The Gulf of Guinea (French: Golfe de Guinée; Spanish: Golfo de Guinea; Portuguese: Golfo da Guiné) is the northeasternmost part of the tropical Atlantic Ocean from Cape Lopez in Gabon, north and west to Cape Palmas in Liberia.Null Island, defined as the intersection of the Equator and Prime Meridian (zero degrees latitude and longitude), is in the gulf.
| Gulf of Guinea | |
|---|---|
 Gulf of Guinea map showing the chain of islands formed by the Cameroon line of volcanoes | |
  Gulf of Guinea | |
| Coordinates | 0°0′N 0°0′E / 0.000°N 0.000°E |
| River sources | Niger |
| Ocean/sea sources | Atlantic Ocean |
| Basin countries | Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, São Tomé and Príncipe, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola |
| Surface area | 2,350,000 km2 (910,000 sq mi) |
| Islands | Bioko, São Tomé, Príncipe, Ilhéu Bom Bom, Ilhéu Caroço, Elobey Grande, Elobey Chico, Annobón, Corisco, Bobowasi |
Among the many rivers that drain into the Gulf of Guinea are the Niger and the Volta. The coastline on the gulf includes the Bight of Benin and the Bight of Bonny.
Name
"Guinea" is thought to have originated from a local name for an area in the region, although the specifics are disputed. Bovill (1995) gives a thorough description:
The name Guinea is usually said to have been a corrupt form of the name Ghana, picked up by the Portuguese in the Maghrib. The present writer finds this unacceptable. The name Guinea has been in use both in the Maghrib and in Europe long before Prince Henry's time. For example, on a map dated about 1320 by the Genoese cartographer Giovanni di Carignano, who got his information about Africa from a fellow-countryman in Sijilmassa [ancient trading city in North Africa], we find Gunuia, and in the Catalan atlas of 1375 as Ginyia. A passage in Leo [Africanus] (vol. III, 822) points to Guinea having been a corrupt form of Jenne [2,000-year-old city in central Mali on Niger river], less famous than Ghana but nevertheless for many centuries famed in the Maghrib as a great market and a seat of learning. The relevant passage reads: "The Kingdom of Ghinea . . . called by the merchants of our nation Gheneoa, by the natural inhabitants thereof Genni and by the Portugals and other people of Europe Ghinea." But it seems more probable that Guinea derives from aguinaou, the Berber for Negro. Marrakech [city in southeastern Morocco] has a gate, built in the twelfth century, called the Bab Aguinaou, the Gate of the Negro (Delafosse, Haut-Sénégal-Niger, II, 277-278). The modern application of the name Guinea to the coast dates only from 1481. In that year the Portuguese built a fort, São Jorge da Mina (modern-day Elmina), on the Gold Coast region, and their king, John II, was permitted by the Pope [Sixtus II or Innocent VIII] to style himself Lord of Guinea, a title that survived until the recent extinction of the monarchy.
The name "Guinea" was also previously applied to the south coast of West Africa (north of the Gulf of Guinea), which became known as "Upper Guinea", and to the west coast of Southern Africa (to the east), which became known as "Lower Guinea".[citation needed]
Today, the word "Guinea" is found in the names of three countries in Africa (Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, and Equatorial Guinea), and in one country in Melanesia (Papua New Guinea).
Geography
The main river dispensing its waters in the gulf is the Niger River.
Different definitions of the geographic limits of the Gulf of Guinea are given; the International Hydrographic Organization defines the southwest extent of the Gulf of Guinea as "B line from Cap Lopez (0°37′S 8°43′E / 0.617°S 8.717°E), in Gabon, northwestward to Ihléu Gago Coutinho (Ilhéu das Rôlas) (0°01′S 6°32′E / 0.017°S 6.533°E); and thence a line from Ihléu Gago Coutinho northwestward to Cape Palmas (4°22′N 7°44′W / 4.367°N 7.733°W), in Liberia.
