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Immorality is the violation of moral laws, norms or standards. It refers to an agent doing or thinking something they know or believe to be wrong. Immorality is normally applied to people or actions, or in a broader sense, it can be applied to groups or corporate bodies, and works of art.
Ancient Greece
Callicles and Thrasymachus are two characters of Plato's dialogues, Gorgias and Republic, respectively, who challenge conventional morality.
Aristotle saw many vices as excesses or deficits in relation to some virtue, as cowardice and rashness relate to courage. Some attitudes and actions – such as envy, murder, and theft – he saw as wrong in themselves, with no question of a deficit/excess in relation to the mean.
Religion
In Islam, Judaism and Christianity, sin is a central concept in understanding immorality.
Immorality is often closely linked with both religion and sexuality.Max Weber saw rational articulated religions as engaged in a long-term struggle with more physical forms of religious experience linked to dance, intoxication and sexual activity.Durkheim pointed out how many primitive rites culminated in abandoning the distinction between licit and immoral behavior.
Freud's dour conclusion was that "In every age immorality has found no less support in religion than morality has".
Sexual immorality
Coding of sexual behavior has historically been a feature of all human societies; as too has been the policing of breaches of its mores – sexual immorality – by means of formal and informal social control. Interdictions and taboos among primitive societies were arguably no less severe than in traditional agrarian societies. In the latter, the degree of control might vary from time to time and region to region, being least in urban settlements; however, only the last three centuries of intense urbanisation, commercialisation and modernisation have broken with the restrictions of the pre-modern world, in favor of a successor society of fractured and competing sexual codes and subcultures, where sexual expression is integrated into the workings of the commercial world.
Nevertheless, while the meaning of sexual immorality has been drastically redefined in recent times, arguably the boundaries of what is acceptable remain publicly policed and as highly charged as ever, as the decades-long debates in the US over reproductive rights after Roe v. Wade, or 21st-century controversy over child images on Wikipedia and Amazon would tend to suggest.
Defining sexual immorality across history is difficult as many different religions, cultures and societies have held contradictory views about sexuality. But there is an almost universal disdain for two sexual practices throughout history. These two behaviors include infidelity within a monogamous, romantic relationship and incest between immediate family members.[citation needed]
Other than these two practices, some cultures[which?] throughout history have permitted sexual behaviors considered obscene by many cultures today, such as marriage between cousins, polygyny, underage sex, rape during war or forced assimilation, and even zoophilia.[citation needed]
Modernity
Michel Foucault considered that the modern world was unable to put forward a coherent morality – an inability underpinned philosophically by emotivism. Nevertheless, modernism has often been accompanied by a cult of immorality, as for example when John Ciardi acclaimed Naked Lunch as "a monumentally moral descent into the hell of narcotic addiction".
Immoral psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis received much early criticism for being the unsavory product of an immoral town – Vienna; psychoanalysts for being both unscrupulous and dirty-minded.
Freud himself however was of the opinion that "anyone who has succeeded in educating himself to truth about himself is permanently defended against the danger of immorality, even though his standard of morality may differ".Nietzsche referred to his ethical philosophy as Immoralism.
Literary references
- When questioned by a proof-reader whether his description of Meleager as the immoral poet should be immortal poet, T. E. Lawrence replied: "Immorality I know. Immortality I cannot judge. As you please: Meleager will not sue us for libel".
- De Quincey set out an (inverted) hierarchy of immorality in his study On Murder Considered as One of the Fine Arts: "if once a man indulges himself in murder, very soon he comes to think little of robbing; and from robbing he comes next to drinking and Sabbath-breaking, and from that to procrastination and incivility...this downward path".
