in Yugoslavia succeeded in the late 1960s in attaining substantial decentralisation of powers, creating substantial autonomy in Kosovo and Vojvodina, and recognising a Muslim Yugoslav nationality. As a result of these reforms, there was a massive overhaul of Kosovo's nomenklatura and police, that shifted from being Serb-dominated to ethnic Albanian-dominated through firing Serbs in large scale. Further concessions were made to the ethnic Albanians of Kosovo in response to unrest, including the creation of the University of Pristina as an Albanian language institution. These changes created widespread fear among Serbs that they were being made second-class citizens in Yugoslavia. By the 1974 Constitution of Yugoslavia, Kosovo was granted major autonomy, allowing it to have its own administration, assembly, and judiciary; as well as having a membership in the collective presidency and the Yugoslav parliament, in which it held veto power.
In the aftermath of the 1974 constitution, concerns over the rise of Albanian nationalism in Kosovo rose with the widespread celebrations in 1978 of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the League of Prizren. Albanians felt that their status as a "minority" in Yugoslavia had made them second-class citizens in comparison with the "nations" of Yugoslavia and demanded that Kosovo be a constituent republic, alongside the other republics of Yugoslavia.Protests by Albanians in 1981 over the status of Kosovo resulted in Yugoslav territorial defence units being brought into Kosovo and a state of emergency being declared resulting in violence and the protests being crushed. In the aftermath of the 1981 protests, purges took place in the Communist Party, and rights that had been recently granted to Albanians were rescinded – including ending the provision of Albanian professors and Albanian language textbooks in the education system.
While Albanians in the region had the highest birth rates in Europe, other areas of Yugoslavia including Serbia had low birth rates. Increased urbanisation and economic development led to higher settlements of Albanian workers into Serb-majority areas, as Serbs departed in response to the economic climate for more favourable real estate conditions in Serbia. While there was tension, charges of "genocide" and planned harassment have been discredited as a pretext to revoke Kosovo's autonomy. For example, in 1986 the Serbian Orthodox Church published an official claim that Kosovo Serbs were being subjected to an Albanian program of 'genocide'.
Even though they were disproved by police statistics,[page needed] they received wide attention in the Serbian press and that led to further ethnic problems and eventual removal of Kosovo's status. Beginning in March 1981, Kosovar Albanian students of the University of Pristina organised protests seeking that Kosovo become a republic within Yugoslavia and demanding their human rights. The protests were brutally suppressed by the police and army, with many protesters arrested. During the 1980s, ethnic tensions continued with frequent violent outbreaks against Yugoslav state authorities, resulting in a further increase in emigration of Kosovo Serbs and other ethnic groups. The Yugoslav leadership tried to suppress protests of Kosovo Serbs seeking protection from ethnic discrimination and violence.
Kosovo War
Inter-ethnic tensions continued to worsen in Kosovo throughout the 1980s. In 1989, Serbian President Slobodan Milošević, employing a mix of intimidation and political maneuvering, drastically reduced Kosovo's special autonomous status within Serbia and started cultural oppression of the ethnic Albanian population. Kosovar Albanians responded with a non-violent separatist movement, employing widespread civil disobedience and creation of parallel structures in education, medical care, and taxation, with the ultimate goal of achieving the independence of Kosovo.
In July 1990, the Kosovo Albanians proclaimed the existence of the Republic of Kosova, and declared it a sovereign and independent state in September 1992. In May 1992, Ibrahim Rugova was elected its president. During its lifetime, the Republic of Kosova was only officially recognised by Albania. By the mid-1990s, the Kosovo Albanian population was growing restless, as the status of Kosovo was not resolved as part of the Dayton Agreement of November 1995, which ended the Bosnian War. By 1996, the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), an ethnic Albanian guerrilla paramilitary group that sought the separation of Kosovo and the eventual creation of a Greater Albania, had prevailed over the Rugova's non-violent resistance movement and launched attacks against the Yugoslav Army and Serbian police in Kosovo, resulting in the Kosovo War.
By 1998, international pressure compelled Yugoslavia to sign a ceasefire and partially withdraw its security forces. Events were to be monitored by Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) observers according to an agreement negotiated by Richard Holbrooke. The ceasefire did not hold and fighting resumed in December 1998, culminating in the Račak massacre, which attracted further international attention to the conflict. Within weeks, a multilateral international conference was convened and by March had prepared a draft agreement known as the Rambouillet Accords, calling for the restoration of Kosovo's autonomy and the deployment of NATO peacekeeping forces. The Yugoslav delegation found the terms unacceptable and refused to sign the draft. Between 24 March and 10 June 1999, NATO intervened by bombing Yugoslavia, aiming to force Milošević to withdraw his forces from Kosovo, though NATO could not appeal to any particular motion of the Security Council of the United Nations to help legitimise its intervention. Combined with continued skirmishes between Albanian guerrillas and Yugoslav forces the conflict resulted in a further massive displacement of population in Kosovo.
During the conflict, between 848,000 and 863,000 ethnic Albanians fled or were forcefully driven from Kosovo and an additional 590,000 were internally displaced. Some sources claim that this ethnic cleansing of Albanians was part of a plan known as Operation Horseshoe, described as "Milosevic's final solution to the Kosovo problem". However, the existence and implementation of this plan has not been proven.
During the war, over 90,000 Serbian and other non-Albanian refugees fled the province. In September 1998, Serbian police collected 34 bodies of people believed to have been seized and murdered by the KLA, among them some ethnic Albanians, at Lake Radonjić near Glođane (Gllogjan) in what became known as the Lake Radonjić massacre, the most serious atrocity by the KLA during the conflict. By June, Milošević agreed to a foreign military presence in Kosovo and the withdrawal of his troops. In the days after the Yugoslav Army withdrew, over 80,000 Serb and other non-Albanian civilians (almost half of 200,000 estimated to live in Kosovo) were expelled from Kosovo, and many of the remaining civilians were victims of abuse. After the Kosovo and other Yugoslav Wars, Serbia became home to the highest number of refugees and IDPs (including Kosovo Serbs) in Europe.
The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) prosecuted crimes committed during the Kosovo War. Nine senior Yugoslav officials, including Milošević, were indicted for crimes against humanity and war crimes committed between January and June 1999. Six of the defendants were convicted, one was acquitted, one died before his trial could commence, and one (Milošević) died before his trial could conclude. Six KLA members were charged with crimes against humanity and war crimes by the ICTY following the war, and one was convicted.
In total around 10,317 civilians were killed during the war, of whom 8,676 were Albanians, 1,196 Serbs and 445 Roma and others in addition to 3,218 killed members of armed formations.
United Nations administration
On 10 June 1999, the UN Security Council passed UN Security Council Resolution 1244, which placed Kosovo under transitional UN administration (UNMIK) and authorised Kosovo Force (KFOR), a NATO-led peacekeeping force. Resolution 1244 provided that Kosovo would have autonomy within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and affirmed the territorial integrity of Yugoslavia, which has been legally succeeded by the Republic of Serbia.
Estimates of the number of Serbs who left when Serbian forces left Kosovo vary from 65,000 to 250,000. Within post-conflict Kosovo Albanian society, calls for retaliation for previous violence done by Serb forces during the war circulated through public culture. Widespread attacks against Serbian cultural sites commenced following the conflict and the return of hundreds of thousands of Kosovo Albanian refugees to their homes. In 2004, prolonged negotiations over Kosovo's future status, sociopolitical problems and nationalist sentiments resulted in the Kosovo unrest. 11 Albanians and 16 Serbs were killed, 900 people (including peacekeepers) were injured, and several houses, public buildings and churches were damaged or destroyed.
International negotiations began in 2006 to determine the final status of Kosovo, as envisaged under UN Security Council Resolution 1244. The UN-backed talks, led by UN Special Envoy Martti Ahtisaari, began in February 2006. Whilst progress was made on technical matters, both parties remained diametrically opposed on the question of status itself.
In February 2007, Ahtisaari delivered a draft status settlement proposal to leaders in Belgrade and Pristina, the basis for a draft UN Security Council Resolution which proposed 'supervised independence' for the province. A draft resolution, backed by the United States, the United Kingdom and other European members of the Security Council, was presented and rewritten four times to try to accommodate Russian concerns that such a resolution would undermine the principle of state sovereignty.
Russia, which holds a veto in the Security Council as one of five permanent members, had stated that it would not support any resolution which was not acceptable to both Belgrade and Kosovo Albanians. Whilst most observers had, at the beginning of the talks, anticipated independence as the most likely outcome, others have suggested that a rapid resolution might not be preferable.
After many weeks of discussions at the UN, the United States, United Kingdom and other European members of the Security Council formally 'discarded' a draft resolution backing Ahtisaari's proposal on 20 July 2007, having failed to secure Russian backing. Beginning in August, a "Troika" consisting of negotiators from the European Union (Wolfgang Ischinger), the United States (Frank G. Wisner) and Russia (Alexander Botsan-Kharchenko) launched a new effort to reach a status outcome acceptable to both Belgrade and Pristina. Despite Russian disapproval, the U.S., the United Kingdom, and France appeared likely to recognise Kosovar independence. A declaration of independence by Kosovar Albanian leaders was postponed until the end of the Serbian presidential elections (4 February 2008). A significant portion of politicians in both the EU and the US had feared that a premature declaration could boost support in Serbia for the nationalist candidate, Tomislav Nikolić.
In November 2001, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe supervised the first elections for the Assembly of Kosovo. After that election, Kosovo's political parties formed an all-party unity coalition and elected Ibrahim Rugova as president and Bajram Rexhepi (PDK) as Prime Minister. After Kosovo-wide elections in October 2004, the LDK and AAK formed a new governing coalition that did not include PDK and Ora. This coalition agreement resulted in Ramush Haradinaj (AAK) becoming Prime Minister, while Ibrahim Rugova retained the position of President. PDK and Ora were critical of the coalition agreement and have since frequently accused that government of corruption.
Parliamentary elections were held on 17 November 2007. After early results, Hashim Thaçi who was on course to gain 35 per cent of the vote, claimed victory for PDK, the Democratic Party of Kosovo, and stated his intention to declare independence. Thaçi formed a coalition with president Fatmir Sejdiu's Democratic League which was in second place with 22 percent of the vote. The turnout at the election was particularly low. Most members of the Serb minority refused to vote.
Declaration of independence
Kosovo declared independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008. As of 4 September 2020, 114 UN states recognised its independence, including all of its immediate neighbours, with the exception of Serbia; 10 states have subsequently withdrawn that recognition. Of the UN Security Council members, while the US, UK and France do recognise Kosovo's independence, Russia and China do not. Since declaring independence, it has become a member of international institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and World Bank, though not of the United Nations.
The Serb minority of Kosovo, which largely opposes the declaration of independence, has formed the Community Assembly of Kosovo and Metohija in response. The creation of the assembly was condemned by Kosovo's President Fatmir Sejdiu, while UNMIK has said the assembly is not a serious issue because it will not have an operative role. On 8 October 2008, the UN General Assembly resolved, on a proposal by Serbia, to ask the International Court of Justice to render an advisory opinion on the legality of Kosovo's declaration of independence. The advisory opinion, which is not binding over decisions by states to recognise or not recognise Kosovo, was rendered on 22 July 2010, holding that Kosovo's declaration of independence was not in violation either of general principles of international law, which do not prohibit unilateral declarations of independence, nor of specific international law – in particular UNSCR 1244 – which did not define the final status process nor reserve the outcome to a decision of the Security Council.
Some rapprochement between the two governments took place on 19 April 2013 as both parties reached the Brussels Agreement, an agreement brokered by the EU that allowed the Serb minority in Kosovo to have its own police force and court of appeals. The agreement is yet to be ratified by either parliament. Presidents of Serbia and Kosovo organised two meetings, in Brussels on 27 February 2023 and Ohrid on 18 March 2023, to create and agree upon an 11-point agreement on implementing a European Union-backed deal to normalise ties between the two countries, which includes recognising "each other's documents such as passports and license plates".
A number of protests and demonstrations took place in Kosovo between 2021 and 2023, some of which involved weapons and resulted in deaths on both sides. Amongst the injured were 30 NATO peacekeepers. The main reason behind the 2022–23 demonstrations ended on 1 January 2024 when each country recognised each other's vehicle registration plates.
Governance
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| Vjosa Osmani President | Albin Kurti Prime Minister |
Kosovo is a multi-party parliamentary representative democratic republic. It is governed by legislative, executive and judicial institutions, which derive from the constitution, although, until the Brussels Agreement, North Kosovo was in practice largely controlled by institutions of Serbia or parallel institutions funded by Serbia. Legislative functions are vested in both the Parliament and the ministers within their competencies. The Government exercises the executive power and is composed of the Prime Minister as the head of government, the Deputy Prime Ministers and the Ministers of the various ministries.
The judiciary is composed of the Supreme Court and subordinate courts, a Constitutional Court, and independent prosecutorial institutions. There also exist multiple independent institutions defined by the constitution and law, as well as local governments. All citizens are equal before the law and gender equality is ensured by the constitution. The Constitutional Framework guarantees a minimum of ten seats in the 120-member Assembly for Serbs, and ten for other minorities, and also guarantees Serbs and other minorities places in the Government.
The president serves as the head of state and represents the unity of the people, elected every five years, indirectly by the parliament through a secret ballot by a two-thirds majority of all deputies. The head of state is invested primarily with representative responsibilities and powers. The president has the power to return draft legislation to the parliament for reconsideration and has a role in foreign affairs and certain official appointments. The Prime Minister serves as the head of government elected by the parliament. Ministers are nominated by the Prime Minister, and then confirmed by the parliament. The head of government exercises executive power of the territory.
Corruption is a major problem and an obstacle to the development of democracy in the country. Those in the judiciary appointed by the government to fight corruption are often government associates. Moreover, prominent politicians and party operatives who commit offences are not prosecuted due to the lack of laws and political will. Organised crime also poses a threat to the economy due to the practices of bribery, extortion and racketeering.
Foreign relations
The foreign relations of Kosovo are conducted through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Pristina. As of 2023[update], 104 out of 193 United Nations member states recognise the Republic of Kosovo. Within the European Union, it is recognised by 22 of 27 members and is a potential candidate for the future enlargement of the European Union. On 15 December 2022 Kosovo filed a formal application to become a member of the European Union.
Kosovo is a member of several international organisations including the International Monetary Fund, World Bank, International Road and Transport Union, Regional Cooperation Council, Council of Europe Development Bank, Venice Commission and European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. In 2015, Kosovo's bid to become a member of UNESCO fell three votes short of the two-thirds majority required to join. 23 countries maintain embassies in Kosovo. Kosovo maintains 24 diplomatic missions and 28 consular missions abroad.
The relations with Albania are in a special case considering that both countries share the same language and culture. The Albanian language is one of the official languages of Kosovo. Albania has an embassy in the capital Pristina and Kosovo an embassy in Tirana. In 1992, Albania was the only country whose parliament voted to recognise the Republic of Kosova. Albania was also one of the first countries to officially announce its recognition of the Republic of Kosovo in February 2008.
From 1 January 2024 Kosovo nationals became exempt from visa requirements within the Schengen Area for periods of up to 90 days in any 180-day period.
Law
The judicial system of Kosovo follows a civil law framework and comprises regular civil and criminal courts, alongside administrative courts. Administered by the judicial council in Pristina, the system includes the supreme court as the highest judicial authority, a constitutional court and an independent prosecutorial institution. Following the independence of Kosovo in 2008, the Kosovo Police assumed the primary law enforcement responsibilities within the country.
