Norman or Norman French (Normaund, French: Normand [nɔʁmɑ̃] , Guernésiais: Normand, Jèrriais: Nouormand) is a langue d'oïl. The name "Norman French" is sometimes also used to describe the administrative languages of Anglo-Norman and Law French used in England. For the most part, the written forms of Norman and modern French are mutually intelligible. The thirteenth-century philosopher Roger Bacon was the first to distinguish it along with other dialects such as Picard and Bourguignon. Today, although it does not enjoy any official status, some reports of the French Ministry of Culture have recognized it as one of the regional languages of France.
| Norman | |
|---|---|
| Normaund | |
| Native to |
Previously used:
|
| Region | Normandy |
| Ethnicity | Normans |
Native speakers | Total: 102,240 (2011–2015) |
Early forms | Old Latin
|
| Dialects |
|
| Latin (French orthography) | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Jersey (Jèrriais) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | nrf (partial: Guernésiais & Jèrriais) |
| Glottolog | norm1245 |
| ELP | Norman |
| Linguasphere | & 51-AAA-hd 51-AAA-hc & 51-AAA-hd |
| IETF | nrf |
 Areas where the Norman language is strongest include Jersey, Guernsey, the Cotentin and the Pays de Caux. | |
History
When Norse Vikings from modern day Scandinavia arrived in Neustria, in the western part of the then Kingdom of the Franks, and settled the land that became known as Normandy, these North-Germanic–speaking people came to live among a local Gallo-Romance–speaking population. In time, the communities converged, so that Normandy continued to form the name of the region while the original Norsemen were largely assimilated by the Gallo-Romance people, adopting their speech but still contributing some elements from Old Norse language and Norse culture. Later, when conquering England, the Norman rulers in England would eventually assimilate, thereby adopting the speech of the local English.[citation needed] In both cases, the elites contributed elements of their own language to the newly enriched languages that developed in the territories.
In Normandy, the Norman language inherited only some 150 words from Old Norse. The influence on phonology is disputed, although it is argued that the retention of aspirated /h/ and /k/ in Norman is due to Norse influence.[citation needed]
Geographical distribution
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2024) |
Norman is spoken in mainland Normandy in France, where it has no official status, but is classed as a regional language. It is taught in a few colleges near Cherbourg-Octeville.
In the Channel Islands, the Norman language has developed separately, but not in isolation, to form:
- Jèrriais (in Jersey)
- Guernésiais or Dgèrnésiais or Guernsey French (in Guernsey)
- Sercquiais (or Sarkese, in Sark)
- Auregnais (in Alderney)
The British and Irish governments recognize Jèrriais and Guernésiais as regional languages within the framework of the British–Irish Council. Sercquiais is in fact a descendant of the 16th-century Jèrriais used by the original colonists from Jersey who settled the then uninhabited island.
The last first-language speakers of Auregnais, the dialect of Norman spoken on Alderney, died during the 20th century, although some rememberers are still alive. The dialect of Herm also lapsed at an unknown date; the patois spoken there was likely Guernésiais (Herm was not inhabited all year round in the Norman culture's heyday).
An isogloss termed the "Joret line" (ligne Joret) separates the northern and southern dialects of the Norman language (the line runs from Granville, Manche to the French-speaking Belgian border in the province of Hainaut and Thiérache). Dialectal differences also distinguish western and eastern dialects.[citation needed]
Three different standardized spellings are used: continental Norman, Jèrriais, and Dgèrnésiais. These represent the different developments and particular literary histories of the varieties of Norman. Norman may therefore be described as a pluricentric language.
The Anglo-Norman dialect of Norman served as a language of administration in England following the Norman conquest of England in 1066. This left a legacy of Law French in the language of English courts (though it was also influenced by Parisian French). In Ireland, Norman remained strongest in the area of south-east Ireland, where the Hiberno-Normans invaded in 1169. Norman remains in (limited) use for some very formal legal purposes in the UK, such as when the monarch gives royal assent to an Act of Parliament using the phrase, "Le Roy (la Reyne) le veult" ("The King (the Queen) wills it").
The Norman conquest of southern Italy in the 11th and 12th centuries brought the language to Sicily and the southern part of the Italian Peninsula, where it may have left a few words in the Sicilian language. See: Norman and French influence on Sicilian.
