
Sextus Empiricus (Ancient Greek: Σέξτος Ἐμπειρικός, Sextos Empeirikos; fl. mid-late 2nd century AD) was a Greek Pyrrhonist philosopher and Empiric school physician with Roman citizenship. His philosophical works are the most complete surviving account of ancient Greek and Roman Pyrrhonism, and because of the arguments they contain against the other Hellenistic philosophies, they are also a major source of information about those philosophies.
Sextus Empiricus | |
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Born | Second century AD |
Died | Late 2nd century or early 3rd century possibly in Alexandria or Rome |
Notable work |
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Era | Hellenistic philosophy |
Region | Western philosophy |
School | Pyrrhonism Empiric school |
Main interests | Skepticism |
Life
Little is known about Sextus Empiricus. He likely lived in Alexandria, Rome, or Athens. His Roman name, Sextus, implies he was a Roman citizen. The Suda, a 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia, states that he was the same person as Sextus of Chaeronea, as do other pre-modern sources, but this identification is commonly doubted. In his medical work, as reflected by his name, tradition maintains that he belonged to the Empiric school in which Pyrrhonism was popular. However, at least twice in his writings, Sextus seems to place himself closer to the Methodic school.
Philosophy
As a skeptic, Sextus Empiricus raised concerns which applied to all types of knowledge. He doubted the validity of induction long before its best known critic David Hume, and raised the regress argument against all forms of reasoning:
Those who claim for themselves to judge the truth are bound to possess a criterion of truth. This criterion, then, either is without a judge's approval or has been approved. But if it is without approval, whence comes it that it is trustworthy? For no matter of dispute is to be trusted without judging. And, if it has been approved, that which approves it, in turn, either has been approved or has not been approved, and so on ad infinitum.
This view is known as Pyrrhonian skepticism, which Sextus differentiated from Academic skepticism as practiced by Carneades which, according to Sextus, denies the possibility of knowledge altogether, something that Sextus criticized as being an affirmative belief. Instead, Sextus advocates simply giving up belief; in other words, suspending judgment (epoché) about whether or not anything is knowable. Only by suspending judgment can we attain a state of ataraxia (roughly, 'peace of mind').
There is some debate as to the extent to which Sextus advocated the suspension of judgement. According to Myles Burnyeat,Jonathan Barnes, and Benson Mates, Sextus advises that we should suspend judgment about virtually all beliefs; that is to say, we should neither affirm any belief as true nor deny any belief as false, since we may live without any beliefs, acting by habit. Michael Frede, however, defends a different interpretation, according to which Sextus does allow beliefs, so long as they are not derived by reason, philosophy or speculation; a skeptic may, for example, accept common opinions in the skeptic's society. The important difference between the skeptic and the dogmatist is that the skeptic does not hold his beliefs as a result of rigorous philosophical investigation.
Writings
Diogenes Laërtius and the Suda report that Sextus Empiricus wrote ten books on Pyrrhonism. The Suda also says Sextus wrote a book Ethica. Sextus Empiricus's three surviving works are the Outlines of Pyrrhonism (Πυῤῥώνειοι ὑποτυπώσεις, Pyrrhōneioi hypotypōseis, thus commonly abbreviated PH), and two distinct works preserved under the same title, Adversus Mathematicos (Πρὸς μαθηματικούς, Pros mathematikous, commonly abbreviated "AM" or "M" and known as Against Those in the Disciplines, or Against the Mathematicians). Adversus Mathematicos is incomplete as the text references parts that are not in the surviving text. Adversus Mathematicos also includes mentions of three other works which did not survive:
- Medical Commentaries (AD I 202)
- Empirical Commentaries (AM I 62)
- Commentaries on the Soul which includes a discussion of the Pythagoreans' metaphysical theory of numbers (AD IV 284) and shows that the soul is nothing (AM VI 55)
The surviving first six books of Adversus Mathematicos are commonly known as Against the Professors. Each book also has a traditional title; although none of these titles except Pros mathematikous and Pyrrhōneioi hypotypōseis are found in the manuscripts.