Covering a broad range of issues related to the status of Kosovo, the Ahtisaari Plan introduced two forms of international supervision for Kosovo following its independence, including the International Civilian Office (ICO) and the European Union Rule of Law Mission to Kosovo (EULEX). The ICO monitored plan implementation and possessed veto powers, while EULEX focused on developing judicial systems and had arrest and prosecution authority. These bodies were granted powers under Kosovo's declaration of independence and constitution.
The legal status of the ICO depended upon the de facto situation and Kosovo legislation, with oversight provided by the International Steering Group (ISG) comprising states that recognized Kosovo. Serbia and non-recognising states did not acknowledge the ICO. Despite initial opposition, EULEX gained acceptance from Serbia and the UN Security Council in 2008. It operated under the UNMIK mandate with operational independence. The ICO concluded operations in 2012 after fulfilling obligations, while EULEX continues to operate within Kosovo and international law. Its role has been extended, primarily focusing on monitoring with reduced responsibilities.
According to the Global Safety Report by Gallup, which assesses personal security worldwide through the Law and Order Index Scores for 2023, Kosovo has distinguished itself by ranking among the top ten countries globally in terms of perceived safety and law enforcement effectiveness.
Military
The Kosovo Security Force (KSF) is the national security force of Kosovo commissioned with the task of preserving and safeguarding the country's territorial integrity, national sovereignty and the security interests of its population. Functioning under the president of Kosovo as the commander-in-chief, the security force adheres to the principle of non-discrimination, guaranteeing equal protection for its personnel regardless of gender or ethnicity. Kosovo's notable challenges are identified in the realms of persistent conflicts and societal safety and security, both of which are intertwined with the country's diplomatic ties to neighboring countries and its domestic social and political stability.
The Kosovo Force (KFOR) is a NATO-led international peacekeeping force in Kosovo. Its operations are gradually reducing until Kosovo's Security Force, established in 2009, becomes self-sufficient. KFOR entered Kosovo on 12 June 1999, one day after the United Nations Security Council adopted the UNSC Resolution 1244. Camp Bondsteel is the operation headquarters of the Kosovo Force (KFOR) in Kosovo. It is located near Ferizaj in southeastern Kosovo. It is the Regional Command-East headed by the United States Army (U.S. Army) and it is supported by troops from Greece, Italy, Finland, Hungary, Poland, Slovenia, Switzerland and Turkey.
In 2008, under the leadership of NATO, the Kosovo Force (KFOR) and the Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) undertook preparations for the formation of the Kosovo Security Force. A significant milestone occurred in 2014 when the government officially announced its decision to establish a Ministry of Defence by 2019, with the aim of transforming the existing Kosovo Security Force into the Kosovo Armed Forces. This transformation would entail aligning the armed forces with the high standards expected of NATO members, reflecting Kosovo's aspiration to join the alliance in the future. Subsequently, in December 2018, the government enacted legislation to redefine the mandate of the Kosovo Security Force, effecting its transformation into an army. Concurrently, the establishment of a Ministry of Defence was set in motion, further solidifying these developments and ensuring the necessary infrastructure and oversight for the newly formed armed forces.
In 2023, the Kosovo Security Force had over 5,000 active members, using vehicles and weapons acquired from a number of NATO countries. KFOR continues to operate in Kosovo under its UN mandate.
Administrative divisions
Kosovo is divided into seven districts (Albanian: rajon; Serbian: okrug), according to the Law of Kosovo and the Brussels Agreement of 2013, which stipulated the formation of new municipalities with Serb majority populations. The districts are further subdivided into 38 municipalities (komunë; opština). The largest and most populous district of Kosovo is the District of Pristina with the capital in Pristina, having a surface area of 2,470 km2 (953.67 sq mi) and a population of 477,312.
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Geography
Defined in a total area of 10,887 square kilometres (4,203 square miles), Kosovo is landlocked and located in the centre of the Balkan Peninsula in Southeastern Europe. It lies between latitudes 42° and 43° N, and longitudes 20° and 22° E. The northernmost point is Bellobërda at 43° 14' 06" northern latitude; the southernmost is Restelicë at 41° 56' 40" northern latitude; the westernmost point is Bogë at 20° 3' 23" eastern longitude; and the easternmost point is Desivojca at 21° 44' 21" eastern longitude. The highest point of Kosovo is Gjeravica at 2,656 metres (8,714 ft) above sea level, and the lowest is the White Drin at 297 metres (974 ft).
Most of the borders of Kosovo are dominated by mountainous and high terrain. The most noticeable topographical features are the Accursed Mountains and the Šar Mountains. The Accursed Mountains are a geological continuation of the Dinaric Alps. The mountains run laterally through the west along the border with Albania and Montenegro. The southeast is predominantly the Šar Mountains, which constitute the border with North Macedonia. Besides the mountain ranges, Kosovo's territory consists mostly of two major plains, the Kosovo Plain in the east and the Metohija Plain in the west.
Additionally, Kosovo consists of multiple geographic and ethnographic regions, such as Drenica, Dushkaja, Gollak, Has, Highlands of Gjakova, Llap, Llapusha and Rugova.
Kosovo's hydrological resources are relatively small; there are few lakes in Kosovo, the largest of which are Lake Batllava, Badovc Lake, Lake Gazivoda, Lake Radoniq. In addition to these, Kosovo also does have karst springs, thermal and mineral water springs. The longest rivers of Kosovo include the White Drin, the South Morava and the Ibar. Sitnica, a tributary of Ibar, is the largest river lying completely within Kosovo's territory. Nerodime river represents Europe's only instance of a river bifurcation flowing into the Black Sea and Aegean Sea.
Climate
Most of Kosovo experiences predominantly a Continental climate with Mediterranean and Alpine influences, strongly influenced by Kosovo's proximity to the Adriatic Sea in the west, the Aegean Sea in the south as well as the European continental landmass in the north.
The coldest areas are situated in the mountainous region to the west and southeast, where an Alpine climate is prevalent. The warmest areas are mostly in the extreme southern areas close to the border with Albania, where a Mediterranean climate is the norm. Mean monthly temperature ranges between 0 °C (32 °F) (in January) and 22 °C (72 °F) (in July). Mean annual precipitation ranges from 600 to 1,300 mm (24 to 51 in) per year, and is well distributed year-round.
To the northeast, the Kosovo Plain and Ibar Valley are drier with total precipitation of about 600 millimetres (24 inches) per year and more influenced by continental air masses, with colder winters and very hot summers. In the southwest, climatic area of Metohija receives more mediterranean influences with warmer summers, somewhat higher precipitation (700 mm (28 in)) and heavy snowfalls in the winter. The mountainous areas of the Accursed Mountains in the west, Šar Mountains on the south and Kopaonik in the north experiences alpine climate, with high precipitation (900 to 1,300 mm (35 to 51 in) per year), short and fresh summers, and cold winters. The average annual temperature of Kosovo is 9.5 °C (49.1 °F). The warmest month is July with average temperature of 19.2 °C (66.6 °F), and the coldest is January with −1.3 °C (29.7 °F). Except Prizren and Istog, all other meteorological stations in January recorded average temperatures under 0 °C (32 °F).
Biodiversity
Located in Southeastern Europe, Kosovo receives floral and faunal species from Europe and Eurasia. Forests are widespread in Kosovo and cover at least 39% of the region. Phytogeographically, it straddles the Illyrian province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. In addition, it falls within three terrestrial ecoregions: Balkan mixed forests, Dinaric Mountains mixed forests, and Pindus Mountains mixed forests. Kosovo's biodiversity is conserved in two national parks, eleven nature reserves and one hundred three other protected areas. The Bjeshkët e Nemuna National Park and Sharr Mountains National Park are the most important regions of vegetation and biodiversity in Kosovo. Kosovo had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.19/10, ranking it 107th globally out of 172 countries.
Flora encompasses more than 1,800 species of vascular plant species, but the actual number is estimated to be higher than 2,500 species. The diversity is the result of the complex interaction of geology and hydrology creating a wide variety of habitat conditions for flora growth. Although, Kosovo represents only 2.3% of the entire surface area of the Balkans, in terms of vegetation it has 25% of the Balkan flora and about 18% of the European flora. The fauna is composed of a wide range of species.: 14 The mountainous west and southeast provide a great habitat for several rare or endangered species including brown bears, lynxes, wild cats, wolves, foxes, wild goats, roebucks and deers. A total of 255 species of birds have been recorded, with raptors such as the golden eagle, eastern imperial eagle and lesser kestrel living principally in the mountains of Kosovo.
Environmental issues
Environmental issues in Kosovo include a wide range of challenges pertaining to air and water pollution, climate change, waste management, biodiversity loss and nature conservation. The vulnerability of the country to climate change is influenced by various factors, such as increased temperatures, geological and hydrological hazards, including droughts, flooding, fires and rains. Kosovo is not a signatory to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol or the Paris Agreement. Consequently, the country is not mandated to submit a Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) that are voluntary commitments outlining a nation's actions and strategies for mitigating climate change and adapting to its impacts. However, since 2021, Kosovo is actively engaged in the process of formulating a voluntary NDC, with assistance provided from Japan. In 2023, the country has established a goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 16.3% as part of its broader objective to achieve carbon neutrality by the year 2050.
Demographics
The Agency of Statistics estimated Kosovo's population in 2021 to be approximately 1,774,000. In 2023, the overall life expectancy at birth is 79.68 years; 77.38 years for males and 81.87 years for females. The estimated total fertility rate in 2023 is 1.88 children born per woman. The country is the 11th most populous country in the Southeastern Europe (Balkans) and ranks as the 148th most populous country in the world. The country's population rose steadily over the 20th century and peaked at an estimated 2.2 million in 1998. The Kosovo War and subsequent migration have decreased the population of Kosovo over time.
In 2019, Albanians constituted 92% of the population of Kosovo, followed by ethnic Serbs (4%), Bosniaks (2%), Turks (1%), Romani (1%), and the Gorani (<1%). Albanians constitute the majority of the population in most of Kosovo. Ethnic Serbs are concentrated in the north of the country, as well as in other municipalities in the east of the country, such as Gračanica and Štrpce. Turks form a local majority in the municipality of Mamusha, just north of Prizren, while the Bosniaks are mainly located within Prizren itself. The Gorani are concentrated in the southernmost tip of the country, in Dragash. The Romani are spread across the entire country.
The official languages of Kosovo are Albanian and Serbian and the institutions are committed to ensure the equal use of those two official languages of Kosovo. Municipal civil servants are only required to speak one of the two languages in a professional setting and, according to Language Commissioner of Kosovo Slaviša Mladenović, no government organisation has all of its documents available in both languages. The Law on the Use of Languages gives Turkish the status of an official language in the municipality of Prizren, irrespective of the size of the Turkish community living there. Otherwise, Turkish, Bosnian and Roma hold the status of official languages at municipal level if the linguistic community represents at least 5% of the total population of municipality. Albanian is spoken as a first language by all Albanians, as well as some of the Romani people, such as the Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians. Serbian, Bosnian, and Turkish are spoken as first languages by their respective communities.
According to the World Happiness Report 2024, which evaluates the happiness levels of citizens in various countries, Kosovo is currently ranked 29th among a total of 143 nations assessed, compared with neighbours Serbia ranked 37th, Montenegro 76th, North Macedonia 84th and Albania 87th.
The relations between Kosovar Albanians and Kosovar Serbs have been hostile since the rise of nationalism in the Balkans during the 19th century. During Communism in Yugoslavia, the ethnic Albanians and Serbs were strongly irreconcilable, with sociological studies during the Tito-era indicating that ethnic Albanians and Serbs rarely accepted each other as neighbors or friends and few held inter-ethnic marriages. Ethnic prejudices, stereotypes and mutual distrust between ethnic Albanians and Serbs have remained common for decades. The level of intolerance and separation between both communities during the Tito-period was reported by sociologists to be worse than that of Croat and Serb communities in Yugoslavia, which also had tensions but held some closer relations between each other.
Despite their planned integration into the Kosovar society and their recognition in the Kosovar constitution, the Romani, Ashkali, and Egyptian communities continue to face many difficulties, such as segregation and discrimination, in housing, education, health, employment and social welfare. Many camps around Kosovo continue to house thousands of internally displaced people, all of whom are from minority groups and communities. Because many of the Roma are believed to have sided with the Serbs during the conflict, taking part in the widespread looting and destruction of Albanian property, Minority Rights Group International report that Romani people encounter hostility by Albanians outside their local areas. A 2020 research report funded by the EU shows that there is a limited scale of trust and overall contact between the major ethnic groups in Kosovo.
 Pristina  Prizren | Rank | Municipality | Population | Rank | Municipality | Population |  Ferizaj  Peja |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Pristina | 227,154 | 11 | Lipjan | 54,974 | ||
| 2 | Prizren | 147,428 | 12 | Drenas | 48,054 | ||
| 3 | Ferizaj | 109,345 | 13 | Suharekë | 45,713 | ||
| 4 | Gjilan | 82,901 | 14 | Malisheva | 43,871 | ||
| 5 | Peja | 82,661 | 15 | Rahovec | 41,777 | ||
| 6 | Gjakova | 78,824 | 16 | Skenderaj | 40,632 | ||
| 7 | Podujevë | 71,018 | 17 | Viti | 35,549 | ||
| 8 | Mitrovica | 64,680 | 18 | Istog | 33,066 | ||
| 9 | Kosovo Polje | 64,078 | 19 | Klina | 30,574 | ||
| 10 | Vushtrri | 61,493 | 20 | Dragash | 28,908 | ||
Religion
Kosovo is a secular state with no state religion; freedom of belief, conscience and religion is explicitly guaranteed in the Constitution of Kosovo. Kosovar society is strongly secularised and is ranked first in Southern Europe and ninth in the world as free and equal for tolerance towards religion and atheism.
In the 2011 census, 95.6% of the population of Kosovo was counted as Muslim and 3.7% as Christian including 2.2% as Roman Catholic and 1.5% as Eastern Orthodox. The remaining 0.3% of the population reported having no religion, or another religion, or did not provide an adequate answer. Protestants, although recognised as a religious group in Kosovo by the government, were not represented in the census. The census was largely boycotted by the Kosovo Serbs, who predominantly identify as Serbian Orthodox Christians, especially in North Kosovo, leaving the Serb population underrepresented.
Islam is the most widely practiced religion in Kosovo and was introduced in the Middle Ages by the Ottomans. Today, Kosovo has the second-highest number of Muslims as a percentage of its population in Europe after Turkey. The majority of the Muslim population of Kosovo are ethnic Albanians, Turks, and Slavs such as Gorani and Bosniaks.
Members of the Roman Catholic Church are predominantly Albanians while ethnic Serbs mainly belong to the Eastern Orthodox Church. In 2008, Protestant pastor Artur Krasniqi, primate of the Kosovo Protestant Evangelical Church, claimed that "as many as 15,000" Kosovar Albanians had converted to Protestantism since 1985.
Relations between the Albanian Muslim and Albanian Catholic communities in Kosovo are good; however, both communities have few or no relations with the Serbian Orthodox community. In general, the Albanians define their ethnicity by language and not by religion, while religion reflects a distinguishing identity feature among the Slavs of Kosovo and elsewhere.
Economy
The economy of Kosovo is a transitional economy. It suffered from the combined results of political upheaval, the Serbian dismissal of Kosovo employees and the following Yugoslav Wars. Despite declining foreign assistance, the GDP has mostly grown since its declaration of independence. This was despite the financial crisis of 2007–2008 and the subsequent European debt crisis. Additionally, the inflation rate has been low. Most economic development has taken place in the trade, retail and construction sectors. Kosovo is highly dependent on remittances from the diaspora, foreign direct investment, and other capital inflows. In 2018, the International Monetary Fund reported that approximately one-sixth of the population lived below the poverty line and one-third of the working age population was unemployed, the highest rate in Europe.