Literature in Norman ranges from early Anglo-Norman literature through the 19th-century Norman literary renaissance to modern writers (see list of Norman-language writers).
As of 2017[update], the Norman language remains strongest in the less accessible areas of the former Duchy of Normandy: the Channel Islands and the Cotentin Peninsula (Cotentinais) in the west, and the Pays de Caux (Cauchois dialect) in the east. Ease of access from Paris and the popularity of the coastal resorts of central Normandy, such as Deauville, in the 19th century led to a significant loss of distinctive Norman culture in the central low-lying areas of Normandy.
Old French influences
Norman French preserves a number of Old French words which have been lost in Modern French. Examples of Norman French words of Old French origin:
| Norman French | Old French | French | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| alosier | alosier | se vanter, se targuer | to brag, to pride oneself on |
| ardre | ardre, ardeir | brûler | to burn |
| caeir | caeir, caïr | «choir», tomber | to drop, to fall over |
| calengier | calungier, chalongier (became challenge in English) | négocier, débattre | to negotiate, to argue |
| d'ot | od, ot | avec | with |
| de l'hierre (f.) de l'hierru (m.) | de l'iere | du lierre | from the ivy / some ivy |
| déhait | dehait | chagrin, malheur | grief, hardship |
| ébauber, ébaubir | esbaubir | étonner | to surprise |
| éclairgir | esclargier | éclaircir | to lighten |
| écourre | escurre, escudre | secouer | to shake, to mix |
| essourdre | essurdre, exsurdre | élever | to raise, to lift |
| haingre (adj.) | haingre | maigre | thin, skinny |
| haingue (f.) | haenge | haine | hatred |
| haiset (m.) | haise | barrière or clôture de jardin faites de branches | garden fence |
| herdre | erdre | adhérer, être adhérant, coller | to adhere, to stick |
| hourder | order | souiller | to make something dirty |
| iloc (with a silent c) | iloc, iluec | là | there |
| itel / intel | itel | semblable | similar |
| liement | liement, liéement | tranquillement | quietly, peacefully |
| maishî | maishui, meshui | maintenant, désormais | now, from now on |
| manuyaunce | manuiance | avoir la jouissance, la possession | to enjoy |
| marcaundier | marcandier | rôdeur, vagabond | prowler, stalker |
| marcauntier | marcantier | mouchard, colporteur | canary |
| marganer | marganer | moquer | to make fun of, to mock |
| marganier | marganier | moqueur, quelqu'un qui se moque | mocking, teasing |
| méhain | meshaing, mehain | mauvaise disposition, malaise | loss of consciousness, feeling of faintness |
| méhaignié | meshaignié | malade, blessé | sick, injured |
| méselle | mesele | lèpre | leprosy |
| mésiau or mésel | mesel | lépreux | leper |
| moûtrer | mustrer | montrer | to show |
| muchier | mucier | cacher | to conceal / to hide |
| nartre (m.) | nastre | traître | traitor |
| nâtre (adj.) | nastre | méchant, cruel | mean, nasty |
| nienterie (f.) | nienterie | niaiserie | nonsense, insanity |
| orde | ort | sale | dirty |
| ordir | ordir | salir | to dirty |
| paumpe (f.) | pampe | en normand: tige en anc. fr.: pétale | petal |
| souleir | soleir | «souloir», avoir l'habitude de | to have habit of / to get used to |
| targier or tergier | targier | tarder | to be late / slow |
| tître | tistre | tisser | to weave |
| tolir | tolir | priver, enlever | to remove, to take away |
| trétous | trestuz | tous, absolument tous | all of / each and every |
Examples of Norman French words with -ei instead of -oi in Standard French words
| Norman French | Standard French | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| la feire | la foire | fair (trade show) |
| la feis | la fois | time |
| la peire | la poire | pear |
| le deigt | le doigt | finger |
| le dreit | le droit | right (law) |
| le peivre | le poivre | pepper |
| aveir (final r is silent) | avoir | to have |
| beire | boire | to drink |
| creire | croire | to believe |
| neir (final r is silent) | noir | black |
| veir (final r is silent) | voir | to see |