Book | English title | Greek title |
---|---|---|
I | Against the Grammarians | Πρὸς γραμματικούς / Pros grammatikous |
II | Against the Rhetoricians | Πρὸς ῥητορικούς / Pros rhetorikous |
III | Against the Geometers | Πρὸς γεωμετρικούς / Pros geometrikous |
IV | Against the Arithmeticians | Πρὸς ἀριθμητικούς / Pros arithmetikous |
V | Against the Astrologers | Πρὸς ἀστρολόγους / Pros astrologous |
VI | Against the Musicians | Πρὸς μουσικούς / Pros mousikous |
Adversus Mathematicos I–VI is sometimes distinguished from Adversus Mathematicos VII–XI by using another title, Against the Dogmatists (Πρὸς δογματικούς, Pros dogmatikous) and then the remaining books are numbered as I–II, III–IV, and V, despite the fact that it is commonly inferred that what we have is just part of a larger work whose beginning is missing and it is unknown how much of the total work has been lost. The supposed general title of this partially lost work is Skeptical Treatises' (Σκεπτικὰ Ὑπομνήματα/Skeptika Hypomnēmata).
Book | English title | Greek title |
---|---|---|
VII–VIII | Against the Logicians | Πρὸς λογικούς / Pros logikous |
IX–X | Against the Physicists | Πρὸς φυσικούς / Pros Physikous |
XI | Against the Ethicists | Πρὸς ἠθικούς / Pros Ethikous |
Legacy
An influential Latin translation of Sextus's Outlines was published by Henricus Stephanus in Geneva in 1562, and this was followed by a complete Latin Sextus with Gentian Hervet as translator in 1569. Petrus and Jacobus Chouet published the Greek text for the first time in 1621. Stephanus did not publish it with his Latin translation either in 1562 or in 1569, nor was it published in the reprint of the latter in 1619.
Sextus's Outlines were widely read in Europe during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, and had a profound effect on Michel de Montaigne, David Hume and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, among many others. Another source for the circulation of Sextus's ideas was Pierre Bayle's Dictionary. The legacy of Pyrrhonism is described in Richard Popkin's The History of Skepticism from Erasmus to Descartes and High Road to Pyrrhonism. The transmission of Sextus's manuscripts through antiquity and the Middle Ages is reconstructed by Luciano Floridi's Sextus Empiricus, The Recovery and Transmission of Pyrrhonism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002). Since the Renaissance, French philosophy has been continuously influenced by Sextus: Montaigne in the 16th century, Descartes, Blaise Pascal, Pierre-Daniel Huet and François de La Mothe Le Vayer in the 17th century, many of the "Philosophes", and in recent times controversial figures such as Michel Onfray, in a direct line of filiation between Sextus' radical skepticism and secular or even radical atheism.
Works
Translations
- Old complete translation in four volumes
- Sextus Empiricus, Sextus Empiricus I: Outlines of Pyrrhonism. R.G. Bury (trans.) (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1933/2000). ISBN 0-674-99301-2
- Sextus Empiricus, Sextus Empiricus II: Against the Logicians. R.G. Bury (trans.) (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1935/1997). ISBN 0-674-99321-7
- Sextus Empiricus, Sextus Empiricus III: Against the Physicists, Against the Ethicists. R.G. Bury (trans.) Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1936/1997. ISBN 0-674-99344-6
- Sextus Empiricus, Sextus Empiricus IV: Against the Professors. R.G. Bury (trans.) (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1949/2000). ISBN 0-674-99420-5
- New partial translations
- Sextus Empiricus, Against the Grammarians (Adversos Mathematicos I) David Blank (trans.) Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-824470-3
- Sextus Empiricus, Against the Mathematicians (Adversos Mathematicos IV) Lorenzo Corti (trans.) Leiden: Brill, 2024. ISBN 978-90-04-67949-8
- Sextus Empiricus, Against those in the Disciplines (Adversos Mathematicos I-VI). Richard Bett (trans.) (New York: Oxford University Press 2018). ISBN 9780198712701
- Sextus Empiricus, Against the Logicians. (Adversus Mathematicos VII and VIII). Richard Bett (trans.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-53195-0
- Sextus Empiricus, Against the Physicists (Adversus Mathematicos IX and X). Richard Bett (trans.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. ISBN 0-521-51391-X
- Sextus Empiricus, Against the Ethicists (Adversus Mathematicos XI). Richard Bett (trans.) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000). ISBN 0-19-825097-5
- Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Scepticism. Julia Annas and Jonathan Barnes (trans.) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed. 2000). ISBN 0-521-77809-3
- Sextus Empiricus, The Skeptic Way: Sextus Empiricus's Outlines of Pyrrhonism. Benson Mates (trans.) Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-19-509213-9
- Sextus Empiricus, Selections from the Major Writings on Skepticism Man and God. Sanford G. Etheridge (trans.) Indianapolis: Hackett, 1985. ISBN 0-87220-006-X
- French translations
- Sextus Empiricus, Contre les Professeurs (the first six treatises), Greek text and French Translation, under the editorship of Pierre Pellegrin (Paris: Seuil-Points, 2002). ISBN 2-02-048521-4
- Sextus Empiricus, Esquisses Pyrrhoniennes, Greek text and French Translation, under the editorship of Pierre Pellegrin (Paris: Seuil-Points, 1997).