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Old French map of the Gulf of Guinea -
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Different limits of the Gulf of Guinea -
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Satellite imagery of the Gulf of Guinea showing borders of states on its shores
Islands in the Gulf of Guinea
The Gulf of Guinea contains a number of islands, the largest of which are in a southwest-northeast chain, forming part of the Cameroon line of volcanoes.
Annobón, also known as Pagalu or Pigalua, is an island that is part of Equatorial Guinea.
Bobowasi Island is an island off the west coast of Africa in the Gulf of Guinea that is part of the Western Region of Ghana.
Bioko is an island off the Ambazonian region of Cameroon in the Gulf of Guinea under the sovereignty of Equatorial Guinea.
Corisco is an island belonging to Equatorial Guinea.
Elobey Grande and Elobey Chico are two small islands belonging to Equatorial Guinea.
São Tomé and Príncipe (officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe) is a Portuguese-speaking island nation in the Gulf of Guinea that became independent from Portugal in 1975. It is located off the western equatorial coast of Africa and consists of two islands, São Tomé and Príncipe. They are located about 140 kilometres (87 mi) apart and about 250 and 225 kilometres (155 and 140 mi), respectively, off the northwestern coast of Gabon. Both islands are part of an extinct volcanic mountain range. São Tomé, the sizeable southern island, is situated just north of the Equator.
Maritime security
Maritime security in the Gulf of Guinea consists of 18 sovereign states. Where most of the maritime security issues in the Gulf of Guinea have terrible consequences for the shipping industry.
Multiple institutional mandates address maritime security in the Gulf of Guinea: the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS). Additionally, maritime security in the Gulf of Guinea is also addressed by the Gulf of Guinea Commission (GGC).
There has been a 60% population growth in the Gulf of Guinea since 2000, which consequently leads people to resort to hijacking, kidnapping, robberies, and more due to food shortages.
Climate change has become a huge problem in the Gulf of Guinea and as a consequence has different Maritime security issues become more pressing. These maritime security crimes are characterized not only by piracy but by a myriad of maritime crimes despite piracy often dominating the conversation on maritime security. The other notable crimes in the Gulf of Guinea are illegal fishing, kidnapping for ransom, drug trafficking, and oil-bunkering. Illegal oil-bunkering consists of the attacking of vessels transporting oil and transferring the oil to the thieves’ own vessel, after which the oil is sold in local and international markets. Illegal oil bunkering at sea is mainly prevalent in the Nigerian waters.
Kidnapping for ransom is also one of the most prevalent maritime crimes in the region. Between 2018 and 2019, the number of crew members that were kidnapped in the Gulf of Guinea increased by 50%, leading the region to account for 90% of global kidnappings at sea. About 92% of the hostage-taking and 73% of kidnappings happening in and around Africa are happening in the Gulf of Guinea. There is also a large issue of drug trafficking in the Gulf of Guinea and the region has over the last few years become a haven for drug trafficking mainly from South America into Europe.
Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing
IUU fishing also known as Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing has become a severe problem in the Gulf of Guinea. In 2000 were there reports of 212,800 tons of fish caught and in 2012, this number increased by 9 percent to 232,200 tons. IUU consequently creates spillover problems to the social, economic, and environmental life in the Gulf of Guinea. It presents a direct threat to the national security of the coastal states in the Gulf of Guinea. IUU has been linked to multiple issues and forms of organized crime. Some of these crimes are arms trafficking, drug smuggling, forced labor, piracy and more.
IUU depletes fish stocks in the area and causes issues for fishermen and the local population food security. One of the main issues of IUU is that a lot of the fish that is caught in the Gulf of Guinea is fish that is unreported when caught. This causes overfishing and overfishing causes depleting fisheries all around the region. IUU fishing also becomes a severe issue in the region because it allows fishermen to fish in vessels that are not nationally regulated or managed. Furthermore, can these vessels threaten people's human security due to poor working conditions and poorly regulated boats? Many of the IUU fishing boats are old, rusty, and often in poor condition.
Both small-scale and large-scale fisheries often do illegal fishing in the Gulf of Guinea In the Gulf of Guinea can we see severe blue crime spillover effects of IUU through both piracy and human trafficking. Economic activity in the Gulf of Guinea has given rise to maritime piracy in the region. It is evident that in the Gulf of Guinea is there more piracy, forced labor and human trafficking as a consequence of IUU fishing, depleting fish stock and large competition of resources and food.