Examples of Norman French words with c- / qu- and g- instead of ch- and j in Standard French
| Norman French | Standard French | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| la cauche | la chausse, la chaussure | shoes |
| la cose | la chose | thing |
| la gaumbe | la jambe | leg |
| la quièvre | la chèvre | goat |
| la vaque | la vache | cow |
| le cat | le chat | cat |
| le câtel (final l is silent) | le château | castle |
| le quien | le chien | dog |
| cachier | chasser | to chase / to hunt |
| catouiller | chatouiller | to tickle |
| caud | chaud | hot |
Norse influences
Examples of Norman words of Norse origin:
| English | Norman French | Old Norse | Scandinavian reflexes | French |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| bait | baite, bète, abète | beita | beita (Icelandic), beite (Norw.), bete (Swed.) | appât; boëtte (from Breton; maybe ultimately from Norman) |
| beach grass, dune grass | milgreu, melgreu | *melgrös, pl. of *melgras | melgrös, pl. of melgras (Icelandic) | oyat |
| (black) currant | gade, gadelle, gradelle, gradille | gaddʀ | (-) | cassis, groseille |
| damp (cf. muggy), humid | mucre | mykr (cf. English muck) | myk (Norw.) | humide |
| down (feather) | dun, dum, dumet, deumet | dúnn | dúnn (Icelandic), dun (Dan., Norw., Swed.) | duvet (from Norman) |
| dune, sandy land | mielle, mièle | melʀ | melur (Icelandic), mile (Dan.), mjele (Norw.), mjälla (Swed.) | dune, terrain sableux |
| earthnut, groundnut, pignut, peanut | génotte, gernotte, jarnotte | *jarðhnot | jarðhneta (Icelandic), jordnød (Dan.), jordnöt (Swed.), jordnøtt (Norw.) | arachide, cacahuète |
| islet | hommet/houmet | hólmʀ | hólmur (Icelandic), holm (Dan., Norw.), holme (Swed.) | îlot, rocher en mer |
| mound (cf. howe, high) | hougue | haugʀ | haugur (Icelandic), haug (Norw.), hög (Swe.), høj (Dan.) | monticule |
| ness (headland or cliff, cf. Sheerness, etc.) | nez | nes | nes (Icelandic, Norw.), næs (Dan.), näs (Swed.) | cap, pointe de côte |
| seagull | mauve, mave, maôve | mávaʀ (pl.) | mávar (pl.) (Icelandic), måge (Dan.), måke/måse (Norw.), mås (Swed.) | mouette, goëland |
| slide, slip | griller, égriller, écriller | *skriðla | overskride (Norw.), skrilla (Old Swed.), skriða (Icelandic), skride (Dan.) | glisser |
| wicket (borrowed from Norman) | viquet, (-vic, -vy, -vouy in place-names) | vík | vík (Icelandic), vig (Dan.), vik (Norw., Swed.) | guichet (borrowed from Norman) |
In some cases, Norse words adopted in Norman have been borrowed into French – and more recently some of the English words used in French can be traced back to Norman origins.
Influence of Norman on English language
Following the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the Norman and other languages and dialects spoken by the new rulers of England were used during several hundred years, developing into the unique insular dialect now known as Anglo-Norman French, and leaving traces of specifically Norman words that can be distinguished from the equivalent lexical items in French:
| English | Norman French | French |
|---|---|---|
| cabbage | < caboche | = chou (cf. caboche) |
| castle | < castel (borrowed from Occitan) | = château-fort, castelet |
| catch | < cachier (now cachi) | = chasser |
| cater | < acater | = acheter |
| cauldron | < caudron | = chaudron |
| causeway | < caucie (now cauchie) | = chaussée |
| cherry (ies) | < cherise (chrise, chise) | = cerise |
| fashion | < faichon | = façon |
| mug | < mogue/moque | = mug, boc |
| poor | < paur | = pauvre |
| wait | < waitier (Old Norman) | = gaitier (mod. guetter) |
| war | < werre (Old Norman) | = guerre |
| warrior | < werreur (Old Norman) | = guerrier |
| wicket | < viquet | = guichet (cf. piquet) |
Other borrowings, such as canvas, captain, cattle and kennel, exemplify how Norman retained Latin /k/ that was not retained in French.
In the United Kingdom, Acts of Parliament are confirmed with the words "Le Roy le veult" ("The King wishes it") and other Norman phrases are used on formal occasions as legislation progresses.