- Old editions
- Sexti Empirici Adversus mathematicos, hoc est, adversus eos qui profitentur disciplinas, Gentiano Herveto Aurelio interprete, Parisiis, M. Javenem, 1569 (Vicifons).
See also
- Philosophical skepticism
- Protagoras
- Dissoi Logoi
Notes
- "Outlines of Pyrrhonism". Loeb Classical Library. Archived from the original on 2023-06-08. Retrieved 2023-10-15.
- Lehoux, Daryn (March 15, 2012). "What Did the Romans Know?: An Inquiry into Science and Worldmaking". University of Chicago Press – via Google Books.
- Suda, Sextos σ 235.
- Luciano Floridi Sextus Empiricus: The Transmission and Recovery of Pyrrhonism 2002 ISBN 0195146719 pp 3–7.
- Sextus Empiricus. Outlines of Pyrrhonism trans. R.G. Bury (Loeb edn) (London: W. Heinemann, 1933), p. 283.
- Sextus Empiricus. Against the Logicians trans. R.G. Bury (Loeb edn) (London: W. Heinemann, 1935) p. 179
- See PH I.3, I.8, I.198; cf. J. Barnes, "Introduction", xix ff., in Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Scepticism. Julia Annas and Jonathan Barnes (transl.) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
- Burnyeat, M., "Can The Sceptic Live His Scepticism" in Myles Burnyeat and Michael Frede (ed.), The Original Sceptics: A Controversy (Hackett, 1997): 25–57. Cf. Burnyeat, M., "The Sceptic in His Place and Time", ibid., 92–126.
- Barnes, J., "The Beliefs of a Pyrrhonist" in Myles Burnyeat and Michael Frede (ed.), The Original Sceptics: A Controversy (Hackett, 1997): 58–91.
- Mates, B. The Skeptic Way (Oxford UP, 1996).
- Frede, M., "The Sceptic's Beliefs" in Myles Burnyeat and Michael Frede (ed.), The Original Sceptics: A Controversy (Hackett, 1997): 1–24. Cf. Frede, M., "The Skeptic's Two Kinds of Assent and the Question of the Possibility of Knowledge", ibid., 127–152.
- Diogenes Laërtius Lives of Eminent Philosophers "Life of Timon" Book IX Chapter 12 Section 116 [1]
- Machuca, Diego Sextus Empiricus : his outlook, works, and legacy 2008 p. 35 [2]
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. "Sextus Empiricus". Retrieved 29 May 2015.
- Sara Ahbel-Rappe; Rachana Kamtekar (2009). A Companion to Socrates. ISBN 978-1-4051-9260-6.
- Bican Şahin, [Toleration: The Liberal Virtue], Lexington Books, 2010, p. 18.
- Richard Popkin (editor), History of Western Philosophy (1998) p. 330.
- Recent Greek-French edition of Sextus's works by Pierre Pellegrin, with an upbeat commentary. Paris: Seuil-Points, 2002.
Bibliography
- Annas, Julia and Barnes, Jonathan, The Modes of Scepticism: Ancient Texts and Modern Interpretations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. ISBN 0-521-27644-6
- Bailey, Alan, Sextus Empiricus and Pyrrhonean scepticism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-19-823852-5
- Berry, Jessica (2011). Nietzsche and the Ancient Skeptical Tradition. Oxford University Press. p. 230. ISBN 978-0-19-536842-0.