Further Blue Crime Consequences of IUU
There have been many reports of forced labor at sea in the Gulf of Guinea on illegal fishing boats. The EJF reports that through their studies they found that some fishermen and immigrant workers have been forced to work on fishing boats in the Gulf of Guinea for months at a time without access to land. Some of these workers were deployed to sea each day in canoes and in the night where they were forced to return to the mother ship to unload fish. Many illegal fishing boats have operated like such for many years and the workers are often contracted for two years at a time, with no chance to visit home or at times even land in general.
Many workers are paid in boxes of what the EJF called "trash fish" -caught as by-catch- and then the way they would earn money was to further sell this fish. Other reports of forced labor on illegal fishing boats report poor and non-existent safety equipment. Little to no hygiene standards, poor accommodation standards, and very little food.
Even though piracy in the Gulf of Guinea has dropped since its peak in 2020, is it still a pressing issue in the region. Many pirate groups in the Gulf of Guinea often recruit unemployed and underemployed fishermen. This has become highly lucrative due to poor wages and little to no money going around. Often have these local fishermen been lured into the prospect of quick easy money and as a result sold their fishing boats to other pirates in the Gulf. Depliting fishing stocks encourages fishermen to engage in piracy and more violence in the region is occurring.
See also
- Cetacean strandings in Ghana
- Guineaman, a slave ship from the region of Guinea
References
- "Limits of Oceans and Seas, Draft 4th Edition: North Atlantic Ocean and its Sub-Divisions". International Hydrographic Organization. 2002. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
- Rosenberg, Matt (30 January 2020). "Where Do the Prime Meridian and the Equator Intersect?". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
- Hale, Thomas A. "From the Griot of Roots to the Roots of Griot: A New Look at the Origins of a Controversial African Term for Bard" (PDF). Oral Tradition. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-02. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
- Jessica., Larsen. Reconciling international priorities with local needs DENMARK AS A NEW SECURITY ACTOR IN THE GULF OF GUINEA. Danish Institute for International Studies. OCLC 1152018425. Archived from the original on 2022-02-12. Retrieved 2021-06-22.
- Denton, Ginger L.; Harris, Jonathan R. (2021-11-02). "The Impact of Illegal Fishing on Maritime Piracy: Evidence from West Africa". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 44 (11): 938–957. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2019.1594660. ISSN 1057-610X.
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. (2018). Gulf of Guinea Maritime Security Programme, 2019-2021. Copenhagen: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark.
- Nicoloso, Giulia (2020-07-17). "Stark increase in kidnapping at sea in the Gulf of Guinea". Critical Maritime Routes. Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.
- "MARITIME INSECURITY IN THE GULF OF GUINEA (GoG) AND THE QUEST FOR SECURITY INTELLIGENCE DEPLOYMENT IN COMBATING THE MENACE".
- Denton, Ginger L.; Harris, Jonathan R. (November 2, 2021). "The Impact of Illegal Fishing on Maritime Piracy: Evidence from West Africa". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 44 (11): 938–957. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2019.1594660 – via CrossRef.
- https://www.nupi.no/content/pdf_preview/25964/file/rapport-lucas-oliveira.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- Okafor-Yarwood, Ifesinachi (April 2, 2020). "The Cyclical Nature of Maritime Security Threats: Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing as a Threat to Human and National Security in the Gulf of Guinea". African Security. 13 (2): 116–146. doi:10.1080/19392206.2020.1724432. hdl:10023/23848 – via CrossRef.
- "Pirate Fishing Exposed". Environmental Justice Foundation.
- "Counter-piracy in the Gulf of Guinea must not overlook local struggle and suffering | DIIS".
- Jesperson, Sasha; Henriksen, Rune (2022). "Piracy as a result of IUU fishing: Challenging the causal link". African Security Review. 31 (3): 245–260. doi:10.1080/10246029.2022.2049329. ISSN 1024-6029.