See also
- Amorality
- Antinomianism
- Anti-social behaviour
- Baudelaire
- Criminality
- Deviance (sociology)
- Disinhibition – disregard for social conventions and norms
- Ethics
- Evil
- Harm
- Hedonism
- Libertine
- Limit-experience
- Bernard Mandeville
- Mann Act
- Morality
- Morality in Islam
- Moral psychology
- Perversion
- Raunch culture
- Repressive desublimation
- Selfishness
- Sexual ethics
- Seven deadly sins
- Sin
- Vice
- Wickedness
References
- New School Dictionary. Collins. 1999. p. 24. ISBN 0 00 472238-8.
- "amoral vs. immoral on Vocabulary.com". www.vocabulary.com. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
- Barney, Rachel (2017), Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), "Callicles and Thrasymachus", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2017 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2023-02-18
- Aristotle, Ethics (1976) p. 102
- B. Kirkpatrick ed, Roget's Thesaurus (1998) pp. 650 and 670
- Max Weber, The Sociology of Religion (1971) p. 158
- Émile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (1971) p. 383
- S. Freud, Civilization, Society and Religion (PFL 12) p. 220
- F. Dabhoiwala, 'The first sexual revolution', The Oxford Historian X (2012) p. 426
- Durkheim, p. 410
- S. Freud, On Sexuality (PFL 7) p. 271
- E. Ladurie, Montaillou (1980) p. 149 and p. 169
- Dabhoiwala, p. 41–3
- Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man (2002) p. 78
- A. Lih, The Wikipedia Revolution (2010) p. 204–9
- G, Gutting ed., The Cambridge Companion to Foucault (2003) p. 87
- Eric Berne, Games People Play (1966) p. 70
- Quoted in J. Campbell, This is the Beat Generation (1999) p. 265
- Peter Gay, Freud (1989) p. 194-6
- S. Freud, Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis (PFL 1) p. 485-6
- Von Tevenar, G. (2007). Nietzsche and Ethics. Peter Lang. p. 55. ISBN 978-3-03911-045-2. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
- T. E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom (1936) p. 25
- Thomas De Quincey, On Murder Considered as One of the Fine Arts (2004) p. 28
Further reading
- Bible
- Catechism of the Catholic Church
- André Gide, L'Immoraliste (1902)
- Catherine Edwards, The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome (2002)
External links
The dictionary definition of immorality at Wiktionary
The neutrality of this article is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met January 2019 Learn how and when to remove this message Immorality is the violation of moral laws norms or standards It refers to an agent doing or thinking something they know or believe to be wrong Immorality is normally applied to people or actions or in a broader sense it can be applied to groups or corporate bodies and works of art Ancient GreeceCallicles and Thrasymachus are two characters of Plato s dialogues Gorgias and Republic respectively who challenge conventional morality Aristotle saw many vices as excesses or deficits in relation to some virtue as cowardice and rashness relate to courage Some attitudes and actions such as envy murder and theft he saw as wrong in themselves with no question of a deficit excess in relation to the mean ReligionIn Islam Judaism and Christianity sin is a central concept in understanding immorality Immorality is often closely linked with both religion and sexuality Max Weber saw rational articulated religions as engaged in a long term struggle with more physical forms of religious experience linked to dance intoxication and sexual activity Durkheim pointed out how many primitive rites culminated in abandoning the distinction between licit and immoral behavior Freud s dour conclusion was that In every age immorality has found no less support in religion than morality has Sexual immoralityCoding of sexual behavior has historically been a feature of all human societies as too has been the policing of breaches of its mores sexual immorality by means of formal and informal social control Interdictions and taboos among primitive societies were arguably no less severe than in traditional agrarian societies In the latter the degree of control might vary from time to time and region to region being least in urban settlements however only the last three centuries of intense urbanisation commercialisation and modernisation have broken with the restrictions of the pre modern world in favor of a successor society of fractured and competing sexual codes and subcultures where sexual expression is integrated into the