- Bett, Richard, Pyrrho, His Antecedents, and His Legacy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-19-925661-6
- Breker, Christian, Einführender Kommentar zu Sextus Empiricus' "Grundriss der pyrrhonischen Skepsis", Mainz, 2011: electr. publication, University of Mainz. available online (comment on Sextus Empiricus' "Outlines of Pyrrhonism" in German language)
- Brennan, Tad, Ethics and Epistemology in Sextus Empiricus, London: Garland, 1999. ISBN 0-8153-3659-4
- Brochard, Victor, Les Sceptiques grecs (1887) reprint Paris: Librairie générale française, 2002.
- Burnyeat, Myles and Frede, Michael The Original Sceptics: A Controversy, Hackett: Indianapolis, 1997. ISBN 0-87220-347-6
- Floridi, Luciano, Sextus Empiricus: the Transmission and Recovery of Pyrrhonism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-19-514671-9
- Hankinson, R.J., The Sceptics, London: Routledge, 1998. ISBN 0-415-18446-0
- Hookway, C., Scepticism, London: Routledge, 1992. ISBN 0-415-08764-3
- Jourdain, Charles, Sextus Empiricus et la philosophie scholastique, Paris: Paul Dupont, 1858.
- Janáček, Karel, Sexti Empirici indices, Firenze: Olschki, 2000.
- Janáček, Karel, Studien zu Sextus Empiricus, Diogenes Laertius und zur pyrrhonischen Skepsis. Hrsg. v. Jan Janda / Filip Karfík (= Beiträge zur Altertumskunde; Bd. 249), Berlin: de Gruyter 2008.
- Mates, Benson, The Skeptic Way: Sextus Empiricus's Outlines of Pyrrhonism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
- Pappenheim Eugen, Lebensverhältnisse des Sextus Empiricus, Berlin, Nauck, 1875.
- Perin, Casey, The Demands of Reason: An Essay on Pyrrhonian Scepticism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
- Popkin, Richard, The History of Scepticism: From Savonarola to Bayle, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-19-510768-3
- Vazquez, Daniel, Reason in Check: the Skepticism of Sextus Empiricus, Hermathena, 186, 2009, pp. 43–57.
External links
- Against the Mathematicians (at the Stoic Therapy eLibrary)
Works by or about Sextus Empiricus at Wikisource
- Excerpts from the "Outlines of Pyrrhonism" by Sextus Empiricus
- Morison, Benjamin. "Sextus Empiricus". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- Sextus Empiricus and Greek Scepticism (at Project Gutenberg; includes translation of first book of the Pyrrhonic Sketches)
- The complete works of Sextus Empiricus in Greek (at Google Books).
- Sexti Empirici opera recensuit Hermannus Mutschmann, voll. 2, Lipsiae in aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1912.
Sextus Empiricus Ancient Greek Se3tos Ἐmpeirikos Sextos Empeirikos fl mid late 2nd century AD was a Greek Pyrrhonist philosopher and Empiric school physician with Roman citizenship His philosophical works are the most complete surviving account of ancient Greek and Roman Pyrrhonism and because of the arguments they contain against the other Hellenistic philosophies they are also a major source of information about those philosophies Sextus EmpiricusBornSecond century ADDiedLate 2nd century or early 3rd century possibly in Alexandria or RomeNotable workOutlines of PyrrhonismAgainst the DogmatistsAgainst the ProfessorsEraHellenistic philosophyRegionWestern philosophySchoolPyrrhonism Empiric schoolMain interestsSkepticismLifeLittle is known about Sextus Empiricus He likely lived in Alexandria Rome or Athens His Roman name Sextus implies he was a Roman citizen The Suda a 10th century Byzantine encyclopedia states that he was the same person as Sextus of Chaeronea as do other pre modern sources but this identification is commonly doubted In his medical work as reflected by his name tradition maintains that he belonged to the Empiric school in which Pyrrhonism was popular However at least twice in his writings Sextus seems to place himself closer to the Methodic school PhilosophyAs a skeptic Sextus Empiricus raised concerns which applied to all types of knowledge He doubted the validity of induction long before its best known critic David Hume and raised the regress argument against all forms of reasoning Those who claim for themselves to judge the truth are bound to possess a criterion of truth This criterion then either is without a judge s