External links
- The Gulf of Guinea Commission – CGG – GGC (Archived 2018-09-23 at the Wayback Machine)
The Gulf of Guinea French Golfe de Guinee Spanish Golfo de Guinea Portuguese Golfo da Guine is the northeasternmost part of the tropical Atlantic Ocean from Cape Lopez in Gabon north and west to Cape Palmas in Liberia Null Island defined as the intersection of the Equator and Prime Meridian zero degrees latitude and longitude is in the gulf Gulf of GuineaGulf of Guinea map showing the chain of islands formed by the Cameroon line of volcanoesGulf of GuineaCoordinates0 0 N 0 0 E 0 000 N 0 000 E 0 000 0 000River sourcesNigerOcean sea sourcesAtlantic OceanBasin countriesLiberia Ivory Coast Ghana Togo Benin Nigeria Cameroon Equatorial Guinea Gabon Sao Tome and Principe Republic of Congo Democratic Republic of Congo AngolaSurface area2 350 000 km2 910 000 sq mi IslandsBioko Sao Tome Principe Ilheu Bom Bom Ilheu Caroco Elobey Grande Elobey Chico Annobon Corisco Bobowasi Among the many rivers that drain into the Gulf of Guinea are the Niger and the Volta The coastline on the gulf includes the Bight of Benin and the Bight of Bonny Name Guinea is thought to have originated from a local name for an area in the region although the specifics are disputed Bovill 1995 gives a thorough description The name Guinea is usually said to have been a corrupt form of the name Ghana picked up by the Portuguese in the Maghrib The present writer finds this unacceptable The name Guinea has been in use both in the Maghrib and in Europe long before Prince Henry s time For example on a map dated about 1320 by the Genoese cartographer Giovanni di Carignano who got his information about Africa from a fellow countryman in Sijilmassa ancient trading city in North Africa we find Gunuia and in the Catalan atlas of 1375 as Ginyia A passage in Leo Africanus vol III 822 points to Guinea having been a corrupt form of Jenne 2 000 year old city in central Mali on Niger river less famous than Ghana but nevertheless for many centuries famed in the Maghrib as a great market and a seat of learning The relevant passage reads The Kingdom of Ghinea called by the merchants of our nation Gheneoa by the natural inhabitants thereof Genni and by the Portugals and other people of Europe Ghinea But it seems more probable that Guinea derives fromaguinaou the Berber for Negro Marrakech city in southeastern Morocco has a gate built in the twelfth century called the Bab Aguinaou the Gate of the Negro Delafosse Haut Senegal Niger II 277 278 The modern application of the name Guinea to the coast dates only from 1481 In that year the Portuguese built a fort Sao Jorge da Mina modern day Elmina on the Gold Coast region and their king John II was permitted by the Pope Sixtus II or Innocent VIII to style himself Lord of Guinea a title that survived until the recent extinction of the monarchy The name Guinea was also previously applied to the south coast of West Africa north of the Gulf of Guinea which became known as Upper Guinea and to the west coast of Southern Africa to the east which became known as Lower Guinea citation needed Today the word Guinea is found in the names of three countries in Africa Guinea Guinea Bissau and Equatorial Guinea and in one country in Melanesia Papua New Guinea GeographyThe main river dispensing its waters in the gulf is the Niger River Different definitions of the geographic limits of the Gulf of Guinea are given the International Hydrographic Organization defines the southwest extent of the Gulf of Guinea as B line from Cap Lopez 0 37 S 8 43 E 0 617 S 8 717 E 0 617 8 717 in Gabon northwestward to Ihleu Gago Coutinho Ilheu das Rolas 0 01 S 6 32 E 0 017 S 6 533 E 0 017 6 533 and thence a line from Ihleu Gago Coutinho northwestward to Cape Palmas 4 22 N 7 44 W 4 367 N 7 733 W 4 367 7 733 in Liberia Old French map of the Gulf of Guinea Different limits of the Gulf of Guinea Satellite imagery of the Gulf of Guinea showing borders of states on its shoresIslands in the Gulf of Guinea The Gulf of Guinea contains a number of islands the largest of which are in a southwest northeast chain forming part of the Cameroon line of volcanoes Annobon also known as Pagalu or Pigalua is an island that is part of Equatorial Guinea Bobowasi Island is an island off the west coast of Africa in the Gulf of Guinea that is part of the Western Region of Ghana Bioko is an island off