Kosovo's largest trading partners are Albania, Italy, Switzerland, China, Germany and Turkey. The Euro is its official currency. The Government of Kosovo has signed free-trade agreements with Albania, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and North Macedonia. Kosovo is a member of CEFTA, agreed with UNMIK, and enjoys free trade with most nearby non-European Union countries.
Kosovo is dominated by the services sector, accounting for 54% of GDP and employing approximately 56.6% of the population. The industry accounted for 37.3% of GDP and employs roughly 24.8% of the labour force. There are several reasons for the stagnation, ranging from consecutive occupations, political turmoil and the War in Kosovo in 1999. While agriculture accounts for only 6.6% of GDP, albeit an increase of 0.5 percentage points from 2019, it forms 18.7% of Kosovo's workforce, the highest proportion of agricultural employment in the region after Albania.
Kosovo has large reserves of lead, zinc, silver, nickel, cobalt, copper, iron and bauxite. The nation has the fifth-largest lignite reserves in the world and the third in Europe. The Directorate for Mines and Minerals and the World Bank estimated that Kosovo had €13.5 billion worth of minerals in 2005. The primary sector is based on small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units. 53% of the nation's area is agricultural land, 41% forest and forestry land, and 6% for others.
Wine has historically been produced in Kosovo. The main heartland of Kosovo's wine industry is in Rahovec. The main cultivars include Pinot noir, Merlot, and Chardonnay. Kosovo exports wines to Germany and the United States. The four state-owned wine production facilities were not as much "wineries" as they were "wine factories". Only the Rahovec facility that held approximately 36% of the total vineyard area had the capacity of around 50 million litres annually. The major share of the wine production was intended for exports. At its peak in 1989, the exports from the Rahovec facility amounted to 40 million litres and were mainly distributed to the German market.
Energy
The electricity sector in Kosovo is considered one of the sectors with the greatest potential of development. Kosovo's electricity sector is highly dependent on coal-fired power plants, which use the abundant lignite, so efforts are being made to diversify electricity generation with more renewables sources, such as wind farms in Bajgora and Kitka.
A joint energy bloc between Kosovo and Albania, is in work after an agreement which was signed in December 2019. With that agreement Albania and Kosovo will now be able to exchange energy reserves, which is expected to result in €4 million in savings per year for Kosovo.
Tourism
The natural values of Kosovo represent quality tourism resources. The description of Kosovo's potential in tourism is closely related to its geographical location, in the centre of the Balkan Peninsula in Southeastern Europe. It represents a crossroads which historically dates back to antiquity. Kosovo serves as a link in the connection between Central and Southern Europe and the Adriatic Sea and Black Sea. Kosovo is generally rich in various topographical features, including high mountains, lakes, canyons, steep rock formations and rivers. The mountainous west and southeast of Kosovo has great potential for winter tourism. Skiing takes place at the Brezovica ski resort within the Šar Mountains, with the close proximity to the Pristina Airport (60 km) and Skopje International Airport (70 km) which is a popular destination for international tourists.
Kosovo also has lakes like Lake Batllava that serves as a popular destination for watersports, camping, and swimming. Other lakes include Ujmani Lake, Liqenati Lake, Zemra Lake.
Other major attractions include the capital, Pristina, the historical cities of Prizren, Peja and Gjakova but also Ferizaj and Gjilan.
The New York Times included Kosovo on the list of 41 places to visit in 2011.
Transport
Road transportation of passengers and freight is the most common form of transportation in Kosovo. There are two main motorways in Kosovo: the R7 connecting Kosovo with Albania and the R6 connecting Pristina to the Macedonian border at Hani i Elezit. The construction of the R7.1 Motorway began in 2017.
The R7 Motorway (part of Albania-Kosovo Highway) links Kosovo to Albania's Adriatic coast in Durrës. Once the remaining European route (E80) from Pristina to Merdare section project will be completed, the motorway will link Kosovo through the present European route (E80) highway with the Pan-European corridor X (E75) near Niš in Serbia. The R6 Motorway, forming part of the E65, is the second motorway constructed in the region. It links the capital Pristina with the border with North Macedonia at Hani i Elezit, which is about 20 km (12 mi) from Skopje. Construction of the motorway started in 2014 and finished in 2019.
Trainkos operates daily passenger trains on two routes: Pristina – Fushë Kosovë – Pejë, as well as Pristina – Fushë Kosovë – Ferizaj – Skopje, North Macedonia (the latter in cooperation with Macedonian Railways). Also, freight trains run throughout the country.
The nation hosts two airports, Pristina International Airport and Gjakova Airport. Pristina International Airport is located southwest of Pristina. It is Kosovo's only international airport and the only port of entry for air travelers to Kosovo. Gjakova Airport was built by the Kosovo Force (KFOR) following the Kosovo War, next to an existing airfield used for agricultural purposes, and was used mainly for military and humanitarian flights. The local and national government plans to offer Gjakova Airport for operation under a public-private partnership with the aim of turning it into a civilian and commercial airport.
Infrastructure
Health
In the past, Kosovo's capabilities to develop a modern health care system were limited. Low GDP during 1990 worsened the situation even more. However, the establishment of Faculty of Medicine in the University of Pristina marked a significant development in health care. This was also followed by launching different health clinics which enabled better conditions for professional development.
Nowadays the situation has changed, and the health care system in Kosovo is organised into three sectors: primary, secondary and tertiary health care. Primary health care in Pristina is organised into thirteen family medicine centres and fifteen ambulatory care units. Secondary health care is decentralised in seven regional hospitals. Pristina does not have any regional hospital and instead uses University Clinical Centre of Kosovo for health care services. University Clinical Centre of Kosovo provides its health care services in twelve clinics, where 642 doctors are employed. At a lower level, home services are provided for several vulnerable groups which are not able to reach health care premises. Kosovo health care services are now focused on patient safety, quality control and assisted health.
Education
Education for primary, secondary, and tertiary levels is predominantly public and supported by the state, run by the Ministry of Education. Education takes place in two main stages: primary and secondary education, and higher education.
The primary and secondary education is subdivided into four stages: preschool education, primary and low secondary education, high secondary education and special education. Preschool education is for children from the ages of one to five. Primary and secondary education is obligatory for everyone. It is provided by gymnasiums and vocational schools and also available in languages of recognised minorities in Kosovo, where classes are held in Albanian, Serbian, Bosnian, Turkish and Croatian. The first phase (primary education) includes grades one to five, and the second phase (low secondary education) grades six to nine. The third phase (high secondary education) consists of general education but also professional education, which is focused on different fields. It lasts four years. However, pupils are offered possibilities of applying for higher or university studies. According to the Ministry of Education, children who are not able to get a general education are able to get a special education (fifth phase). Higher education can be received in universities and other higher-education institutes. These educational institutions offer studies for Bachelor, Master and PhD degrees. The students may choose full-time or part-time studies.
Students from Kosovo performed very poorly on several PISA tests, and this result has sparked debates about the education system.
Media
Kosovo ranks 56th out of 180 countries in the 2023 Press Freedom Index report compiled by the Reporters Without Borders. The Media consists of different kinds of communicative media such as radio, television, newspapers, and internet web sites. Most of the media survive from advertising and subscriptions. As according to IREX there are 92 radio stations and 22 television stations.
Culture
Cuisine
Kosovar cuisine is distinguished by multifaceted culinary influences derived from Balkan, Mediterranean, and Ottoman traditions. This combination reflects Kosovo's diverse historical and cultural contexts while highlighting its Albanian heritage. A paramount aspect of this tradition is the principle of hospitality, as articulated in the Kanun, which guides various aspects of social interactions and practices. Particularly, the notion "the house of an Albanian belongs to God and to the guest" underscores the high regard on treating guests with respect and generosity.Fli stands out for its unique preparation, which involves layering batter and cream in a special pan called a saç, baked slowly over several hours. Pite, a savory pie filled with a mixture of meat, cheese, or spinach, is often enjoyed as a hearty meal throughout Kosovo. Another popular dish is Byrek, a flaky pastry that can be filled with a variety of ingredients, including meat, spinach, or cheese, and is often prepared in circular pans.Qebapa are hand-rolled sausages, traditionally made from a blend of minced beef and other meats, are seasoned with a mix of spices such as garlic and black pepper. They are commonly served alongside freshly baked bread, raw onions and ajvar, a popular savory red pepper, eggplant and garlic spread that complements the dish. Petulla, or fried dough balls also known as Llokuma, are often drizzled with honey or sprinkled with sugar. Reçel, a type of fruit preserve, is made from various fruits and often used as a spread on bread or served alongside petulla.
Bakllavë is a traditional dessert in Southern Europe, comprising layers of phyllo pastry filled with nuts and drizzled with honey that is often served for festive occasions. Another notable dessert is Trileçe, a sponge cake soaked in a blend of three types of milk and covered with caramel. The coffee culture of Kosovo represents a vibrant and essential aspect of daily life, functioning as a cornerstone for social interactions and communal gatherings. In Kosovo, coffee symbolises hospitality and community, inviting both locals and visitors to connect. Often accompanied by traditional sweets and pastries, the preparation of coffee typically involves a cezve, a traditional pot for brewing finely ground coffee. This method emphasises the ceremonial nature of coffee preparation. Hosts take pride in serving their guests the finest brew, highlighting the importance of hospitality. The act of sharing coffee fosters meaningful conversations among individuals, with people recounting stories and engaging in discussions about life.
Sports
Since its declaration of independence in 2008, Kosovo has made substantial advancements in international sports. The nation's inaugural participation in the Olympic Games occurred at the 2016 games, where it achieved a milestone by securing its first medals, totaling five medals to date. Kosovo's involvement in the European Games began in 2015, during which the nation amassed four medals. Additionally, Kosovo commenced participation in the Mediterranean Games in 2018, achieving success with a total of ten medals. Forthcoming, Kosovo is scheduled to host the 2030 games, marking a significant opportunity for the nation in the realm of international sports. Notable athletes such as Laura Fazliu, Akil Gjakova, Nora Gjakova, Majlinda Kelmendi, Loriana Kuka, and Distria Krasniqi have played vital roles in Kosovo's sporting achievements, with Majlinda Kelmendi being particularly recognised for winning the nation's first Olympic gold medal. Judo has become a cornerstone of Kosovo's success in international competitions, accounting for the majority of the nation's medals across various events. Prior to Kosovo's independence, notable athletes such as Aziz Salihu, Vladimir Durković, Fahrudin Jusufi, and Milutin Šoškić represented Yugoslavia, thereby contributing to the diverse athletic heritage of Kosovo.
Kosovo achieved full membership status in both the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) and Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) in 2016, facilitating the nation's participation in international football competitions. As a result, the national football team of Kosovo became eligible to compete in qualification rounds for major tournaments such as the UEFA Nations League, the European Championship and the FIFA World Cup. The team's paramount achievement occurred during the 2018–19 edition of the UEFA Nations League, wherein they concluded the tournament atop their League D group, maintaining an unbeaten record of four victories and two draws, thus securing promotion to a higher competitive tier. Several Kosovo-Albanian players have opted to represent various European nations, highlighting figures examples, including Lorik Cana for Albania and Adnan Januzaj for Belgium. Furthermore, key contributions have come from players such as Valon Behrami, Xherdan Shaqiri, and Granit Xhaka, all of whom have made pivotal contributions to the Swiss team.
Arts
The architecture of Kosovo dates back to the Neolithic, Bronze and Middle Ages. It has been influenced by the presence of different civilisations and religions as evidenced by the structures which have survived to this day.
Kosovo is home to many monasteries and churches from the 13th and 14th centuries that represent the Serbian Orthodox legacy. Architectural heritage from the Ottoman Period includes mosques and hamams from the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries. Other historical architectural structures of interest include kullas from the 18th and 19th centuries, as well as a number of bridges, urban centres and fortresses. While some vernacular buildings are not considered important in their own right, taken together they are of considerable interest. During the 1999 conflict in Kosovo, many buildings that represent this heritage were destroyed or damaged. In the Dukagjini region, at least 500 kullas were attacked, and most of them destroyed or otherwise damaged.
In 2004, UNESCO recognised the Visoki Dečani monastery as World Heritage Site for its outstanding universal value. Two years later, the site of patrimony was extended as a serial nomination, to include three other religious monuments: Patriarchate of Peja, Our Lady of Ljeviš and Gračanica monastery under the name of Medieval Monuments in Kosovo. It consists of four Serbian Orthodox churches and monasteries, which represent the fusion of the eastern Orthodox Byzantine and the western Romanesque ecclesiastical architecture to form the Palaiologan Renaissance style.
These monuments have come under attack, especially during the 2004 ethnic violence. In 2006, the property was inscribed on the List of World Heritage in Danger due to difficulties in its management and conservation stemming from the region's political instability.
Kosovar art was unknown to the international public for a very long time, because of the regime, many artists were unable to display their art in art galleries, and so were always on the lookout for alternatives, and even resorted to taking matters into their own hands. Until 1990, artists from Kosovo presented their art in many prestigious worldwide renowned centres. They were affirmed and evaluated highly because of their unique approach to the arts considering the circumstances in which they were created, making them distinguished and original.
In February 1979, the Kosova National Art Gallery was founded. It became the highest institution of visual arts in Kosovo. It was named after one of the most prominent artists of Kosovo Muslim Mulliqi. Engjëll Berisha, Masar Caka, Tahir Emra, Abdullah Gërguri, Hysni Krasniqi, Nimon Lokaj, Aziz Nimani, Ramadan Ramadani, Esat Valla and Lendita Zeqiraj are some of few Albanian painters born in Kosovo.
Music
Although the music in Kosovo is diverse, authentic Albanian and Serbian music still exist. Albanian music is characterised by the use of the Çifteli. Classical music is well known in Kosovo and has been taught at several music schools and universities. In 2014, Kosovo submitted their first film for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, with Three Windows and a Hanging directed by Isa Qosja.
A baked-clay ocarina was found in the village of Runik which is considered to be the oldest musical instrument found in Kosovo and one of the oldest ocarinas ever found in Europe.Runik ocarina is thought to be at least 8,000 years old.
In the past, epic poetry in Kosovo and Northern Albania was sung on a lahuta and then a more tuneful çiftelia was used which has two strings-one for the melody and one for drone. Kosovar music is influenced by Turkish music due to the almost 500-year span of Ottoman rule in Kosovo though Kosovar folklore has preserved its originality and exemplary. Archaeological research tells how old this tradition is and how it was developed in parallel with other traditional music in the Balkans. Roots dating to the 5th century BC have been found in paintings on stones of singers with instruments. (There is a famous portrait of "Pani" holding an instrument similar to a flute).
The contemporary music artists Rita Ora, Dua Lipa and Era Istrefi, are all of Albanian origin and have achieved international recognition for their music. One widely recognised musician from Prizren is guitarist Petrit Çeku, winner of several international prizes.
Serbian music from Kosovo presents a mixture of traditional music, which is part of the wider Balkan tradition, with its own distinctive sound, and various Western and Turkish influences. Serb songs from Kosovo were an inspiration for 12th song wreath by composer Stevan Mokranjac. Most of Serbian music from Kosovo was dominated by church music, with its own share of sung epic poetry. Serbian national instrument Gusle is also used in Kosovo.
Viktorija is the only artist from Kosovo who represented Yugoslavia in the Eurovision Song Contest as part of Aska in 1982. Singer Rona Nishliu finished 5th in the 2012 Eurovision Song Contest, while Lindita represented Albania in 2017. Several Serbian singers from Kosovo have also participated in the Serbian national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest. Nevena Božović represented Serbia in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest and twice in the Eurovision Song Contest, firstly as a member of Moje 3 in 2013 and as a solo act in 2019.