Norman immigration in Canada
Norman immigrants to North America also introduced some "Normanisms" to Quebec French and the French language in Canada generally. Joual, a working class sociolect of Quebec, in particular exhibits a Norman influence. For example the word "placoter" can mean both to splash around or to chatter comes from the Normand French word "clapoter" which means the same thing.
See also
- Norman toponymy
- Joret line
References
- Norman at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
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- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (24 May 2022). "Glottolog 4.8 - Oil". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- Manuel pratique de philologie romane, Pierre Bec, 1970–1971
- "51-AAA-hc Anglo-Normand". Linguasphere Register via hortensj-garden.org. Linguasphere Observatory. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2024 – via hortensj-gardens.org.
- Base de Français Médiéval, "Liste des textes de la Base de Français Médiéval" Archived 23 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, 2012, École normale supérieure de Lyon
- Moisy 1875, pp. xix, 91.
- Wolff 1991, p. 337.
- Bernard Cerquiglini, The Languages of France, Report to the Minister of National Education, Research and Technology, and the Minister of Culture and Communication, April 1999
- "Norman". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
Norman, member of those Vikings, or Norsemen, who settled in northern France...The Normans (from Nortmanni: "Northmen") were originally pagan barbarian pirates from Denmark, Norway, and Iceland
- Elisabeth Ridel (2010). Les Vikings et les mots. Editions Errance.
- Oxford English Dictionary. "Catch"
- Oxford English Dictionary. "Causeway"
- The Oxford English Dictionary. entry on "Mug¹" states that the origin of this word is uncertain—it may have been a borrowing from Norman, or it may have come from another source, and been reinforced through Norman.
- GEOFFRION, LOUIS-PHILIPPE (1927). ZIGZAGS AUTOUR DE NOS PARLERS (in French). Quebec. p. 60.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
- Moisy, Henri (1875). Noms de famille normands, étudiés dans leurs rapports avec la vieille langue et spécialement avec le dialecte normand. F. Vieweg.
- Wolff, Philippe (1991). "Quelles langues parlait-on dans le royaume de France vers l'an Mil?". In d'Arxius, Servei (ed.). Catalunya i França Meridional. Generalitat de Catalunya.
Sources
- Essai de grammaire de la langue normande, UPN, 1995. ISBN 2-9509074-0-7.
- V'n-ous d'aveu mei? UPN, 1984.
- La Normandie dialectale, 1999, ISBN 2-84133-076-1
- Alain Marie, Les auteurs patoisants du Calvados, 2005. ISBN 2-84706-178-9.
- Roger Jean Lebarbenchon, Les Falaises de la Hague, 1991. ISBN 2-9505884-0-9.
- Jean-Louis Vaneille, Les patoisants bas-normands, n.d., Saint-Lô.
- André Dupont, Dictionnaire des patoisants du Cotentin, Société d'archéologie de la Manche, Saint-Lô, 1992.
- Geraint Jennings and Yan Marquis, "The Toad and the Donkey: an anthology of Norman literature from the Channel Islands", 2011, ISBN 978-1-903427-61-3
External links
- . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
Norman or Norman French Normaund French Normand nɔʁmɑ Guernesiais Normand Jerriais Nouormand is a langue d oil The name Norman French is sometimes also used to describe the administrative languages of Anglo Norman and Law French used in England For the most part the written forms of Norman and modern French are mutually intelligible The thirteenth century philosopher Roger Bacon was the first to distinguish it along with other dialects such as Picard and Bourguignon Today although it does not enjoy any official status some reports of the French Ministry of Culture have recognized it as one of the regional languages of France NormanNormaundNative toNormandy Cotentin Peninsula and Pays de Caux Jersey Guernsey Sark Previously used Alderney Herm Kingdom of England see England in the High Middle Ages and England in the Late Middle Ages Lordship of Ireland see Norman Ireland Canada formerly used to a certain degree in Eastern Canada and Quebec Kingdom of Sicily used in a limited degree Principality of AntiochRegionNormandyEthnicityNormansNative speakersTotal 102 240 2011 2015 Language familyIndo European ItalicLatino FaliscanLatinicRomanceItalo WesternWesternGallo Iberian Gallo RomanceGallo Rhaetian Arpitan OilOilFrankish and Eastern Armorican zonesNormanEarly formsOld Latin Vulgar Latin Proto Romance Old Gallo Romance Old French Old NormanDialectsAnglo Norman Auregnais Guernesiais