workings of the commercial world Nevertheless while the meaning of sexual immorality has been drastically redefined in recent times arguably the boundaries of what is acceptable remain publicly policed and as highly charged as ever as the decades long debates in the US over reproductive rights after Roe v Wade or 21st century controversy over child images on Wikipedia and Amazon would tend to suggest Defining sexual immorality across history is difficult as many different religions cultures and societies have held contradictory views about sexuality But there is an almost universal disdain for two sexual practices throughout history These two behaviors include infidelity within a monogamous romantic relationship and incest between immediate family members citation needed Other than these two practices some cultures which throughout history have permitted sexual behaviors considered obscene by many cultures today such as marriage between cousins polygyny underage sex rape during war or forced assimilation and even zoophilia citation needed ModernityMichel Foucault considered that the modern world was unable to put forward a coherent morality an inability underpinned philosophically by emotivism Nevertheless modernism has often been accompanied by a cult of immorality as for example when John Ciardi acclaimed Naked Lunch as a monumentally moral descent into the hell of narcotic addiction Immoral psychoanalysisPsychoanalysis received much early criticism for being the unsavory product of an immoral town Vienna psychoanalysts for being both unscrupulous and dirty minded Freud himself however was of the opinion that anyone who has succeeded in educating himself to truth about himself is permanently defended against the danger of immorality even though his standard of morality may differ Nietzsche referred to his ethical philosophy as Immoralism Literary referencesWhen questioned by a proof reader whether his description of Meleager as the immoral poet should be immortal poet T E Lawrence replied Immorality I know Immortality I cannot judge As you please Meleager will not sue us for libel De Quincey set out an inverted hierarchy of immorality in his study On Murder Considered as One of the Fine Arts if once a man indulges himself in murder very soon he comes to think little of robbing and from robbing he comes next to drinking and Sabbath breaking and from that to procrastination and incivility this downward path See alsoAmorality Antinomianism Anti social behaviour Baudelaire Criminality Deviance sociology Disinhibition disregard for social conventions and norms Ethics Evil Harm Hedonism Libertine Limit experience Bernard Mandeville Mann Act Morality Morality in Islam Moral psychology Perversion Raunch culture Repressive desublimation Selfishness Sexual ethics Seven deadly sins Sin Vice WickednessReferencesNew School Dictionary Collins 1999 p 24 ISBN 0 00 472238 8 amoral vs immoral on Vocabulary com www vocabulary com Retrieved 2020 10 14 Barney Rachel 2017 Zalta Edward N ed Callicles and Thrasymachus The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Fall 2017 ed Metaphysics Research Lab Stanford University retrieved 2023 02 18 Aristotle Ethics 1976 p 102 B Kirkpatrick ed Roget s Thesaurus 1998 pp 650 and 670 Max Weber The Sociology of Religion 1971 p 158 Emile Durkheim The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life 1971 p 383 S Freud Civilization Society and Religion PFL 12 p 220 F Dabhoiwala The first sexual revolution The Oxford Historian X 2012 p 426 Durkheim p 410 S Freud On Sexuality PFL 7 p 271 E Ladurie Montaillou 1980 p 149 and p 169 Dabhoiwala p 41 3 Herbert Marcuse One Dimensional Man 2002 p 78 A Lih The Wikipedia Revolution 2010 p 204 9 G Gutting ed The Cambridge Companion to Foucault 2003 p 87 Eric Berne Games People Play 1966 p 70 Quoted in J Campbell This is the Beat Generation 1999 p 265 Peter Gay Freud 1989 p 194 6 S Freud Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis PFL 1 p 485 6 Von Tevenar G 2007 Nietzsche and Ethics Peter Lang p 55 ISBN 978 3 03911 045 2 Retrieved 2023 01 25 T E Lawrence Seven Pillars of Wisdom 1936 p 25 Thomas De Quincey On Murder Considered as One of the Fine Arts 2004 p 28Further readingBible Catechism of the Catholic Church Andre Gide L Immoraliste 1902 Catherine Edwards The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome 2002 External linksWikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Immorality The dictionary definition of immorality at Wiktionary