Cinema
The film industry of Kosovo dates from the 1970s. In 1969, the parliament of Kosovo established Kosovafilm, a state institution for the production, distribution and showing of films. Its initial director was the actor Abdurrahman Shala, followed by writer and noted poet Azem Shkreli, under whose direction the most successful films were produced. Subsequent directors of Kosovafilm were Xhevar Qorraj, Ekrem Kryeziu and Gani Mehmetaj. After producing seventeen feature films, numerous short films and documentaries, the institution was taken over by the Serbian authorities in 1990 and dissolved. Kosovafilm was reestablished after Yugoslav withdrawal from the region in June 1999 and has since been endeavoring to revive the film industry in Kosovo.
The International Documentary and Short Film Festival is the largest film event in Kosovo. The Festival is organised in August in Prizren, which attracts numerous international and regional artists. In this annually organised festival, films are screened twice a day in three open-air cinemas as well as in two regular cinemas. Except for its films, the festival is also well known for lively nights after the screening. Various events happen within the scope of the festival: workshops, DokuPhoto exhibitions, festival camping, concerts, which altogether turn the city into a charming place to be. In 2010, Dokufest was voted as one of the 25 best international documentary festivals.
International actors of Albanian origin from Kosovo include Arta Dobroshi, James Biberi, Faruk Begolli and Bekim Fehmiu. The Prishtina International Film Festival is the largest film festival, held annually in Pristina, in Kosovo that screens prominent international cinema productions in the Balkan region and beyond, and draws attention to the Kosovar film industry.
The movie Shok was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film at the 88th Academy Awards. The movie was written and directed by Oscar nominated director Jamie Donoughue, based on true events during the Kosovo war. Shok's distributor is Ouat Media, and the social media campaign is led by Team Albanians.
See also
- List of Kosovo Albanians
- Outline of Kosovo
- Partition of Albania
Notes
- /ˈkɒsəvoʊ/ KOSS-ə-voh; Albanian: Kosova [kɔˈsɔva]; Serbian Cyrillic: Косово [kôsovo]
- Albanian: Republika e Kosovës; Serbian: Република Косово, romanized: Republika Kosovo
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Kosovo—while still formally part of the so-called State Union of Serbia and Montenegro dominated by Serbia—has, since the war, been a United Nations protectorate under the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK). [...] However, members of the Kosovo Serb minority of the territory (circa 6–7 per cent in 2000) have, for the most part, not been able to return to their homes. For security reasons, the remaining Kosovo Serb enclaves are, in part, isolated from the rest of Kosovo and protected by the multinational NATO-led Kosovo Force (KFOR).
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Kosovo officially the Republic of Kosovo is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe with partial diplomatic recognition It is bordered by Albania to the southwest Montenegro to the west Serbia to the north and east and North Macedonia to the southeast It covers an area of 10 887 km2 4 203 sq mi and has a population of approximately 1 6 million Kosovo has a varied terrain with high plains along with rolling hills and mountains some of which have an altitude over 2 500 m 8 200 ft Its climate is mainly continental with some Mediterranean and alpine influences Kosovo s capital and most populous city is Pristina other major cities and urban areas include Prizren Ferizaj Gjilan and Peja Republic of KosovoRepublika e Kosoves Albanian Republika Kosovo Republika Kosovo Serbian Flag EmblemAnthem Himni i Republikes se Kosoves Anthem of the Republic of Kosovo source source track track track track track track track track track track track track track track Location of Kosovo green in Europe dark grey StatusRecognised as independent by 104 out of 193 member states of the United Nations Claimed by Serbia as the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and MetohijaCapitaland largest cityPristina a 42 40 N 21 10 E 42 667 N 21 167 E 42 667 21 167Official languagesAlbanian SerbianRegional languagesBosnianTurkishRomaniEthnic groups 2024 91 76 Albanians2 31 Serbs1 69 Bosniaks1 22 Turks1 02 Ashkali2 0 othersReligion 2024 93 49 Islam4 06 Christianity 2 31 Orthodox 1 75 Catholic0 5 No religion0 45 others1 5 undeclaredDemonym s Kosovar KosovanGovernmentUnitary parliamentary republic PresidentVjosa Osmani Prime MinisterAlbin Kurti Speaker of the AssemblyGlauk KonjufcaLegislatureAssemblyEstablishment Sanjak of Prizren1455 Kosovo Vilayet1877 Treaty of London1913 Autonomous Province within Yugoslavia31 January 1946 Republic of Kosova2 July 1990 Kumanovo Agreement9 June 1999 UN Administration10 June 1999 Declaration of independence17 February 2008 End of Steering Group supervision10 September 2012 Brussels Agreement19 April 2013Area Total10 887 km2 4 203 sq mi Water 1 0Population 2024 census1 585 566 Density146 km2 378 1 sq mi GDP PPP 2024 estimate Total 29 723 billion 148th Per capita 18 746 97th GDP nominal 2024 estimate Total 11 172 billion 155th Per capita 7 048 100th Gini 2017 29 0 low inequalityHDI 2021 0 762 highCurrencyEuro b EUR Time zoneUTC 1 CET Summer DST UTC 2 CEST Date formatdd mm yyyyCalling code 383ISO 3166 codeXKInternet TLD xkc proposed Pristina is the capital of Kosovo and its seat of government A separate law recognises Prizren as the historic capital of Kosovo The Euro is the official currency in Kosovo even though Kosovo is not a formal member of the eurozone XK is a user assigned ISO 3166 code not designated by the standard but used by the European Commission Switzerland the Deutsche Bundesbank and other organisations However ISO 3166 2 RS KM remains in use The Dardani tribe emerged in Kosovo and established the Kingdom of Dardania in the 4th century BCE It was later annexed by the Roman Empire in the 1st century BCE The territory remained in the Byzantine Empire facing Slavic migrations in the 6th and 7th centuries CE Control shifted between the Byzantines and the First Bulgarian Empire In the 13th century Kosovo became integral to the Serbian medieval state and the establishment of the Serbian Patriarchate Ottoman expansion in the Balkans in the late 14th and 15th centuries led to the decline and fall of the Serbian Empire the Battle of Kosovo of 1389 in which a Serbian led coalition of various ethnicities fought against the Ottoman Empire is considered one of the defining moments Various dynasties mainly the Brankovic governed Kosovo for much of the period after the battle The Ottoman Empire fully conquered Kosovo after the Second Battle of Kosovo ruling for nearly five centuries until 1912 Kosovo was the centre of the Albanian Renaissance and experienced the Albanian revolts of 1910 and 1912 After the Balkan Wars 1912 1913 it was ceded to the Kingdom of Serbia and after World War II it became an Autonomous Province within Yugoslavia Tensions between Kosovo s Albanian and Serb communities simmered during the 20th century and occasionally erupted into major violence culminating in the Kosovo War of 1998 and 1999 which resulted in the Yugoslav army s withdrawal and the establishment of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo Kosovo unilaterally declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008 and has since gained diplomatic recognition as a sovereign state by 104 member states of the United Nations Serbia does not officially recognise Kosovo as a sovereign state and continues to claim it as its constituent Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija but it accepts the governing authority of the Kosovo institutions as part of the 2013 Brussels Agreement Kosovo is a developing country with an upper middle income economy It has experienced solid economic growth over the last decade as measured by international financial institutions since the onset of the financial crisis of 2007 2008 Kosovo is a member of the International Monetary Fund World Bank EBRD Venice Commission and the International Olympic Committee and has applied for membership in the Council of Europe UNESCO and Interpol and for observer status in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation In December 2022 Kosovo filed a formal application to become a member of the European Union EtymologyThe name Kosovo is of South Slavic origin Kosovo Serbian Cyrillic Kosovo is the Serbian neuter possessive adjective of kos kos blackbird an ellipsis for Kosovo Polje Blackbird Field the name of a karst field situated in the eastern half of today s Kosovo and the site of the 1389 Battle of Kosovo Field The name of the karst field was for the first time applied to a wider area when the Ottoman Vilayet of Kosovo was created in 1877 The entire territory that corresponds to today s country is commonly referred to in English simply as Kosovo and in Albanian as Kosova definite form or Kosove indefinite form pronounced kɔˈsɔve In Serbia a formal distinction is made between the eastern and western areas of the country the term Kosovo Kosovo is used for the eastern part of Kosovo centred on the historical Kosovo Field while the western part of the territory of Kosovo is called Metohija Albanian Dukagjin Thus in Serbian the entire area of Kosovo is referred to as Kosovo and Metohija Dukagjini or Dukagjini plateau Albanian Rrafshi i Dukagjinit is an alternative name for Western Kosovo having been in use since the 15th 16th century as part of the Sanjak of Dukakin with its capital Peja and is named after the medieval Albanian Dukagjini family Modern usage Some Albanians also prefer to refer to Kosovo as Dardania the name of an ancient kingdom and later Roman province which covered the territory of modern day Kosovo The name is derived from the ancient tribe of the Dardani which is considered be related to the Proto Albanian term darda which means pear Modern Albanian dardhe The former Kosovo President Ibrahim Rugova had been an enthusiastic backer of a Dardanian identity and the Kosovar presidential flag and seal refer to this national identity However the name Kosova remains more widely used among the Albanian population The flag of Dardania remains in use as the official Presidential seal and standard and is heavily featured in the institution of the presidency of the country The official conventional long name as defined by the constitution is Republic of Kosovo Additionally as a result of an arrangement agreed between Pristina and Belgrade in talks mediated by the European Union Kosovo has participated in some international forums and organisations under the title Kosovo with a footnote stating This designation is without prejudice to positions on status and is in line with UNSC 1244 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence This arrangement which has been dubbed the asterisk agreement was agreed in an 11 point arrangement on 24 February 2012 HistoryAncient history The strategic position including the abundant natural resources were favourable for the development of human settlements in Kosovo as is highlighted by the hundreds of archaeological sites identified throughout its territory Neolithic Goddess on the Throne is one of the most significant archaeological artifacts of Kosovo and has been adopted as the symbol of Pristina Since 2000 the increase in archaeological expeditions has revealed many previously unknown sites The earliest documented traces in Kosovo are associated to the Stone Age namely indications that cave dwellings might have existed such as Radivojce Cave near the source of the Drin River Grncar Cave in Viti municipality and the Dema and Karamakaz Caves in the municipality of Peja The earliest archaeological evidence of organised settlement which have been found in Kosovo belong to the Neolithic Starcevo and Vinca cultures Vlashnje and Runik are important sites of the Neolithic era with the rock art paintings at Mrrizi i Kobajes near Vlashnje being the first find of prehistoric art in Kosovo Amongst the finds of excavations in Neolithic Runik is a baked clay ocarina which is the first musical instrument recorded in Kosovo Kingdom of Dardania in the 3rd century BCE The first archaeological expedition in Kosovo was organised by the Austro Hungarian army during the World War I in the Illyrian tumuli burial grounds of Neperbishti within the district of Prizren The beginning of the Bronze Age coincides with the presence of tumuli burial grounds in western Kosovo like the site of Romaje The Dardani were the most important Paleo Balkan tribe in the region of Kosovo A wide area which consists of Kosovo parts of Northern Macedonia and eastern Serbia was named Dardania after them in classical antiquity reaching to the Thraco Illyrian contact zone in the east In archaeological research Illyrian names are predominant in western Dardania while Thracian names are mostly found in eastern Dardania Thracian names are absent in western Dardania while some Illyrian names appear in the eastern parts Thus their identification as either an Illyrian or Thracian tribe has been a subject of debate the ethnolinguistic relationship between the two groups being largely uncertain and debated itself as well The correspondence of Illyrian names including those of the ruling elite in Dardania with those of the southern Illyrians suggests a thracianisation of parts of Dardania The Dardani retained an individuality and continued to maintain social independence after Roman conquest playing an important role in the formation of new groupings in the Roman era Roman period During Roman rule Kosovo was part of two provinces with its western part being part of Praevalitana and the vast majority of its modern territory belonging to Dardania Praevalitana and the rest of Illyria was conquered by the Roman Republic in 168 BC On the other hand Dardania maintained its independence until the year 28 BC when the Romans under Augustus annexed it into their Republic Dardania eventually became a part of the Moesia province During the reign of Diocletian Dardania became a full Roman province and the entirety of Kosovo s modern territory became a part of the Diocese of Moesia and then during the second half of the 4th century it became part of the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum 548 Ruins of Ancient Ulpiana situated southeast of Pristina The city built by Trajan was an important political cultural and financial centre of the Roman province of Dardania During Roman rule a series of settlements developed in the area mainly close to mines and to the major roads The most important of the settlements was Ulpiana which is located near modern day Gracanica It was established in the 1st century AD possibly developing from a concentrated Dardanian oppidum and then was upgraded to the status of a Roman municipium at the beginning of the 2nd century during the rule of Trajan Ulpiana became especially important during the rule of Justinian I after the Emperor rebuilt the city after it had been destroyed by an earthquake and renamed it to Iustinianna Secunda Other important towns that developed in the area during Roman rule were Vendenis located in modern day Podujeve Viciano possibly near Vushtrri and Municipium Dardanorum an important mining town in Leposavic Other archeological sites include Cifllak in Western Kosovo Dresnik in Klina Pestova in Vushtrri Verban in Klokot Poslishte between Vermica and Prizren Paldenica near Hani i Elezit as well as Nerodime e Poshtme and Nikadin near Ferizaj The one thing all the settlements have in common is that they are located either near roads such as Via Lissus Naissus or near the mines of North Kosovo and eastern Kosovo Most of the settlements are archaeological sites that have been discovered recently and are being excavated It is also known that the region was Christianised during Roman rule though little is known regarding Christianity in the Balkans in the three first centuries AD The first clear mention of Christians in literature is the case of Bishop Dacus of Macedonia from Dardania who was present at the First Council of Nicaea 325 It is also known that Dardania had a Diocese in the 4th century and its seat was placed in Ulpiana which remained the episcopal centre of Dardania until the establishment of Justiniana Prima in 535 AD The first known bishop of Ulpiana is Machedonius who was a member of the council of Serdika Other known bishops were Paulus synod of Constantinople in 553 AD and Gregentius who was sent by Justin I to Ethiopia and Yemen to ease problems among different Christian groups there Middle Ages In the next centuries Kosovo was a frontier province of the Roman and later of the Byzantine Empire and as a result it changed hands frequently The region was exposed to an increasing number of raids from the 4th century CE onward culminating with the Slavic migrations of the 6th and 7th centuries Toponymic evidence suggests that Albanian was probably spoken in Kosovo prior to the Slavic settlement of the region The overwhelming presence of towns and municipalities in Kosovo with Slavic in their toponymy suggests that the Slavic migrations either assimilated or drove out population groups already living in Kosovo There is one intriguing line of argument to suggest that the Slav presence in Kosovo and southernmost part of the Morava valley may have been quite weak in the first one or two centuries of Slav settlement Only in the ninth century can the expansion of a strong Slav or quasi Slav power into this region be observed Under a series of ambitious rulers the Bulgarians pushed westwards across modern Macedonia and eastern Serbia until by the 850 s they had taken over Kosovo and were pressing on the border of Serbian Principality The First Bulgarian Empire acquired Kosovo by the mid 9th century but Byzantine control was restored by the late 10th century In 1072 the leaders of the Bulgarian Uprising of Georgi Voiteh traveled from their centre in Skopje to Prizren and held a meeting in which they invited Mihailo Vojislavljevic of Duklja to send them assistance Mihailo sent his son Constantine Bodin with 300 of his soldiers After they met the Bulgarian magnates proclaimed him Emperor of the Bulgarians Demetrios Chomatenos is the last Byzantine archbishop of Ohrid to include Prizren in his jurisdiction until 1219 Stefan Nemanja had seized the area along the White Drin in 1185 to 1195 and the ecclesiastical split of Prizren from the Patriarchate in 1219 was the final act of establishing Nemanjic rule Konstantin Jirecek concluded from the correspondence of archbishop Demetrios of Ohrid from 1216 to 1236 that Dardania was increasingly populated by Albanians and the expansion started from Gjakova and Prizren area prior to the Slavic expansion Gracanica Monastery a UNESCO World Heritage SiteVisoki Decani Monastery a UNESCO World Heritage Site During the 13th and 14th centuries Kosovo was a political cultural and religious centre of the Serbian Kingdom