Jerriais Law French Sercquiais Augeron Cauchois CotentinaisWriting systemLatin French orthography Official statusOfficial language in Jersey Jerriais Language codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code nrf class extiw title iso639 3 nrf nrf a partial Guernesiais amp Jerriais Glottolognorm1245ELPNormanLinguasphere amp 51 AAA hd 51 AAA hc amp 51 AAA hdIETFnrfAreas where the Norman language is strongest include Jersey Guernsey the Cotentin and the Pays de Caux HistoryWhen Norse Vikings from modern day Scandinavia arrived in Neustria in the western part of the then Kingdom of the Franks and settled the land that became known as Normandy these North Germanic speaking people came to live among a local Gallo Romance speaking population In time the communities converged so that Normandy continued to form the name of the region while the original Norsemen were largely assimilated by the Gallo Romance people adopting their speech but still contributing some elements from Old Norse language and Norse culture Later when conquering England the Norman rulers in England would eventually assimilate thereby adopting the speech of the local English citation needed In both cases the elites contributed elements of their own language to the newly enriched languages that developed in the territories In Normandy the Norman language inherited only some 150 words from Old Norse The influence on phonology is disputed although it is argued that the retention of aspirated h and k in Norman is due to Norse influence citation needed Geographical distributionThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed July 2024 Learn how and when to remove this message Norman is spoken in mainland Normandy in France where it has no official status but is classed as a regional language It is taught in a few colleges near Cherbourg Octeville In the Channel Islands the Norman language has developed separately but not in isolation to form Jerriais in Jersey Guernesiais or Dgernesiais or Guernsey French in Guernsey Sercquiais or Sarkese in Sark Auregnais in Alderney The British and Irish governments recognize Jerriais and Guernesiais as regional languages within the framework of the British Irish Council Sercquiais is in fact a descendant of the 16th century Jerriais used by the original colonists from Jersey who settled the then uninhabited island The last first language speakers of Auregnais the dialect of Norman spoken on Alderney died during the 20th century although some rememberers are still alive The dialect of Herm also lapsed at an unknown date the patois spoken there was likely Guernesiais Herm was not inhabited all year round in the Norman culture s heyday An isogloss termed the Joret line ligne Joret separates the northern and southern dialects of the Norman language the line runs from Granville Manche to the French speaking Belgian border in the province of Hainaut and Thierache Dialectal differences also distinguish western and eastern dialects citation needed Three different standardized spellings are used continental Norman Jerriais and Dgernesiais These represent the different developments and particular literary histories of the varieties of Norman Norman may therefore be described as a pluricentric language The Anglo Norman dialect of Norman served as a language of administration in England following the Norman conquest of England in 1066 This left a legacy of Law French in the language of English courts though it was also influenced by Parisian French In Ireland Norman remained strongest in the area of south east Ireland where the Hiberno Normans invaded in 1169 Norman remains in limited use for some very formal legal purposes in the UK such as when the monarch gives royal assent to an Act of Parliament using the phrase Le Roy la Reyne le veult The King the Queen wills it The Norman conquest of southern Italy in the 11th and 12th centuries brought the language to Sicily and the southern part of the Italian Peninsula where it may have left a few words in the Sicilian language See Norman and French influence on Sicilian Literature in Norman ranges from early Anglo Norman literature through the 19th century Norman literary renaissance to modern writers see list of Norman language writers As of 2017 update the Norman language remains strongest in the less accessible areas of the former Duchy of Normandy the Channel Islands and the Cotentin Peninsula Cotentinais in the west and the Pays de Caux Cauchois dialect in the east Ease of access from Paris and the popularity of the coastal resorts of central Normandy such as Deauville