the Ambazonian region of Cameroon in the Gulf of Guinea under the sovereignty of Equatorial Guinea Corisco is an island belonging to Equatorial Guinea Elobey Grande and Elobey Chico are two small islands belonging to Equatorial Guinea Sao Tome and Principe officially the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe is a Portuguese speaking island nation in the Gulf of Guinea that became independent from Portugal in 1975 It is located off the western equatorial coast of Africa and consists of two islands Sao Tome and Principe They are located about 140 kilometres 87 mi apart and about 250 and 225 kilometres 155 and 140 mi respectively off the northwestern coast of Gabon Both islands are part of an extinct volcanic mountain range Sao Tome the sizeable southern island is situated just north of the Equator Maritime securityMaritime security in the Gulf of Guinea consists of 18 sovereign states Where most of the maritime security issues in the Gulf of Guinea have terrible consequences for the shipping industry Multiple institutional mandates address maritime security in the Gulf of Guinea the Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS and the Economic Community of Central African States ECCAS Additionally maritime security in the Gulf of Guinea is also addressed by the Gulf of Guinea Commission GGC There has been a 60 population growth in the Gulf of Guinea since 2000 which consequently leads people to resort to hijacking kidnapping robberies and more due to food shortages Climate change has become a huge problem in the Gulf of Guinea and as a consequence has different Maritime security issues become more pressing These maritime security crimes are characterized not only by piracy but by a myriad of maritime crimes despite piracy often dominating the conversation on maritime security The other notable crimes in the Gulf of Guinea are illegal fishing kidnapping for ransom drug trafficking and oil bunkering Illegal oil bunkering consists of the attacking of vessels transporting oil and transferring the oil to the thieves own vessel after which the oil is sold in local and international markets Illegal oil bunkering at sea is mainly prevalent in the Nigerian waters Kidnapping for ransom is also one of the most prevalent maritime crimes in the region Between 2018 and 2019 the number of crew members that were kidnapped in the Gulf of Guinea increased by 50 leading the region to account for 90 of global kidnappings at sea About 92 of the hostage taking and 73 of kidnappings happening in and around Africa are happening in the Gulf of Guinea There is also a large issue of drug trafficking in the Gulf of Guinea and the region has over the last few years become a haven for drug trafficking mainly from South America into Europe Illegal unreported and unregulated IUU fishing IUU fishing also known as Illegal unreported and unregulated fishing has become a severe problem in the Gulf of Guinea In 2000 were there reports of 212 800 tons of fish caught and in 2012 this number increased by 9 percent to 232 200 tons IUU consequently creates spillover problems to the social economic and environmental life in the Gulf of Guinea It presents a direct threat to the national security of the coastal states in the Gulf of Guinea IUU has been linked to multiple issues and forms of organized crime Some of these crimes are arms trafficking drug smuggling forced labor piracy and more IUU depletes fish stocks in the area and causes issues for fishermen and the local population food security One of the main issues of IUU is that a lot of the fish that is caught in the Gulf of Guinea is fish that is unreported when caught This causes overfishing and overfishing causes depleting fisheries all around the region IUU fishing also becomes a severe issue in the region because it allows fishermen to fish in vessels that are not nationally regulated or managed Furthermore can these vessels threaten people s human security due to poor working conditions and poorly regulated boats Many of the IUU fishing boats are old rusty and often in poor condition Both small scale and large scale fisheries often do illegal fishing in the Gulf of Guinea In the Gulf of Guinea can we see severe blue crime spillover effects of IUU through both piracy and human trafficking Economic activity in the Gulf of Guinea has given rise to maritime piracy in the region It is evident