In the late 13th century the seat of the Serbian Archbishopric was moved to Peja and rulers centred themselves between Prizren and Skopje during which time thousands of Christian monasteries and feudal style forts and castles were erected with Stefan Dusan using Prizren Fortress as one of his temporary courts for a time When the Serbian Empire fragmented into a conglomeration of principalities in 1371 Kosovo became the hereditary land of the House of Brankovic During the late 14th and early 15th centuries parts of Kosovo the easternmost area located near Pristina were part of the Principality of Dukagjini which was later incorporated into an anti Ottoman federation of all Albanian principalities the League of Lezhe Medieval Monuments in Kosovo is a combined UNESCO World Heritage Site consisting of four Serbian Orthodox churches and monasteries in Decan Peja Prizren and Gracanica The constructions were founded by members of the Nemanjic dynasty a prominent dynasty of mediaeval Serbia Ottoman rule The Imperial Mosque of Pristina built by Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror 1461 In 1389 as the Ottoman Empire expanded northwards through the Balkans Ottoman forces under Sultan Murad I met with a Christian coalition led by Moravian Serbia under Prince Lazar in the Battle of Kosovo Both sides suffered heavy losses and the battle was a stalemate and it was even reported as a Christian victory at first but Serbian manpower was depleted and de facto Serbian rulers could not raise another equal force to the Ottoman army Different parts of Kosovo were ruled directly or indirectly by the Ottomans in this early period The medieval town of Novo Brdo was under Lazar s son Stefan who became a loyal Ottoman vassal and instigated the downfall of Vuk Brankovic who eventually joined the Hungarian anti Ottoman coalition and was defeated in 1395 96 A small part of Vuk s land with the villages of Pristina and Vushtrri was given to his sons to hold as Ottoman vassals for a brief period By 1455 57 the Ottoman Empire assumed direct control of all of Kosovo and the region remained part of the empire until 1912 During this period Islam was introduced to the region After the failed siege of Vienna by the Ottoman forces in 1693 during the Great Turkish War a number of Serbs that lived in Kosovo Macedonia and south Serbia migrated northwards near the Danube and Sava rivers and is one of the events known as the great migrations of the Serbs which also included some Christian Albanians The Albanians and Serbs who stayed in Kosovo after the war faced waves of Ottoman and Tatar forces who unleashed a savage retaliation on the local population To compensate for the population loss the Turks encouraged settlement of non Slav Muslim Albanians in the wider region of Kosovo By the end of the 18th century Kosovo would reattain an Albanian majority with Peja Prizren Prishtina becoming especially important towns for the local Muslim population Although initially stout opponents of the advancing Turks Albanian chiefs ultimately came to accept the Ottomans as sovereigns The resulting alliance facilitated the mass conversion of Albanians to Islam Given that the Ottoman Empire s subjects were divided along religious rather than ethnic lines the spread of Islam greatly elevated the status of Albanian chiefs Centuries earlier Albanians of Kosovo were predominantly Christian and Albanians and Serbs for the most part co existed peacefully The Ottomans appeared to have a more deliberate approach to converting the Roman Catholic population who were mostly Albanians in comparison with the mostly Serbian adherents of Eastern Orthodoxy as they viewed the former less favourably due to its allegiance to Rome a competing regional power Rise of nationalism The city of Prizren was the cultural and intellectual centre of Kosovo during the Ottoman period in the Middle Ages and is now the historic capital of Kosovo In the 19th century there was an awakening of ethnic nationalism throughout the Balkans The underlying ethnic tensions became part of a broader struggle of Christian Serbs against Muslim Albanians The ethnic Albanian nationalism movement was centred in Kosovo In 1878 the League of Prizren Lidhja e Prizrenit was formed a political organisation that sought to unify all the Albanians of the Ottoman Empire in a common struggle for autonomy and greater cultural rights although they generally desired the continuation of the Ottoman Empire The League was dis established in 1881 but enabled the awakening of a national identity among Albanians whose ambitions competed with those of the Serbs the Kingdom of Serbia wishing to incorporate this land that had formerly been within its empire The modern Albanian Serbian conflict has its roots in the expulsion of the Albanians in 1877 1878 from areas that became incorporated into the Principality of Serbia During and after the Serbian Ottoman War of 1876 78 between 30 000 and 70 000 Muslims mostly Albanians were expelled by the Serb army from the Sanjak of Nis and fled to the Kosovo Vilayet According to Austrian data by the 1890s Kosovo was 70 Muslim nearly entirely of Albanian descent and less than 30 non Muslim primarily Serbs In May 1901 Albanians pillaged and partially burned the cities of Novi Pazar Sjenica and Pristina and killed many Serbs near Pristina and in Kolasin now North Kosovo Division of Kosovo vilayet between the Kingdom of Serbia yellow and the Kingdom of Montenegro green following the Balkan Wars 1913 In the spring of 1912 Albanians under the lead of Hasan Prishtina revolted against the Ottoman Empire The rebels were joined by a wave of Albanians in the Ottoman army ranks who deserted the army refusing to fight their own kin The rebels defeated the Ottomans and the latter were forced to accept all fourteen demands of the rebels which foresaw an effective autonomy for the Albanians living in the Empire However this autonomy never materialised and the revolt created serious weaknesses in the Ottoman ranks luring Montenegro Serbia Bulgaria and Greece into declaring war on the Ottoman Empire and starting the First Balkan War After the Ottomans defeat in the First Balkan War the 1913 Treaty of London was signed with Metohija ceded to the Kingdom of Montenegro and eastern Kosovo ceded to the Kingdom of Serbia During the Balkan Wars over 100 000 Albanians left Kosovo and about 50 000 were killed in the massacres that accompanied the war Soon there were concerted Serbian colonisation efforts in Kosovo during various periods between Serbia s 1912 takeover of the province and World War II causing the population of Serbs in Kosovo to grow by about 58 000 in this period Serbian authorities promoted creating new Serb settlements in Kosovo as well as the assimilation of Albanians into Serbian society causing a mass exodus of Albanians from Kosovo The figures of Albanians forcefully expelled from Kosovo range between 60 000 and 239 807 while Malcolm mentions 100 000 120 000 In combination with the politics of extermination and expulsion there was also a process of assimilation through religious conversion of Albanian Muslims and Albanian Catholics into the Serbian Orthodox religion which took place as early as 1912 These politics seem to have been inspired by the nationalist ideologies of Ilija Garasanin and Jovan Cvijic In the winter of 1915 16 during World War I Kosovo saw the retreat of the Serbian army as Kosovo was occupied by Bulgaria and Austria Hungary In 1918 the Allied Powers pushed the Central Powers out of Kosovo German soldiers set fire to a Serbian village near Mitrovica circa 1941 A new administration system since 26 April 1922 split Kosovo among three districts oblast of the Kingdom Kosovo Raska and Zeta In 1929 the country was transformed into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the territories of Kosovo were reorganised among the Banate of Zeta the Banate of Morava and the Banate of Vardar In order to change the ethnic composition of Kosovo between 1912 and 1941 a large scale Serbian colonisation of Kosovo was undertaken by the Belgrade government Kosovar Albanians right to receive education in their own language was denied alongside other non Slavic or unrecognised Slavic nations of Yugoslavia as the kingdom only recognised the Slavic Croat Serb and Slovene nations as constituent nations of Yugoslavia Other Slavs had to identify as one of the three official Slavic nations and non Slav nations deemed as minorities Albanians and other Muslims were forced to emigrate mainly with the land reform which struck Albanian landowners in 1919 but also with direct violent measures In 1935 and 1938 two agreements between the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and Turkey were signed on the expatriation of 240 000 Albanians to Turkey but the expatriation did not occur due to the outbreak of World War II After the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in 1941 most of Kosovo was assigned to Italian controlled Albania and the rest was controlled by Germany and Bulgaria A three dimensional conflict ensued involving inter ethnic ideological and international affiliations Albanian collaborators persecuted Serb and Montenegrin settlers Estimates differ but most authors estimate that between 3 000 and 10 000 Serbs and Montenegrins died in Kosovo during the Second World War Another 30 000 to 40 000 or as high as 100 000 Serbs and Montenegrins mainly settlers were deported to Serbia in order to Kosovo A decree from Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito followed by a new law in August 1945 disallowed the return of colonists who had taken land from Albanian peasants During the war years some Serbs and Montenegrins were sent to concentration camps in Pristina and Mitrovica Nonetheless these conflicts were relatively low level compared with other areas of Yugoslavia during the war years Two Serb historians also estimate that 12 000 Albanians died An official investigation conducted by the Yugoslav government in 1964 recorded nearly 8 000 war related fatalities in Kosovo between 1941 and 1945 5 489 of them Serb or Montenegrin and 2 177 Albanian Some sources note that up to 72 000 individuals were encouraged to settle or resettle into Kosovo from Albania by the short lived Italian administration As the regime collapsed this was never materialised with historians and contemporary references emphasising that a large scale migration of Albanians from Albania to Kosovo is not recorded in Axis documents Communist Yugoslavia The flag of the Albanian minority of Kosovo in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia The existing province took shape in 1945 as the Autonomous Region of Kosovo and Metohija with a final demarcation in 1959 Until 1945 the only entity bearing the name of Kosovo in the late modern period had been the Vilayet of Kosovo a political unit created by the Ottoman Empire in 1877 However those borders were different Tensions between ethnic Albanians and the Yugoslav government were significant not only due to ethnic tensions but also due to political ideological concerns especially regarding relations with neighbouring Albania Harsh repressive measures were imposed on Kosovo Albanians due to suspicions that there were sympathisers of the Stalinist regime of Enver Hoxha of Albania In 1956 a show trial in Pristina was held in which multiple Albanian Communists of Kosovo were convicted of being infiltrators from Albania and given long prison sentences High ranking Serbian communist official Aleksandar Rankovic sought to secure the position of the Serbs in Kosovo and gave them dominance in Kosovo s nomenklatura Fadil Hoxha the vice president of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1978 to 1979 Islam in Kosovo at this time was repressed and both Albanians and Muslim Slavs were encouraged to declare themselves to be Turkish and emigrate to Turkey At the same time Serbs and Montenegrins dominated the government security forces and industrial employment in Kosovo Albanians resented these conditions and protested against them in the late 1960s calling the actions taken by authorities in Kosovo colonialist and demanding that Kosovo be made a republic or declaring support for Albania After the ouster of Rankovic in 1966 the agenda of pro decentralisation reformers in Yugoslavia succeeded in the late 1960s in attaining substantial decentralisation of powers creating substantial autonomy in Kosovo and Vojvodina and recognising a Muslim Yugoslav nationality As a result of these reforms there was a massive overhaul of Kosovo s nomenklatura and police that shifted from being Serb dominated to ethnic Albanian dominated through firing Serbs in large scale Further concessions were made to the ethnic Albanians of Kosovo in response to unrest including the creation of the University of Pristina as an Albanian language institution These changes created widespread fear among Serbs that they were being made second class citizens in Yugoslavia By the 1974 Constitution of Yugoslavia Kosovo was granted major autonomy allowing it to have its own administration assembly and judiciary as well as having a membership in the collective presidency and the Yugoslav parliament in which it held veto power In the aftermath of the 1974 constitution concerns over the rise of Albanian nationalism in Kosovo rose with the widespread celebrations in 1978 of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the League of Prizren Albanians felt that their status as a minority in Yugoslavia had made them second class citizens in comparison with the nations of Yugoslavia and demanded that Kosovo be a constituent republic alongside the other republics of Yugoslavia Protests by Albanians in 1981 over the status of Kosovo resulted in Yugoslav territorial defence units being brought into Kosovo and a state of emergency being declared resulting in violence and the protests being crushed In the aftermath of the 1981 protests purges took place in the Communist Party and rights that had been recently granted to Albanians were rescinded including ending the provision of Albanian professors and Albanian language textbooks in the education system While Albanians in the region had the highest birth rates in Europe other areas of Yugoslavia including Serbia had low birth rates Increased urbanisation and economic development led to higher settlements of Albanian workers into Serb majority areas as Serbs departed in response to the economic climate for more favourable real estate conditions in Serbia While there was tension charges of genocide and planned harassment have been discredited as a pretext to revoke Kosovo s autonomy For example in 1986 the Serbian Orthodox Church published an official claim that Kosovo Serbs were being subjected to an Albanian program of genocide Even though they were disproved by police statistics page needed they received wide attention in the Serbian press and that led to further ethnic problems and eventual removal of Kosovo s status Beginning in March 1981 Kosovar Albanian students of the University of Pristina organised protests seeking that Kosovo become a republic within Yugoslavia and demanding their human rights The protests were brutally suppressed by the police and army with many protesters arrested During the 1980s ethnic tensions continued with frequent violent outbreaks against Yugoslav state authorities resulting in a further increase in emigration of Kosovo Serbs and other ethnic groups The Yugoslav leadership tried to suppress protests of Kosovo Serbs seeking protection from ethnic discrimination and violence Kosovo War Ibrahim Rugova advocated for the rights of Kosovar Albanians and their self determination Inter ethnic tensions continued to worsen in Kosovo throughout the 1980s In 1989 Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic employing a mix of intimidation and political maneuvering drastically reduced Kosovo s special autonomous status within Serbia and started cultural oppression of the ethnic Albanian population Kosovar Albanians responded with a non violent separatist movement employing widespread civil disobedience and creation of parallel structures in education medical care and taxation with the ultimate goal of achieving the independence of Kosovo In July 1990 the Kosovo Albanians proclaimed the existence of the Republic of Kosova and declared it a sovereign and independent state in September 1992 In May 1992 Ibrahim Rugova was elected its president During its lifetime the Republic of Kosova was only officially recognised by Albania By the mid 1990s the Kosovo Albanian population was growing restless as the status of Kosovo was not resolved as part of the Dayton Agreement of November 1995 which ended the Bosnian War By 1996 the Kosovo Liberation Army KLA an ethnic Albanian guerrilla paramilitary group that sought the separation of Kosovo and the eventual creation of a Greater Albania had prevailed over the Rugova s non violent resistance movement and launched attacks against the Yugoslav Army and Serbian police in Kosovo resulting in the Kosovo War By 1998 international pressure compelled Yugoslavia to sign a ceasefire and partially withdraw its security forces Events were to be monitored by Organization for Security and Co operation in Europe OSCE observers according to an agreement negotiated by Richard Holbrooke The ceasefire did not hold and fighting resumed in December 1998 culminating in the Racak massacre which attracted further international attention to the conflict Within weeks a multilateral international conference was convened and by March had prepared a draft agreement known as the Rambouillet Accords calling for the restoration of Kosovo s autonomy and the deployment of NATO peacekeeping forces The Yugoslav delegation found the terms unacceptable and refused to sign the draft Between 24 March and 10 June 1999 NATO intervened by bombing Yugoslavia aiming to force Milosevic to withdraw his forces from Kosovo though NATO could not appeal to any particular motion of the Security Council of the United Nations to help legitimise its intervention Combined with continued skirmishes between Albanian guerrillas and Yugoslav forces the conflict resulted in a further massive displacement of population in Kosovo Kosovar Albanian soldiers holding pictures in memory of the men who were killed or went missing in the Krusha massacresPhotograph of Kosovo Albanian refugees during the Kosovo War presented as evidence at the trial of Slobodan Milosevic During the conflict between 848 000 and 863 000 ethnic Albanians fled or were forcefully driven from Kosovo and an additional 590 000 were internally displaced Some sources claim that this ethnic cleansing of Albanians was part of a plan known as Operation Horseshoe described as Milosevic s final solution to the Kosovo problem However the existence and implementation of this plan has not been proven During the war over 90 000 Serbian and other non Albanian refugees fled the province In September 1998 Serbian police collected 34 bodies of people believed to have been seized and murdered by the KLA among them some ethnic Albanians at Lake Radonjic near