in the 19th century led to a significant loss of distinctive Norman culture in the central low lying areas of Normandy Old French influences Norman French preserves a number of Old French words which have been lost in Modern French Examples of Norman French words of Old French origin Norman French Old French French Meaningalosier alosier se vanter se targuer to brag to pride oneself onardre ardre ardeir bruler to burncaeir caeir cair choir tomber to drop to fall overcalengier calungier chalongier became challenge in English negocier debattre to negotiate to argued ot od ot avec withde l hierre f de l hierru m de l iere du lierre from the ivy some ivydehait dehait chagrin malheur grief hardshipebauber ebaubir esbaubir etonner to surpriseeclairgir esclargier eclaircir to lightenecourre escurre escudre secouer to shake to mixessourdre essurdre exsurdre elever to raise to lifthaingre adj haingre maigre thin skinnyhaingue f haenge haine hatredhaiset m haise barriere or cloture de jardin faites de branches garden fenceherdre erdre adherer etre adherant coller to adhere to stickhourder order souiller to make something dirtyiloc with a silent c iloc iluec la thereitel intel itel semblable similarliement liement lieement tranquillement quietly peacefullymaishi maishui meshui maintenant desormais now from now onmanuyaunce manuiance avoir la jouissance la possession to enjoymarcaundier marcandier rodeur vagabond prowler stalkermarcauntier marcantier mouchard colporteur canarymarganer marganer moquer to make fun of to mockmarganier marganier moqueur quelqu un qui se moque mocking teasingmehain meshaing mehain mauvaise disposition malaise loss of consciousness feeling of faintnessmehaignie meshaignie malade blesse sick injuredmeselle mesele lepre leprosymesiau or mesel mesel lepreux lepermoutrer mustrer montrer to showmuchier mucier cacher to conceal to hidenartre m nastre traitre traitornatre adj nastre mechant cruel mean nastynienterie f nienterie niaiserie nonsense insanityorde ort sale dirtyordir ordir salir to dirtypaumpe f pampe en normand tige en anc fr petale petalsouleir soleir souloir avoir l habitude de to have habit of to get used totargier or tergier targier tarder to be late slowtitre tistre tisser to weavetolir tolir priver enlever to remove to take awaytretous trestuz tous absolument tous all of each and every Examples of Norman French words with ei instead of oi in Standard French words Norman French Standard French Meaningla feire la foire fair trade show la feis la fois timela peire la poire pearle deigt le doigt fingerle dreit le droit right law le peivre le poivre pepperaveir final r is silent avoir to havebeire boire to drinkcreire croire to believeneir final r is silent noir blackveir final r is silent voir to see Examples of Norman French words with c qu and g instead of ch and j in Standard French Norman French Standard French Meaningla cauche la chausse la chaussure shoesla cose la chose thingla gaumbe la jambe legla quievre la chevre goatla vaque la vache cowle cat le chat catle catel final l is silent le chateau castlele quien le chien dogcachier chasser to chase to huntcatouiller chatouiller to ticklecaud chaud hotNorse influences Examples of Norman words of Norse origin English Norman French Old Norse Scandinavian reflexes Frenchbait baite bete abete beita beita Icelandic beite Norw bete Swed appat boette from Breton maybe ultimately from Norman beach grass dune grass milgreu melgreu melgros pl of melgras melgros pl of melgras Icelandic oyat black currant gade gadelle gradelle gradille gaddʀ cassis groseilledamp cf muggy humid mucre mykr cf English muck myk Norw humidedown feather dun dum dumet deumet dunn dunn Icelandic dun Dan Norw Swed duvet from Norman dune sandy land mielle miele melʀ melur Icelandic mile Dan mjele Norw mjalla Swed dune terrain sableuxearthnut groundnut pignut peanut genotte gernotte jarnotte jardhnot jardhneta Icelandic jordnod Dan jordnot Swed jordnott Norw arachide cacahueteislet hommet houmet holmʀ holmur Icelandic holm Dan Norw holme Swed ilot rocher en mermound cf howe high hougue haugʀ haugur Icelandic haug Norw hog Swe hoj Dan monticuleness headland or cliff cf Sheerness etc nez nes nes Icelandic Norw naes Dan nas Swed cap pointe de coteseagull mauve mave maove mavaʀ pl mavar pl Icelandic mage Dan make mase Norw mas Swed mouette goelandslide slip griller egriller ecriller skridla overskride Norw skrilla Old Swed skrida Icelandic skride Dan glisserwicket borrowed from Norman viquet vic vy vouy in place names vik vik Icelandic vig Dan vik Norw Swed guichet borrowed from