approval or has been approved But if it is without approval whence comes it that it is trustworthy For no matter of dispute is to be trusted without judging And if it has been approved that which approves it in turn either has been approved or has not been approved and so on ad infinitum This view is known as Pyrrhonian skepticism which Sextus differentiated from Academic skepticism as practiced by Carneades which according to Sextus denies the possibility of knowledge altogether something that Sextus criticized as being an affirmative belief Instead Sextus advocates simply giving up belief in other words suspending judgment epoche about whether or not anything is knowable Only by suspending judgment can we attain a state of ataraxia roughly peace of mind There is some debate as to the extent to which Sextus advocated the suspension of judgement According to Myles Burnyeat Jonathan Barnes and Benson Mates Sextus advises that we should suspend judgment about virtually all beliefs that is to say we should neither affirm any belief as true nor deny any belief as false since we may live without any beliefs acting by habit Michael Frede however defends a different interpretation according to which Sextus does allow beliefs so long as they are not derived by reason philosophy or speculation a skeptic may for example accept common opinions in the skeptic s society The important difference between the skeptic and the dogmatist is that the skeptic does not hold his beliefs as a result of rigorous philosophical investigation WritingsDiogenes Laertius and the Suda report that Sextus Empiricus wrote ten books on Pyrrhonism The Suda also says Sextus wrote a book Ethica Sextus Empiricus s three surviving works are the Outlines of Pyrrhonism Pyῤῥwneioi ὑpotypwseis Pyrrhōneioi hypotypōseis thus commonly abbreviated PH and two distinct works preserved under the same title Adversus Mathematicos Prὸs ma8hmatikoys Pros mathematikous commonly abbreviated AM or M and known as Against Those in the Disciplines or Against the Mathematicians Adversus Mathematicos is incomplete as the text references parts that are not in the surviving text Adversus Mathematicos also includes mentions of three other works which did not survive Medical Commentaries AD I 202 Empirical Commentaries AM I 62 Commentaries on the Soul which includes a discussion of the Pythagoreans metaphysical theory of numbers AD IV 284 and shows that the soul is nothing AM VI 55 The surviving first six books of Adversus Mathematicos are commonly known as Against the Professors Each book also has a traditional title although none of these titles except Pros mathematikous and Pyrrhōneioi hypotypōseis are found in the manuscripts Book English title Greek titleI Against the Grammarians Prὸs grammatikoys Pros grammatikousII Against the Rhetoricians Prὸs ῥhtorikoys Pros rhetorikousIII Against the Geometers Prὸs gewmetrikoys Pros geometrikousIV Against the Arithmeticians Prὸs ἀri8mhtikoys Pros arithmetikousV Against the Astrologers Prὸs ἀstrologoys Pros astrologousVI Against the Musicians Prὸs moysikoys Pros mousikous Adversus Mathematicos I VI is sometimes distinguished from Adversus Mathematicos VII XI by using another title Against the Dogmatists Prὸs dogmatikoys Pros dogmatikous and then the remaining books are numbered as I II III IV and V despite the fact that it is commonly inferred that what we have is just part of a larger work whose beginning is missing and it is unknown how much of the total work has been lost The supposed general title of this partially lost work is Skeptical Treatises Skeptikὰ Ὑpomnhmata Skeptika Hypomnemata Book English title Greek titleVII VIII Against the Logicians Prὸs logikoys Pros logikousIX X Against the Physicists Prὸs fysikoys Pros PhysikousXI Against the Ethicists Prὸs ἠ8ikoys Pros EthikousLegacyAn influential Latin translation of Sextus s Outlines was published by Henricus Stephanus in Geneva in 1562 and this was followed by a complete Latin Sextus with Gentian Hervet as translator in 1569 Petrus and Jacobus Chouet published the Greek text for the first time in 1621 Stephanus did not publish it with his Latin translation either in 1562 or in 1569 nor was it published