Glođane Gllogjan in what became known as the Lake Radonjic massacre the most serious atrocity by the KLA during the conflict By June Milosevic agreed to a foreign military presence in Kosovo and the withdrawal of his troops In the days after the Yugoslav Army withdrew over 80 000 Serb and other non Albanian civilians almost half of 200 000 estimated to live in Kosovo were expelled from Kosovo and many of the remaining civilians were victims of abuse After the Kosovo and other Yugoslav Wars Serbia became home to the highest number of refugees and IDPs including Kosovo Serbs in Europe Serbian and other children refugees Cernica Gjilan Heroinat Heroines monument in Pristina It is dedicated to women victims of sexual violence perpetrated by Serbian forces during the Kosovo War of which the vast majority were Albanian women The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ICTY prosecuted crimes committed during the Kosovo War Nine senior Yugoslav officials including Milosevic were indicted for crimes against humanity and war crimes committed between January and June 1999 Six of the defendants were convicted one was acquitted one died before his trial could commence and one Milosevic died before his trial could conclude Six KLA members were charged with crimes against humanity and war crimes by the ICTY following the war and one was convicted In total around 10 317 civilians were killed during the war of whom 8 676 were Albanians 1 196 Serbs and 445 Roma and others in addition to 3 218 killed members of armed formations United Nations administration US President Bill Clinton with Albanian children during his visit to Kosovo June 1999 On 10 June 1999 the UN Security Council passed UN Security Council Resolution 1244 which placed Kosovo under transitional UN administration UNMIK and authorised Kosovo Force KFOR a NATO led peacekeeping force Resolution 1244 provided that Kosovo would have autonomy within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and affirmed the territorial integrity of Yugoslavia which has been legally succeeded by the Republic of Serbia Estimates of the number of Serbs who left when Serbian forces left Kosovo vary from 65 000 to 250 000 Within post conflict Kosovo Albanian society calls for retaliation for previous violence done by Serb forces during the war circulated through public culture Widespread attacks against Serbian cultural sites commenced following the conflict and the return of hundreds of thousands of Kosovo Albanian refugees to their homes In 2004 prolonged negotiations over Kosovo s future status sociopolitical problems and nationalist sentiments resulted in the Kosovo unrest 11 Albanians and 16 Serbs were killed 900 people including peacekeepers were injured and several houses public buildings and churches were damaged or destroyed International negotiations began in 2006 to determine the final status of Kosovo as envisaged under UN Security Council Resolution 1244 The UN backed talks led by UN Special Envoy Martti Ahtisaari began in February 2006 Whilst progress was made on technical matters both parties remained diametrically opposed on the question of status itself In February 2007 Ahtisaari delivered a draft status settlement proposal to leaders in Belgrade and Pristina the basis for a draft UN Security Council Resolution which proposed supervised independence for the province A draft resolution backed by the United States the United Kingdom and other European members of the Security Council was presented and rewritten four times to try to accommodate Russian concerns that such a resolution would undermine the principle of state sovereignty Russia which holds a veto in the Security Council as one of five permanent members had stated that it would not support any resolution which was not acceptable to both Belgrade and Kosovo Albanians Whilst most observers had at the beginning of the talks anticipated independence as the most likely outcome others have suggested that a rapid resolution might not be preferable After many weeks of discussions at the UN the United States United Kingdom and other European members of the Security Council formally discarded a draft resolution backing Ahtisaari s proposal on 20 July 2007 having failed to secure Russian backing Beginning in August a Troika consisting of negotiators from the European Union Wolfgang Ischinger the United States Frank G Wisner and Russia Alexander Botsan Kharchenko launched a new effort to reach a status outcome acceptable to both Belgrade and Pristina Despite Russian disapproval the U S the United Kingdom and France appeared likely to recognise Kosovar independence A declaration of independence by Kosovar Albanian leaders was postponed until the end of the Serbian presidential elections 4 February 2008 A significant portion of politicians in both the EU and the US had feared that a premature declaration could boost support in Serbia for the nationalist candidate Tomislav Nikolic In November 2001 the Organization for Security and Co operation in Europe supervised the first elections for the Assembly of Kosovo After that election Kosovo s political parties formed an all party unity coalition and elected Ibrahim Rugova as president and Bajram Rexhepi PDK as Prime Minister After Kosovo wide elections in October 2004 the LDK and AAK formed a new governing coalition that did not include PDK and Ora This coalition agreement resulted in Ramush Haradinaj AAK becoming Prime Minister while Ibrahim Rugova retained the position of President PDK and Ora were critical of the coalition agreement and have since frequently accused that government of corruption Parliamentary elections were held on 17 November 2007 After early results Hashim Thaci who was on course to gain 35 per cent of the vote claimed victory for PDK the Democratic Party of Kosovo and stated his intention to declare independence Thaci formed a coalition with president Fatmir Sejdiu s Democratic League which was in second place with 22 percent of the vote The turnout at the election was particularly low Most members of the Serb minority refused to vote Declaration of independence The Newborn monument unveiled at the celebration of the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence proclaimed earlier that day 17 February 2008 PristinaThe prime minister of Kosovo Hashim Thaci then U S Vice President Joe Biden and the president of Kosovo Fatmir Sejdiu with the Declaration of Independence of Kosovo Kosovo declared independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008 As of 4 September 2020 114 UN states recognised its independence including all of its immediate neighbours with the exception of Serbia 10 states have subsequently withdrawn that recognition Of the UN Security Council members while the US UK and France do recognise Kosovo s independence Russia and China do not Since declaring independence it has become a member of international institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and World Bank though not of the United Nations The Serb minority of Kosovo which largely opposes the declaration of independence has formed the Community Assembly of Kosovo and Metohija in response The creation of the assembly was condemned by Kosovo s President Fatmir Sejdiu while UNMIK has said the assembly is not a serious issue because it will not have an operative role On 8 October 2008 the UN General Assembly resolved on a proposal by Serbia to ask the International Court of Justice to render an advisory opinion on the legality of Kosovo s declaration of independence The advisory opinion which is not binding over decisions by states to recognise or not recognise Kosovo was rendered on 22 July 2010 holding that Kosovo s declaration of independence was not in violation either of general principles of international law which do not prohibit unilateral declarations of independence nor of specific international law in particular UNSCR 1244 which did not define the final status process nor reserve the outcome to a decision of the Security Council Some rapprochement between the two governments took place on 19 April 2013 as both parties reached the Brussels Agreement an agreement brokered by the EU that allowed the Serb minority in Kosovo to have its own police force and court of appeals The agreement is yet to be ratified by either parliament Presidents of Serbia and Kosovo organised two meetings in Brussels on 27 February 2023 and Ohrid on 18 March 2023 to create and agree upon an 11 point agreement on implementing a European Union backed deal to normalise ties between the two countries which includes recognising each other s documents such as passports and license plates A number of protests and demonstrations took place in Kosovo between 2021 and 2023 some of which involved weapons and resulted in deaths on both sides Amongst the injured were 30 NATO peacekeepers The main reason behind the 2022 23 demonstrations ended on 1 January 2024 when each country recognised each other s vehicle registration plates GovernanceVjosa Osmani President Albin Kurti Prime Minister Kosovo is a multi party parliamentary representative democratic republic It is governed by legislative executive and judicial institutions which derive from the constitution although until the Brussels Agreement North Kosovo was in practice largely controlled by institutions of Serbia or parallel institutions funded by Serbia Legislative functions are vested in both the Parliament and the ministers within their competencies The Government exercises the executive power and is composed of the Prime Minister as the head of government the Deputy Prime Ministers and the Ministers of the various ministries The judiciary is composed of the Supreme Court and subordinate courts a Constitutional Court and independent prosecutorial institutions There also exist multiple independent institutions defined by the constitution and law as well as local governments All citizens are equal before the law and gender equality is ensured by the constitution The Constitutional Framework guarantees a minimum of ten seats in the 120 member Assembly for Serbs and ten for other minorities and also guarantees Serbs and other minorities places in the Government The president serves as the head of state and represents the unity of the people elected every five years indirectly by the parliament through a secret ballot by a two thirds majority of all deputies The head of state is invested primarily with representative responsibilities and powers The president has the power to return draft legislation to the parliament for reconsideration and has a role in foreign affairs and certain official appointments The Prime Minister serves as the head of government elected by the parliament Ministers are nominated by the Prime Minister and then confirmed by the parliament The head of government exercises executive power of the territory Corruption is a major problem and an obstacle to the development of democracy in the country Those in the judiciary appointed by the government to fight corruption are often government associates Moreover prominent politicians and party operatives who commit offences are not prosecuted due to the lack of laws and political will Organised crime also poses a threat to the economy due to the practices of bribery extortion and racketeering Foreign relations The foreign relations of Kosovo are conducted through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Pristina As of 2023 update 104 out of 193 United Nations member states recognise the Republic of Kosovo Within the European Union it is recognised by 22 of 27 members and is a potential candidate for the future enlargement of the European Union On 15 December 2022 Kosovo filed a formal application to become a member of the European Union Kosovo is a member of several international organisations including the International Monetary Fund World Bank International Road and Transport Union Regional Cooperation Council Council of Europe Development Bank Venice Commission and European Bank for Reconstruction and Development In 2015 Kosovo s bid to become a member of UNESCO fell three votes short of the two thirds majority required to join 23 countries maintain embassies in Kosovo Kosovo maintains 24 diplomatic missions and 28 consular missions abroad The relations with Albania are in a special case considering that both countries share the same language and culture The Albanian language is one of the official languages of Kosovo Albania has an embassy in the capital Pristina and Kosovo an embassy in Tirana In 1992 Albania was the only country whose parliament voted to recognise the Republic of Kosova Albania was also one of the first countries to officially announce its recognition of the Republic of Kosovo in February 2008 From 1 January 2024 Kosovo nationals became exempt from visa requirements within the Schengen Area for periods of up to 90 days in any 180 day period Law The Kosovo Police is the main law enforcement agency in Kosovo The judicial system of Kosovo follows a civil law framework and comprises regular civil and criminal courts alongside administrative courts Administered by the judicial council in Pristina the system includes the supreme court as the highest judicial authority a constitutional court and an independent prosecutorial institution Following the independence of Kosovo in 2008 the Kosovo Police assumed the primary law enforcement responsibilities within the country Covering a broad range of issues related to the status of Kosovo the Ahtisaari Plan introduced two forms of international supervision for Kosovo following its independence including the International Civilian Office ICO and the European Union Rule of Law Mission to Kosovo EULEX The ICO monitored plan implementation and possessed veto powers while EULEX focused on developing judicial systems and had arrest and prosecution authority These bodies were granted powers under Kosovo s declaration of independence and constitution The legal status of the ICO depended upon the de facto situation and Kosovo legislation with oversight provided by the International Steering Group ISG comprising states that recognized Kosovo Serbia and non recognising states did not acknowledge the ICO Despite initial opposition EULEX gained acceptance from Serbia and the UN Security Council in 2008 It operated under the UNMIK mandate with operational independence The ICO concluded operations in 2012 after fulfilling obligations while EULEX continues to operate within Kosovo and international law Its role has been extended primarily focusing on monitoring with reduced responsibilities According to the Global Safety Report by Gallup which assesses personal security worldwide through the Law and Order Index Scores for 2023 Kosovo has distinguished itself by ranking among the top ten countries globally in terms of perceived safety and law enforcement effectiveness Military The Kosovo Security Force is the military of Kosovo The Kosovo Security Force KSF is the national security force of Kosovo commissioned with the task of preserving and safeguarding the country s territorial integrity national sovereignty and the security interests of its population Functioning under the president of Kosovo as the commander in chief the security force adheres to the principle of non discrimination guaranteeing equal protection for its personnel regardless of gender or ethnicity Kosovo s notable challenges are identified in the realms of persistent conflicts and societal safety and security both of which are intertwined with the country s diplomatic ties to neighboring countries and its domestic social and political stability The Kosovo Force KFOR is a NATO led international peacekeeping force in Kosovo Its operations are gradually reducing until Kosovo s Security Force established in 2009 becomes self sufficient KFOR entered Kosovo on 12 June 1999 one day after the United Nations Security Council adopted the UNSC Resolution 1244 Camp Bondsteel is the operation headquarters of the Kosovo Force KFOR in Kosovo It is located near Ferizaj in southeastern Kosovo It is the Regional Command East headed by the United States Army U S Army and it is supported by troops from Greece Italy Finland Hungary Poland Slovenia Switzerland and Turkey In 2008 under the leadership of NATO the Kosovo Force KFOR and the Kosovo Protection Corps KPC undertook preparations for the formation of the Kosovo Security Force A significant milestone occurred in 2014 when the government officially announced its decision to establish a Ministry of Defence by 2019 with the aim of transforming the existing Kosovo Security Force into the Kosovo Armed Forces This transformation would entail aligning the armed forces with the high standards expected of NATO members reflecting Kosovo s aspiration to join the alliance in the future Subsequently in December 2018 the government enacted legislation to redefine the mandate of the Kosovo Security Force effecting its transformation into an army Concurrently the establishment of a Ministry of Defence was set in motion further solidifying these developments and ensuring the necessary infrastructure and oversight for the newly formed armed forces In 2023 the Kosovo Security Force had over 5 000 active members using vehicles and weapons acquired from a number of NATO countries KFOR continues to operate in Kosovo under its UN mandate Administrative divisionsKosovo is divided into seven districts Albanian rajon Serbian okrug according to the Law of Kosovo and the Brussels Agreement of 2013 which stipulated the formation of new municipalities with Serb majority populations The districts are further subdivided into 38 municipalities komune opstina The largest and most populous district of Kosovo is the District of Pristina with the capital in Pristina having a surface area of 2 470 km2 953 67 sq mi and a population of 477 312 Peja Gjakova Prizren Mitrovica Pristina Ferizaj Gjilan Districts Seat Area km2 PopulationDistrict of Peja Peja 1 365 174 235District of Mitrovica Mitrovica 2 077 272 247District of Pristina Pristina 2 470 477 312District of Gjilan Gjilan 1 206 180 783District of Gjakova Gjakova 1 129 194 672District of Prizren Prizren 1 397 331 670District of Ferizaj Ferizaj 1 030 185 806GeographyLandscape in Rugova within the Bjeshket e Nemuna National Park bordering Albania Defined in a total area of 10 887 square kilometres 4 203 square miles Kosovo is landlocked and located in the centre of the Balkan Peninsula in Southeastern Europe It lies between latitudes 42 and 43 N and longitudes 20 and 22 E The northernmost point is Belloberda at 43 14 06 northern latitude the southernmost is Restelice at 41 56 40 northern latitude the westernmost point is Boge at 20 3 23 eastern longitude and the easternmost point is Desivojca at 21 44 21 eastern longitude The highest point of Kosovo is Gjeravica at 2 656 metres 8 714 ft above sea level and the lowest is the White Drin at 297 metres 974 ft Most of the borders of Kosovo are dominated by mountainous and high terrain The most noticeable topographical features are the Accursed Mountains and the Sar Mountains The Accursed Mountains are a geological continuation