that in the Gulf of Guinea is there more piracy forced labor and human trafficking as a consequence of IUU fishing depleting fish stock and large competition of resources and food Further Blue Crime Consequences of IUU There have been many reports of forced labor at sea in the Gulf of Guinea on illegal fishing boats The EJF reports that through their studies they found that some fishermen and immigrant workers have been forced to work on fishing boats in the Gulf of Guinea for months at a time without access to land Some of these workers were deployed to sea each day in canoes and in the night where they were forced to return to the mother ship to unload fish Many illegal fishing boats have operated like such for many years and the workers are often contracted for two years at a time with no chance to visit home or at times even land in general Many workers are paid in boxes of what the EJF called trash fish caught as by catch and then the way they would earn money was to further sell this fish Other reports of forced labor on illegal fishing boats report poor and non existent safety equipment Little to no hygiene standards poor accommodation standards and very little food Even though piracy in the Gulf of Guinea has dropped since its peak in 2020 is it still a pressing issue in the region Many pirate groups in the Gulf of Guinea often recruit unemployed and underemployed fishermen This has become highly lucrative due to poor wages and little to no money going around Often have these local fishermen been lured into the prospect of quick easy money and as a result sold their fishing boats to other pirates in the Gulf Depliting fishing stocks encourages fishermen to engage in piracy and more violence in the region is occurring See alsoGeography portalCetacean strandings in Ghana Guineaman a slave ship from the region of GuineaReferences Limits of Oceans and Seas Draft 4th Edition North Atlantic Ocean and its Sub Divisions International Hydrographic Organization 2002 Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 5 April 2017 Rosenberg Matt 30 January 2020 Where Do the Prime Meridian and the Equator Intersect ThoughtCo Retrieved 7 July 2022 Hale Thomas A From the Griot of Roots to the Roots of Griot A New Look at the Origins of a Controversial African Term for Bard PDF Oral Tradition Archived from the original PDF on 2017 12 02 Retrieved 2008 03 26 Jessica Larsen Reconciling international priorities with local needs DENMARK AS A NEW SECURITY ACTOR IN THE GULF OF GUINEA Danish Institute for International Studies OCLC 1152018425 Archived from the original on 2022 02 12 Retrieved 2021 06 22 Denton Ginger L Harris Jonathan R 2021 11 02 The Impact of Illegal Fishing on Maritime Piracy Evidence from West Africa Studies in Conflict amp Terrorism 44 11 938 957 doi 10 1080 1057610X 2019 1594660 ISSN 1057 610X Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark 2018 Gulf of Guinea Maritime Security Programme 2019 2021 Copenhagen Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark Nicoloso Giulia 2020 07 17 Stark increase in kidnapping at sea in the Gulf of Guinea Critical Maritime Routes Archived from the original on 2021 06 02 Retrieved 2021 05 30 MARITIME INSECURITY IN THE GULF OF GUINEA GoG AND THE QUEST FOR SECURITY INTELLIGENCE DEPLOYMENT IN COMBATING THE MENACE Denton Ginger L Harris Jonathan R November 2 2021 The Impact of Illegal Fishing on Maritime Piracy Evidence from West Africa Studies in Conflict amp Terrorism 44 11 938 957 doi 10 1080 1057610X 2019 1594660 via CrossRef https www nupi no content pdf preview 25964 file rapport lucas oliveira pdf bare URL PDF Okafor Yarwood Ifesinachi April 2 2020 The Cyclical Nature of Maritime Security Threats Illegal Unreported and Unregulated Fishing as a Threat to Human and National Security in the Gulf of Guinea African Security 13 2 116 146 doi 10 1080 19392206 2020 1724432 hdl 10023 23848 via CrossRef Pirate Fishing Exposed Environmental Justice Foundation Counter piracy in the Gulf of Guinea must not overlook local struggle and suffering DIIS Jesperson Sasha Henriksen Rune 2022 Piracy as a result of IUU fishing Challenging the causal link African Security Review 31 3 245 260 doi 10 1080 10246029 2022 2049329 ISSN 1024 6029 External linksWikimedia Commons has media related to Gulf of Guinea The Gulf of Guinea Commission CGG GGC Archived 2018 09 23 at the Wayback Machine