in the reprint of the latter in 1619 Sextus s Outlines were widely read in Europe during the 16th 17th and 18th centuries and had a profound effect on Michel de Montaigne David Hume and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel among many others Another source for the circulation of Sextus s ideas was Pierre Bayle s Dictionary The legacy of Pyrrhonism is described in Richard Popkin s The History of Skepticism from Erasmus to Descartes and High Road to Pyrrhonism The transmission of Sextus s manuscripts through antiquity and the Middle Ages is reconstructed by Luciano Floridi s Sextus Empiricus The Recovery and Transmission of Pyrrhonism Oxford Oxford University Press 2002 Since the Renaissance French philosophy has been continuously influenced by Sextus Montaigne in the 16th century Descartes Blaise Pascal Pierre Daniel Huet and Francois de La Mothe Le Vayer in the 17th century many of the Philosophes and in recent times controversial figures such as Michel Onfray in a direct line of filiation between Sextus radical skepticism and secular or even radical atheism WorksTranslations Old complete translation in four volumesSextus Empiricus Sextus Empiricus I Outlines of Pyrrhonism R G Bury trans Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 1933 2000 ISBN 0 674 99301 2 Sextus Empiricus Sextus Empiricus II Against the Logicians R G Bury trans Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 1935 1997 ISBN 0 674 99321 7 Sextus Empiricus Sextus Empiricus III Against the Physicists Against the Ethicists R G Bury trans Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 1936 1997 ISBN 0 674 99344 6 Sextus Empiricus Sextus Empiricus IV Against the Professors R G Bury trans Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 1949 2000 ISBN 0 674 99420 5New partial translationsSextus Empiricus Against the Grammarians Adversos Mathematicos I David Blank trans Oxford Clarendon Press 1998 ISBN 0 19 824470 3 Sextus Empiricus Against the Mathematicians Adversos Mathematicos IV Lorenzo Corti trans Leiden Brill 2024 ISBN 978 90 04 67949 8 Sextus Empiricus Against those in the Disciplines Adversos Mathematicos I VI Richard Bett trans New York Oxford University Press 2018 ISBN 9780198712701 Sextus Empiricus Against the Logicians Adversus Mathematicos VII and VIII Richard Bett trans Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2005 ISBN 0 521 53195 0 Sextus Empiricus Against the Physicists Adversus Mathematicos IX and X Richard Bett trans Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2012 ISBN 0 521 51391 X Sextus Empiricus Against the Ethicists Adversus Mathematicos XI Richard Bett trans Oxford Clarendon Press 2000 ISBN 0 19 825097 5 Sextus Empiricus Outlines of Scepticism Julia Annas and Jonathan Barnes trans Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2nd ed 2000 ISBN 0 521 77809 3 Sextus Empiricus The Skeptic Way Sextus Empiricus s Outlines of Pyrrhonism Benson Mates trans Oxford Oxford University Press 1996 ISBN 0 19 509213 9 Sextus Empiricus Selections from the Major Writings on Skepticism Man and God Sanford G Etheridge trans Indianapolis Hackett 1985 ISBN 0 87220 006 XFrench translationsSextus Empiricus Contre les Professeurs the first six treatises Greek text and French Translation under the editorship of Pierre Pellegrin Paris Seuil Points 2002 ISBN 2 02 048521 4 Sextus Empiricus Esquisses Pyrrhoniennes Greek text and French Translation under the editorship of Pierre Pellegrin Paris Seuil Points 1997 Old editionsSexti Empirici Adversus mathematicos hoc est adversus eos qui profitentur disciplinas Gentiano Herveto Aurelio interprete Parisiis M Javenem 1569 Vicifons See alsoPhilosophical skepticism Protagoras Dissoi LogoiNotes Outlines of Pyrrhonism Loeb Classical Library Archived from the original on 2023 06 08 Retrieved 2023 10 15 Lehoux Daryn March 15 2012 What Did the Romans Know An Inquiry into Science and Worldmaking University of Chicago Press via Google Books Suda Sextos s 235 Luciano Floridi Sextus Empiricus The Transmission and Recovery of Pyrrhonism 2002 ISBN 0195146719 pp 3 7 Sextus Empiricus Outlines of Pyrrhonism trans R G Bury Loeb edn London W Heinemann 1933 p 283 Sextus Empiricus Against