of the Dinaric Alps The mountains run laterally through the west along the border with Albania and Montenegro The southeast is predominantly the Sar Mountains which constitute the border with North Macedonia Besides the mountain ranges Kosovo s territory consists mostly of two major plains the Kosovo Plain in the east and the Metohija Plain in the west Additionally Kosovo consists of multiple geographic and ethnographic regions such as Drenica Dushkaja Gollak Has Highlands of Gjakova Llap Llapusha and Rugova Kosovo s hydrological resources are relatively small there are few lakes in Kosovo the largest of which are Lake Batllava Badovc Lake Lake Gazivoda Lake Radoniq In addition to these Kosovo also does have karst springs thermal and mineral water springs The longest rivers of Kosovo include the White Drin the South Morava and the Ibar Sitnica a tributary of Ibar is the largest river lying completely within Kosovo s territory Nerodime river represents Europe s only instance of a river bifurcation flowing into the Black Sea and Aegean Sea Climate Alpine climate in Pashallora as seen from Brezovica Most of Kosovo experiences predominantly a Continental climate with Mediterranean and Alpine influences strongly influenced by Kosovo s proximity to the Adriatic Sea in the west the Aegean Sea in the south as well as the European continental landmass in the north The coldest areas are situated in the mountainous region to the west and southeast where an Alpine climate is prevalent The warmest areas are mostly in the extreme southern areas close to the border with Albania where a Mediterranean climate is the norm Mean monthly temperature ranges between 0 C 32 F in January and 22 C 72 F in July Mean annual precipitation ranges from 600 to 1 300 mm 24 to 51 in per year and is well distributed year round To the northeast the Kosovo Plain and Ibar Valley are drier with total precipitation of about 600 millimetres 24 inches per year and more influenced by continental air masses with colder winters and very hot summers In the southwest climatic area of Metohija receives more mediterranean influences with warmer summers somewhat higher precipitation 700 mm 28 in and heavy snowfalls in the winter The mountainous areas of the Accursed Mountains in the west Sar Mountains on the south and Kopaonik in the north experiences alpine climate with high precipitation 900 to 1 300 mm 35 to 51 in per year short and fresh summers and cold winters The average annual temperature of Kosovo is 9 5 C 49 1 F The warmest month is July with average temperature of 19 2 C 66 6 F and the coldest is January with 1 3 C 29 7 F Except Prizren and Istog all other meteorological stations in January recorded average temperatures under 0 C 32 F Biodiversity Bjeshket e Nemuna National Park is home to a wide range of flora and fauna species Located in Southeastern Europe Kosovo receives floral and faunal species from Europe and Eurasia Forests are widespread in Kosovo and cover at least 39 of the region Phytogeographically it straddles the Illyrian province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom In addition it falls within three terrestrial ecoregions Balkan mixed forests Dinaric Mountains mixed forests and Pindus Mountains mixed forests Kosovo s biodiversity is conserved in two national parks eleven nature reserves and one hundred three other protected areas The Bjeshket e Nemuna National Park and Sharr Mountains National Park are the most important regions of vegetation and biodiversity in Kosovo Kosovo had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5 19 10 ranking it 107th globally out of 172 countries Flora encompasses more than 1 800 species of vascular plant species but the actual number is estimated to be higher than 2 500 species The diversity is the result of the complex interaction of geology and hydrology creating a wide variety of habitat conditions for flora growth Although Kosovo represents only 2 3 of the entire surface area of the Balkans in terms of vegetation it has 25 of the Balkan flora and about 18 of the European flora The fauna is composed of a wide range of species 14 The mountainous west and southeast provide a great habitat for several rare or endangered species including brown bears lynxes wild cats wolves foxes wild goats roebucks and deers A total of 255 species of birds have been recorded with raptors such as the golden eagle eastern imperial eagle and lesser kestrel living principally in the mountains of Kosovo Environmental issues Environmental issues in Kosovo include a wide range of challenges pertaining to air and water pollution climate change waste management biodiversity loss and nature conservation The vulnerability of the country to climate change is influenced by various factors such as increased temperatures geological and hydrological hazards including droughts flooding fires and rains Kosovo is not a signatory to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC the Kyoto Protocol or the Paris Agreement Consequently the country is not mandated to submit a Nationally Determined Contribution NDC that are voluntary commitments outlining a nation s actions and strategies for mitigating climate change and adapting to its impacts However since 2021 Kosovo is actively engaged in the process of formulating a voluntary NDC with assistance provided from Japan In 2023 the country has established a goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 16 3 as part of its broader objective to achieve carbon neutrality by the year 2050 DemographicsThe population of Kosovo from 1921 to 2015 The Agency of Statistics estimated Kosovo s population in 2021 to be approximately 1 774 000 In 2023 the overall life expectancy at birth is 79 68 years 77 38 years for males and 81 87 years for females The estimated total fertility rate in 2023 is 1 88 children born per woman The country is the 11th most populous country in the Southeastern Europe Balkans and ranks as the 148th most populous country in the world The country s population rose steadily over the 20th century and peaked at an estimated 2 2 million in 1998 The Kosovo War and subsequent migration have decreased the population of Kosovo over time Distribution of ethnic groups within Kosovo as of the 2011 census In 2019 Albanians constituted 92 of the population of Kosovo followed by ethnic Serbs 4 Bosniaks 2 Turks 1 Romani 1 and the Gorani lt 1 Albanians constitute the majority of the population in most of Kosovo Ethnic Serbs are concentrated in the north of the country as well as in other municipalities in the east of the country such as Gracanica and Strpce Turks form a local majority in the municipality of Mamusha just north of Prizren while the Bosniaks are mainly located within Prizren itself The Gorani are concentrated in the southernmost tip of the country in Dragash The Romani are spread across the entire country The official languages of Kosovo are Albanian and Serbian and the institutions are committed to ensure the equal use of those two official languages of Kosovo Municipal civil servants are only required to speak one of the two languages in a professional setting and according to Language Commissioner of Kosovo Slavisa Mladenovic no government organisation has all of its documents available in both languages The Law on the Use of Languages gives Turkish the status of an official language in the municipality of Prizren irrespective of the size of the Turkish community living there Otherwise Turkish Bosnian and Roma hold the status of official languages at municipal level if the linguistic community represents at least 5 of the total population of municipality Albanian is spoken as a first language by all Albanians as well as some of the Romani people such as the Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians Serbian Bosnian and Turkish are spoken as first languages by their respective communities According to the World Happiness Report 2024 which evaluates the happiness levels of citizens in various countries Kosovo is currently ranked 29th among a total of 143 nations assessed compared with neighbours Serbia ranked 37th Montenegro 76th North Macedonia 84th and Albania 87th The relations between Kosovar Albanians and Kosovar Serbs have been hostile since the rise of nationalism in the Balkans during the 19th century During Communism in Yugoslavia the ethnic Albanians and Serbs were strongly irreconcilable with sociological studies during the Tito era indicating that ethnic Albanians and Serbs rarely accepted each other as neighbors or friends and few held inter ethnic marriages Ethnic prejudices stereotypes and mutual distrust between ethnic Albanians and Serbs have remained common for decades The level of intolerance and separation between both communities during the Tito period was reported by sociologists to be worse than that of Croat and Serb communities in Yugoslavia which also had tensions but held some closer relations between each other Despite their planned integration into the Kosovar society and their recognition in the Kosovar constitution the Romani Ashkali and Egyptian communities continue to face many difficulties such as segregation and discrimination in housing education health employment and social welfare Many camps around Kosovo continue to house thousands of internally displaced people all of whom are from minority groups and communities Because many of the Roma are believed to have sided with the Serbs during the conflict taking part in the widespread looting and destruction of Albanian property Minority Rights Group International report that Romani people encounter hostility by Albanians outside their local areas A 2020 research report funded by the EU shows that there is a limited scale of trust and overall contact between the major ethnic groups in Kosovo Largest municipalities by population 2024 Pristina Prizren Rank Municipality Population Rank Municipality Population Ferizaj Peja1 Pristina 227 154 11 Lipjan 54 9742 Prizren 147 428 12 Drenas 48 0543 Ferizaj 109 345 13 Suhareke 45 7134 Gjilan 82 901 14 Malisheva 43 8715 Peja 82 661 15 Rahovec 41 7776 Gjakova 78 824 16 Skenderaj 40 6327 Podujeve 71 018 17 Viti 35 5498 Mitrovica 64 680 18 Istog 33 0669 Kosovo Polje 64 078 19 Klina 30 57410 Vushtrri 61 493 20 Dragash 28 908 Religion Religion in KosovoMuslim 95 6 Christian 3 7 Roman Catholic 2 2 Eastern Orthodox 1 5 Non religious 0 1 Other 0 1 Unspecified 0 1 Kosovo is a secular state with no state religion freedom of belief conscience and religion is explicitly guaranteed in the Constitution of Kosovo Kosovar society is strongly secularised and is ranked first in Southern Europe and ninth in the world as free and equal for tolerance towards religion and atheism In the 2011 census 95 6 of the population of Kosovo was counted as Muslim and 3 7 as Christian including 2 2 as Roman Catholic and 1 5 as Eastern Orthodox The remaining 0 3 of the population reported having no religion or another religion or did not provide an adequate answer Protestants although recognised as a religious group in Kosovo by the government were not represented in the census The census was largely boycotted by the Kosovo Serbs who predominantly identify as Serbian Orthodox Christians especially in North Kosovo leaving the Serb population underrepresented Islam is the most widely practiced religion in Kosovo and was introduced in the Middle Ages by the Ottomans Today Kosovo has the second highest number of Muslims as a percentage of its population in Europe after Turkey The majority of the Muslim population of Kosovo are ethnic Albanians Turks and Slavs such as Gorani and Bosniaks Members of the Roman Catholic Church are predominantly Albanians while ethnic Serbs mainly belong to the Eastern Orthodox Church In 2008 Protestant pastor Artur Krasniqi primate of the Kosovo Protestant Evangelical Church claimed that as many as 15 000 Kosovar Albanians had converted to Protestantism since 1985 Relations between the Albanian Muslim and Albanian Catholic communities in Kosovo are good however both communities have few or no relations with the Serbian Orthodox community In general the Albanians define their ethnicity by language and not by religion while religion reflects a distinguishing identity feature among the Slavs of Kosovo and elsewhere EconomyKosovo has the fifth largest lignite reserves in the world The economy of Kosovo is a transitional economy It suffered from the combined results of political upheaval the Serbian dismissal of Kosovo employees and the following Yugoslav Wars Despite declining foreign assistance the GDP has mostly grown since its declaration of independence This was despite the financial crisis of 2007 2008 and the subsequent European debt crisis Additionally the inflation rate has been low Most economic development has taken place in the trade retail and construction sectors Kosovo is highly dependent on remittances from the diaspora foreign direct investment and other capital inflows In 2018 the International Monetary Fund reported that approximately one sixth of the population lived below the poverty line and one third of the working age population was unemployed the highest rate in Europe Kosovo s largest trading partners are Albania Italy Switzerland China Germany and Turkey The Euro is its official currency The Government of Kosovo has signed free trade agreements with Albania Croatia Bosnia and Herzegovina and North Macedonia Kosovo is a member of CEFTA agreed with UNMIK and enjoys free trade with most nearby non European Union countries Kosovo is dominated by the services sector accounting for 54 of GDP and employing approximately 56 6 of the population The industry accounted for 37 3 of GDP and employs roughly 24 8 of the labour force There are several reasons for the stagnation ranging from consecutive occupations political turmoil and the War in Kosovo in 1999 While agriculture accounts for only 6 6 of GDP albeit an increase of 0 5 percentage points from 2019 it forms 18 7 of Kosovo s workforce the highest proportion of agricultural employment in the region after Albania Since 2019 the Port of Durres in Albania on the Adriatic Sea is facilitating customs processes for cargo heading to Kosovo A dedicated customs office for Kosovo also operates within the port facilities Kosovo has large reserves of lead zinc silver nickel cobalt copper iron and bauxite The nation has the fifth largest lignite reserves in the world and the third in Europe The Directorate for Mines and Minerals and the World Bank estimated that Kosovo had 13 5 billion worth of minerals in 2005 The primary sector is based on small to medium sized family owned dispersed units 53 of the nation s area is agricultural land 41 forest and forestry land and 6 for others Wine has historically been produced in Kosovo The main heartland of Kosovo s wine industry is in Rahovec The main cultivars include Pinot noir Merlot and Chardonnay Kosovo exports wines to Germany and the United States The four state owned wine production facilities were not as much wineries as they were wine factories Only the Rahovec facility that held approximately 36 of the total vineyard area had the capacity of around 50 million litres annually The major share of the wine production was intended for exports At its peak in 1989 the exports from the Rahovec facility amounted to 40 million litres and were mainly distributed to the German market Energy Bajgora Wind Farm the largest wind farm in Kosovo The electricity sector in Kosovo is considered one of the sectors with the greatest potential of development Kosovo s electricity sector is highly dependent on coal fired power plants which use the abundant lignite so efforts are being made to diversify electricity generation with more renewables sources such as wind farms in Bajgora and Kitka A joint energy bloc between Kosovo and Albania is in work after an agreement which was signed in December 2019 With that agreement Albania and Kosovo will now be able to exchange energy reserves which is expected to result in 4 million in savings per year for Kosovo Tourism Brezovica ski resort is a popular destination for winter tourism in Kosovo The natural values of Kosovo represent quality tourism resources The description of Kosovo s potential in tourism is closely related to its geographical location in the centre of the Balkan Peninsula in Southeastern Europe It represents a crossroads which historically dates back to antiquity Kosovo serves as a link in the connection between Central and Southern Europe and the Adriatic Sea and Black Sea Kosovo is generally rich in various topographical features including high mountains lakes canyons steep rock formations and rivers The mountainous west and southeast of Kosovo has great potential for winter tourism Skiing takes place at the Brezovica ski resort within the Sar Mountains with the close proximity to the Pristina Airport 60 km and Skopje International Airport 70 km which is a popular destination for international tourists Kosovo also has lakes like Lake Batllava that serves as a popular destination for watersports camping and swimming Other lakes include Ujmani Lake Liqenati Lake Zemra Lake Other major attractions include the capital Pristina the historical cities of Prizren Peja and Gjakova but also Ferizaj and Gjilan The New York Times included Kosovo on the list of 41 places to visit in 2011 Transport The Pristina International Airport PRN handles more than 3 4 million passengers per year Road transportation of passengers and freight is the most common form of transportation in Kosovo There are two main motorways in Kosovo the R7 connecting Kosovo with Albania and the R6 connecting Pristina to the Macedonian border at Hani i Elezit The construction of the R7 1 Motorway began in 2017 The R7 Motorway part of Albania Kosovo Highway links Kosovo to Albania s Adriatic coast in Durres Once the remaining European route E80 from Pristina to Merdare section project will be completed the motorway will link Kosovo through the present European route E80 highway with the Pan European corridor X E75 near Nis in Serbia The R6 Motorway forming part of the E65 is the second motorway constructed in the region It links the capital Pristina with the border with North Macedonia at Hani i Elezit which is about 20 km 12 mi from Skopje Construction of the motorway started in 2014 and finished in 2019 Trainkos operates daily passenger trains on two routes Pristina Fushe Kosove Peje as well as Pristina Fushe Kosove Ferizaj Skopje North Macedonia the latter in cooperation with Macedonian Railways Also freight trains run throughout the country The nation hosts two airports Pristina International Airport and Gjakova Airport Pristina International Airport is located southwest of Pristina It is Kosovo s only international airport and the only port of entry for air travelers to Kosovo Gjakova Airport was built by the Kosovo Force KFOR following the Kosovo War next to an existing airfield used for agricultural purposes and was used mainly for military and humanitarian flights The local and national government plans to offer Gjakova Airport for operation under a public private partnership with the aim