Norman In some cases Norse words adopted in Norman have been borrowed into French and more recently some of the English words used in French can be traced back to Norman origins A bar named in Norman Cherbourg 2002 Influence of Norman on English language Following the Norman conquest of England in 1066 the Norman and other languages and dialects spoken by the new rulers of England were used during several hundred years developing into the unique insular dialect now known as Anglo Norman French and leaving traces of specifically Norman words that can be distinguished from the equivalent lexical items in French English Norman French Frenchcabbage lt caboche chou cf caboche castle lt castel borrowed from Occitan chateau fort casteletcatch lt cachier now cachi chassercater lt acater achetercauldron lt caudron chaudroncauseway lt caucie now cauchie chausseecherry ies lt cherise chrise chise cerisefashion lt faichon faconmug lt mogue moque mug bocpoor lt paur pauvrewait lt waitier Old Norman gaitier mod guetter war lt werre Old Norman guerrewarrior lt werreur Old Norman guerrierwicket lt viquet guichet cf piquet Other borrowings such as canvas captain cattle and kennel exemplify how Norman retained Latin k that was not retained in French In the United Kingdom Acts of Parliament are confirmed with the words Le Roy le veult The King wishes it and other Norman phrases are used on formal occasions as legislation progresses Norman immigration in Canada Norman immigrants to North America also introduced some Normanisms to Quebec French and the French language in Canada generally Joual a working class sociolect of Quebec in particular exhibits a Norman influence For example the word placoter can mean both to splash around or to chatter comes from the Normand French word clapoter which means the same thing See alsoNorman edition of Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Norman toponymy Joret lineReferencesNorman at Ethnologue 25th ed 2022 Hammarstrom Harald Forkel Robert Haspelmath Martin Bank Sebastian 24 May 2022 Glottolog 4 8 Oil Glottolog Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Archived from the original on 11 November 2023 Retrieved 11 November 2023 Manuel pratique de philologie romane Pierre Bec 1970 1971 51 AAA hc Anglo Normand Linguasphere Register via hortensj garden org Linguasphere Observatory Archived from the original on 26 April 2023 Retrieved 4 November 2024 via hortensj gardens org Base de Francais Medieval Liste des textes de la Base de Francais Medieval Archived 23 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine 2012 Ecole normale superieure de Lyon Moisy 1875 pp xix 91 Wolff 1991 p 337 Bernard Cerquiglini The Languages of France Report to the Minister of National Education Research and Technology and the Minister of Culture and Communication April 1999 Norman Encyclopaedia Britannica Archived from the original on 24 March 2022 Retrieved 22 July 2020 Norman member of those Vikings or Norsemen who settled in northern France The Normans from Nortmanni Northmen were originally pagan barbarian pirates from Denmark Norway and Iceland Elisabeth Ridel 2010 Les Vikings et les mots Editions Errance Oxford English Dictionary Catch Oxford English Dictionary Causeway The Oxford English Dictionary entry on Mug states that the origin of this word is uncertain it may have been a borrowing from Norman or it may have come from another source and been reinforced through Norman GEOFFRION LOUIS PHILIPPE 1927 ZIGZAGS AUTOUR DE NOS PARLERS in French Quebec p 60 a href wiki Template Cite book title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Moisy Henri 1875 Noms de famille normands etudies dans leurs rapports avec la vieille langue et specialement avec le dialecte normand F Vieweg Wolff Philippe 1991 Quelles langues parlait on dans le royaume de France vers l an Mil In d Arxius Servei ed Catalunya i Franca Meridional Generalitat de Catalunya SourcesEssai de grammaire de la langue normande UPN 1995 ISBN 2 9509074 0 7 V n ous d aveu mei UPN 1984 La Normandie dialectale 1999 ISBN 2 84133 076 1 Alain Marie Les auteurs patoisants du Calvados 2005 ISBN 2 84706 178 9 Roger Jean Lebarbenchon Les Falaises de la Hague 1991 ISBN 2 9505884 0 9 Jean Louis Vaneille Les patoisants bas normands n d Saint Lo Andre Dupont Dictionnaire des patoisants du Cotentin Societe d archeologie de la Manche Saint Lo 1992 Geraint Jennings and Yan Marquis The Toad and the Donkey an anthology of Norman literature from the Channel Islands 2011 ISBN 978 1 903427 61 3External links Norman French New International Encyclopedia 1905