the Logicians trans R G Bury Loeb edn London W Heinemann 1935 p 179 See PH I 3 I 8 I 198 cf J Barnes Introduction xix ff in Sextus Empiricus Outlines of Scepticism Julia Annas and Jonathan Barnes transl Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2000 Burnyeat M Can The Sceptic Live His Scepticism in Myles Burnyeat and Michael Frede ed The Original Sceptics A Controversy Hackett 1997 25 57 Cf Burnyeat M The Sceptic in His Place and Time ibid 92 126 Barnes J The Beliefs of a Pyrrhonist in Myles Burnyeat and Michael Frede ed The Original Sceptics A Controversy Hackett 1997 58 91 Mates B The Skeptic Way Oxford UP 1996 Frede M The Sceptic s Beliefs in Myles Burnyeat and Michael Frede ed The Original Sceptics A Controversy Hackett 1997 1 24 Cf Frede M The Skeptic s Two Kinds of Assent and the Question of the Possibility of Knowledge ibid 127 152 Diogenes Laertius Lives of Eminent Philosophers Life of Timon Book IX Chapter 12 Section 116 1 Machuca Diego Sextus Empiricus his outlook works and legacy 2008 p 35 2 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Sextus Empiricus Retrieved 29 May 2015 Sara Ahbel Rappe Rachana Kamtekar 2009 A Companion to Socrates ISBN 978 1 4051 9260 6 Bican Sahin Toleration The Liberal Virtue Lexington Books 2010 p 18 Richard Popkin editor History of Western Philosophy 1998 p 330 Recent Greek French edition of Sextus s works by Pierre Pellegrin with an upbeat commentary Paris Seuil Points 2002 BibliographyAnnas Julia and Barnes Jonathan The Modes of Scepticism Ancient Texts and Modern Interpretations Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1985 ISBN 0 521 27644 6 Bailey Alan Sextus Empiricus and Pyrrhonean scepticism Oxford Oxford University Press 2002 ISBN 0 19 823852 5 Berry Jessica 2011 Nietzsche and the Ancient Skeptical Tradition Oxford University Press p 230 ISBN 978 0 19 536842 0 Bett Richard Pyrrho His Antecedents and His Legacy Oxford Oxford University Press 2000 ISBN 0 19 925661 6 Breker Christian Einfuhrender Kommentar zu Sextus Empiricus Grundriss der pyrrhonischen Skepsis Mainz 2011 electr publication University of Mainz available online comment on Sextus Empiricus Outlines of Pyrrhonism in German language Brennan Tad Ethics and Epistemology in Sextus Empiricus London Garland 1999 ISBN 0 8153 3659 4 Brochard Victor Les Sceptiques grecs 1887 reprint Paris Librairie generale francaise 2002 Burnyeat Myles and Frede Michael The Original Sceptics A Controversy Hackett Indianapolis 1997 ISBN 0 87220 347 6 Floridi Luciano Sextus Empiricus the Transmission and Recovery of Pyrrhonism Oxford Oxford University Press 2002 ISBN 0 19 514671 9 Hankinson R J The Sceptics London Routledge 1998 ISBN 0 415 18446 0 Hookway C Scepticism London Routledge 1992 ISBN 0 415 08764 3 Jourdain Charles Sextus Empiricus et la philosophie scholastique Paris Paul Dupont 1858 Janacek Karel Sexti Empirici indices Firenze Olschki 2000 Janacek Karel Studien zu Sextus Empiricus Diogenes Laertius und zur pyrrhonischen Skepsis Hrsg v Jan Janda Filip Karfik Beitrage zur Altertumskunde Bd 249 Berlin de Gruyter 2008 Mates Benson The Skeptic Way Sextus Empiricus s Outlines of Pyrrhonism Oxford Oxford University Press 1996 Pappenheim Eugen Lebensverhaltnisse des Sextus Empiricus Berlin Nauck 1875 Perin Casey The Demands of Reason An Essay on Pyrrhonian Scepticism Oxford Oxford University Press 2010 Popkin Richard The History of Scepticism From Savonarola to Bayle Oxford Oxford University Press 2003 ISBN 0 19 510768 3 Vazquez Daniel Reason in Check the Skepticism of Sextus Empiricus Hermathena 186 2009 pp 43 57 External linksWikiquote has quotations related to Sextus Empiricus Against the Mathematicians at the Stoic Therapy eLibrary Works by or about Sextus Empiricus at Wikisource Excerpts from the Outlines of Pyrrhonism by Sextus Empiricus Morison Benjamin Sextus Empiricus In Zalta Edward N ed Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Sextus Empiricus and Greek Scepticism at Project Gutenberg includes translation of first book of the Pyrrhonic Sketches The complete works of Sextus Empiricus in Greek at Google Books Sexti Empirici opera recensuit Hermannus Mutschmann voll 2 Lipsiae in aedibus B G Teubneri 1912