of turning it into a civilian and commercial airport InfrastructureHealth In the past Kosovo s capabilities to develop a modern health care system were limited Low GDP during 1990 worsened the situation even more However the establishment of Faculty of Medicine in the University of Pristina marked a significant development in health care This was also followed by launching different health clinics which enabled better conditions for professional development Nowadays the situation has changed and the health care system in Kosovo is organised into three sectors primary secondary and tertiary health care Primary health care in Pristina is organised into thirteen family medicine centres and fifteen ambulatory care units Secondary health care is decentralised in seven regional hospitals Pristina does not have any regional hospital and instead uses University Clinical Centre of Kosovo for health care services University Clinical Centre of Kosovo provides its health care services in twelve clinics where 642 doctors are employed At a lower level home services are provided for several vulnerable groups which are not able to reach health care premises Kosovo health care services are now focused on patient safety quality control and assisted health Education The National Library of Kosovo Education for primary secondary and tertiary levels is predominantly public and supported by the state run by the Ministry of Education Education takes place in two main stages primary and secondary education and higher education The primary and secondary education is subdivided into four stages preschool education primary and low secondary education high secondary education and special education Preschool education is for children from the ages of one to five Primary and secondary education is obligatory for everyone It is provided by gymnasiums and vocational schools and also available in languages of recognised minorities in Kosovo where classes are held in Albanian Serbian Bosnian Turkish and Croatian The first phase primary education includes grades one to five and the second phase low secondary education grades six to nine The third phase high secondary education consists of general education but also professional education which is focused on different fields It lasts four years However pupils are offered possibilities of applying for higher or university studies According to the Ministry of Education children who are not able to get a general education are able to get a special education fifth phase Higher education can be received in universities and other higher education institutes These educational institutions offer studies for Bachelor Master and PhD degrees The students may choose full time or part time studies Students from Kosovo performed very poorly on several PISA tests and this result has sparked debates about the education system Media Kosovo ranks 56th out of 180 countries in the 2023 Press Freedom Index report compiled by the Reporters Without Borders The Media consists of different kinds of communicative media such as radio television newspapers and internet web sites Most of the media survive from advertising and subscriptions As according to IREX there are 92 radio stations and 22 television stations CultureCuisine Fli is one of the most favoured dishes of the traditional Albanian cuisine in Kosovo Kosovar cuisine is distinguished by multifaceted culinary influences derived from Balkan Mediterranean and Ottoman traditions This combination reflects Kosovo s diverse historical and cultural contexts while highlighting its Albanian heritage A paramount aspect of this tradition is the principle of hospitality as articulated in the Kanun which guides various aspects of social interactions and practices Particularly the notion the house of an Albanian belongs to God and to the guest underscores the high regard on treating guests with respect and generosity Fli stands out for its unique preparation which involves layering batter and cream in a special pan called a sac baked slowly over several hours Pite a savory pie filled with a mixture of meat cheese or spinach is often enjoyed as a hearty meal throughout Kosovo Another popular dish is Byrek a flaky pastry that can be filled with a variety of ingredients including meat spinach or cheese and is often prepared in circular pans Qebapa are hand rolled sausages traditionally made from a blend of minced beef and other meats are seasoned with a mix of spices such as garlic and black pepper They are commonly served alongside freshly baked bread raw onions and ajvar a popular savory red pepper eggplant and garlic spread that complements the dish Petulla or fried dough balls also known as Llokuma are often drizzled with honey or sprinkled with sugar Recel a type of fruit preserve is made from various fruits and often used as a spread on bread or served alongside petulla Bakllave is a traditional dessert in Southern Europe comprising layers of phyllo pastry filled with nuts and drizzled with honey that is often served for festive occasions Another notable dessert is Trilece a sponge cake soaked in a blend of three types of milk and covered with caramel The coffee culture of Kosovo represents a vibrant and essential aspect of daily life functioning as a cornerstone for social interactions and communal gatherings In Kosovo coffee symbolises hospitality and community inviting both locals and visitors to connect Often accompanied by traditional sweets and pastries the preparation of coffee typically involves a cezve a traditional pot for brewing finely ground coffee This method emphasises the ceremonial nature of coffee preparation Hosts take pride in serving their guests the finest brew highlighting the importance of hospitality The act of sharing coffee fosters meaningful conversations among individuals with people recounting stories and engaging in discussions about life Sports Pristina was announced as the host city of the 2030 Mediterranean Games Since its declaration of independence in 2008 Kosovo has made substantial advancements in international sports The nation s inaugural participation in the Olympic Games occurred at the 2016 games where it achieved a milestone by securing its first medals totaling five medals to date Kosovo s involvement in the European Games began in 2015 during which the nation amassed four medals Additionally Kosovo commenced participation in the Mediterranean Games in 2018 achieving success with a total of ten medals Forthcoming Kosovo is scheduled to host the 2030 games marking a significant opportunity for the nation in the realm of international sports Notable athletes such as Laura Fazliu Akil Gjakova Nora Gjakova Majlinda Kelmendi Loriana Kuka and Distria Krasniqi have played vital roles in Kosovo s sporting achievements with Majlinda Kelmendi being particularly recognised for winning the nation s first Olympic gold medal Judo has become a cornerstone of Kosovo s success in international competitions accounting for the majority of the nation s medals across various events Prior to Kosovo s independence notable athletes such as Aziz Salihu Vladimir Durkovic Fahrudin Jusufi and Milutin Soskic represented Yugoslavia thereby contributing to the diverse athletic heritage of Kosovo Kosovo achieved full membership status in both the Union of European Football Associations UEFA and Federation Internationale de Football Association FIFA in 2016 facilitating the nation s participation in international football competitions As a result the national football team of Kosovo became eligible to compete in qualification rounds for major tournaments such as the UEFA Nations League the European Championship and the FIFA World Cup The team s paramount achievement occurred during the 2018 19 edition of the UEFA Nations League wherein they concluded the tournament atop their League D group maintaining an unbeaten record of four victories and two draws thus securing promotion to a higher competitive tier Several Kosovo Albanian players have opted to represent various European nations highlighting figures examples including Lorik Cana for Albania and Adnan Januzaj for Belgium Furthermore key contributions have come from players such as Valon Behrami Xherdan Shaqiri and Granit Xhaka all of whom have made pivotal contributions to the Swiss team Arts The National Museum of KosovoThe Great Hamam of Pristina was built in the 15th century and was part of the Imperial Mosque in Pristina The architecture of Kosovo dates back to the Neolithic Bronze and Middle Ages It has been influenced by the presence of different civilisations and religions as evidenced by the structures which have survived to this day Kosovo is home to many monasteries and churches from the 13th and 14th centuries that represent the Serbian Orthodox legacy Architectural heritage from the Ottoman Period includes mosques and hamams from the 15th 16th and 17th centuries Other historical architectural structures of interest include kullas from the 18th and 19th centuries as well as a number of bridges urban centres and fortresses While some vernacular buildings are not considered important in their own right taken together they are of considerable interest During the 1999 conflict in Kosovo many buildings that represent this heritage were destroyed or damaged In the Dukagjini region at least 500 kullas were attacked and most of them destroyed or otherwise damaged In 2004 UNESCO recognised the Visoki Decani monastery as World Heritage Site for its outstanding universal value Two years later the site of patrimony was extended as a serial nomination to include three other religious monuments Patriarchate of Peja Our Lady of Ljevis and Gracanica monastery under the name of Medieval Monuments in Kosovo It consists of four Serbian Orthodox churches and monasteries which represent the fusion of the eastern Orthodox Byzantine and the western Romanesque ecclesiastical architecture to form the Palaiologan Renaissance style These monuments have come under attack especially during the 2004 ethnic violence In 2006 the property was inscribed on the List of World Heritage in Danger due to difficulties in its management and conservation stemming from the region s political instability Kosovar art was unknown to the international public for a very long time because of the regime many artists were unable to display their art in art galleries and so were always on the lookout for alternatives and even resorted to taking matters into their own hands Until 1990 artists from Kosovo presented their art in many prestigious worldwide renowned centres They were affirmed and evaluated highly because of their unique approach to the arts considering the circumstances in which they were created making them distinguished and original In February 1979 the Kosova National Art Gallery was founded It became the highest institution of visual arts in Kosovo It was named after one of the most prominent artists of Kosovo Muslim Mulliqi Engjell Berisha Masar Caka Tahir Emra Abdullah Gerguri Hysni Krasniqi Nimon Lokaj Aziz Nimani Ramadan Ramadani Esat Valla and Lendita Zeqiraj are some of few Albanian painters born in Kosovo Music Although the music in Kosovo is diverse authentic Albanian and Serbian music still exist Albanian music is characterised by the use of the Cifteli Classical music is well known in Kosovo and has been taught at several music schools and universities In 2014 Kosovo submitted their first film for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film with Three Windows and a Hanging directed by Isa Qosja The Neolithic Runik ocarina is the oldest musical instrument found in Kosovo to date and one of the oldest in Europe A baked clay ocarina was found in the village of Runik which is considered to be the oldest musical instrument found in Kosovo and one of the oldest ocarinas ever found in Europe Runik ocarina is thought to be at least 8 000 years old In the past epic poetry in Kosovo and Northern Albania was sung on a lahuta and then a more tuneful ciftelia was used which has two strings one for the melody and one for drone Kosovar music is influenced by Turkish music due to the almost 500 year span of Ottoman rule in Kosovo though Kosovar folklore has preserved its originality and exemplary Archaeological research tells how old this tradition is and how it was developed in parallel with other traditional music in the Balkans Roots dating to the 5th century BC have been found in paintings on stones of singers with instruments There is a famous portrait of Pani holding an instrument similar to a flute Rita Ora left and Dua Lipa right are both singers that come from Kosovo The contemporary music artists Rita Ora Dua Lipa and Era Istrefi are all of Albanian origin and have achieved international recognition for their music One widely recognised musician from Prizren is guitarist Petrit Ceku winner of several international prizes Serbian music from Kosovo presents a mixture of traditional music which is part of the wider Balkan tradition with its own distinctive sound and various Western and Turkish influences Serb songs from Kosovo were an inspiration for 12th song wreath by composer Stevan Mokranjac Most of Serbian music from Kosovo was dominated by church music with its own share of sung epic poetry Serbian national instrument Gusle is also used in Kosovo Viktorija is the only artist from Kosovo who represented Yugoslavia in the Eurovision Song Contest as part of Aska in 1982 Singer Rona Nishliu finished 5th in the 2012 Eurovision Song Contest while Lindita represented Albania in 2017 Several Serbian singers from Kosovo have also participated in the Serbian national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest Nevena Bozovic represented Serbia in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest and twice in the Eurovision Song Contest firstly as a member of Moje 3 in 2013 and as a solo act in 2019 Cinema Bekim Fehmiu was the first Eastern European actor to star in Hollywood during the Cold War The film industry of Kosovo dates from the 1970s In 1969 the parliament of Kosovo established Kosovafilm a state institution for the production distribution and showing of films Its initial director was the actor Abdurrahman Shala followed by writer and noted poet Azem Shkreli under whose direction the most successful films were produced Subsequent directors of Kosovafilm were Xhevar Qorraj Ekrem Kryeziu and Gani Mehmetaj After producing seventeen feature films numerous short films and documentaries the institution was taken over by the Serbian authorities in 1990 and dissolved Kosovafilm was reestablished after Yugoslav withdrawal from the region in June 1999 and has since been endeavoring to revive the film industry in Kosovo Dokufest in Prizren The International Documentary and Short Film Festival is the largest film event in Kosovo The Festival is organised in August in Prizren which attracts numerous international and regional artists In this annually organised festival films are screened twice a day in three open air cinemas as well as in two regular cinemas Except for its films the festival is also well known for lively nights after the screening Various events happen within the scope of the festival workshops DokuPhoto exhibitions festival camping concerts which altogether turn the city into a charming place to be In 2010 Dokufest was voted as one of the 25 best international documentary festivals International actors of Albanian origin from Kosovo include Arta Dobroshi James Biberi Faruk Begolli and Bekim Fehmiu The Prishtina International Film Festival is the largest film festival held annually in Pristina in Kosovo that screens prominent international cinema productions in the Balkan region and beyond and draws attention to the Kosovar film industry The movie Shok was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film at the 88th Academy Awards The movie was written and directed by Oscar nominated director Jamie Donoughue based on true events during the Kosovo war Shok s distributor is Ouat Media and the social media campaign is led by Team Albanians See alsoList of Kosovo Albanians Outline of Kosovo Partition of AlbaniaNotes ˈ k ɒ s e v oʊ KOSS e voh Albanian Kosova kɔˈsɔva Serbian Cyrillic Kosovo kosovo Albanian Republika e Kosoves Serbian Republika Kosovo romanized Republika KosovoReferences Israel s ties with Kosovo What new opportunities await The Jerusalem Post 1 February 2021 Archived from the original on 7 February 2021 Retrieved 8 February 2021 LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN KOSOVO Archived from the original on 19 December 2023 Retrieved 19 December 2023 Municipal language compliance in Kosovo OSCE Minsk Group Archived from the original on 5 March 2021 Retrieved 17 February 2021 Turkish language is currently official in Prizren and Mamusa Mamushe Mamusa municipalities In 2007 and 2008 the municipalities of Gjilan Gnjilane southern Mitrovice Mitrovica Prishtine Pristina and Vushtrri Vucitrn also recognised Turkish as a language in official use Total pg 32 Ethnic pg 44 Religion pg 46 ReKos 2024 PDF www ask rks gov net in Albanian Kosovo Agency of Statistics ASK 19 December 2024 Retrieved 20 December 2024 Kosovo profile BBC 28 June 2023 Archived from the original on 27 September 2023 Retrieved 12 September 2023 Water percentage in Kosovo Facts about Kosovo 2011 Agriculture Statistics Kosovo Agency of Statistics KAS Archived from the original on 29 August 2017 World Economic Outlook Database October 2024 Edition Kosovo www imf org International Monetary Fund 22 October 2024 Retrieved 20 December 2024 GINI index World Bank estimate Kosovo World Bank Archived from the original on 24 January 2019 Retrieved 24 September 2020 Sub national HDI Area Database Global Data Lab hdi globaldatalab org Archived from the original on 29 November 2022 Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo PDF 13 Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo 9 April 2008 Ligji Nr 06 L 012 per Kryeqytetin e Republikes se Kosoves Prishtinen in Albanian Gazeta Zyrtare e Republikes se Kosoves 6 June 2018 Archived from the original on 24 September 2020 Retrieved 24 September 2020 The euro outside the euro area Economy and Finance European Commission Archived from the original on 28 January 2024 Retrieved 28 January 2024 Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo PDF 11 Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo 9 April 2008 Perfundon periudha transitore Nga sot euro valuta e vetme per transaksione ne Kosove The transitory period is over from today euro is the only currency for transactions in Kosovo Telegrafi in Albanian Prishtina Telegrafi 12 May 2024 Archived from the original on 13 May 2024 Retrieved 13 May 2024 Kosovo Guidebook PDF eca state gov Retrieved 20 September 2024 Population and housing census in Kosovo preliminary results July 2024 PDF Retrieved 21 July 2024 Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo PDF International Court of Justice ICJ 22 July 2010 Archived from the original PDF on 24 September 2020 Retrieved 24 September 2020 Gvosdev Nikolas K 24 April 2013 Kosovo 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