Scientology is a set of beliefs and practices invented by the American author L. Ron Hubbard, and an associated movement. It is variously defined as a cult, a business, a religion, or a scam. Hubbard initially developed a set of ideas that he called Dianetics, which he represented as a form of therapy. An organization that he established in 1950 to promote it went bankrupt, and Hubbard lost the rights to his book Dianetics in 1952. He then recharacterized his ideas as a religion, likely for tax purposes, and renamed them Scientology. By 1954, he had regained the rights to Dianetics and founded the Church of Scientology, which remains the largest organization promoting Scientology. There are practitioners independent of the Church, in what is referred to as the Free Zone. Estimates put the number of Scientologists at under 40,000 worldwide.
Key Scientology beliefs include reincarnation, and that traumatic events cause subconscious command-like recordings in the mind (termed "engrams") that can be removed only through an activity called "auditing". A fee is charged for each session of "auditing". Once an "auditor" deems an individual free of "engrams" they are given the status of "clear". Scholarship differs on the interpretation of these beliefs: some academics regard them as religious in nature; other scholars regard them as merely a means of extracting money from Scientology recruits. After attaining "clear" status, adherents can take part in the Operating Thetan levels, which require further payments. The Operating Thetan texts are kept secret from most followers; they are revealed only after adherents have typically given hundreds of thousands of dollars to the Scientology organization. Despite its efforts to maintain the secrecy of the texts, they are freely available on various websites, including at the media organization WikiLeaks. These texts say past lives took place in extraterrestrial cultures. They involve an alien called Xenu, described as a planetary ruler 70 million years ago who brought billions of aliens to Earth and killed them with thermonuclear weapons. Despite being kept secret from most followers, this forms the central mythological framework of Scientology's ostensible soteriology. These aspects have become the subject of popular ridicule.
Since its formation, Scientology groups have generated considerable opposition and controversy. This includes deaths of practitioners while under Church of Scientology care, several instances of extensive criminal activities, and allegations by former adherents of exploitation and forced abortions. In the 1970s, Hubbard's followers engaged in a program of criminal infiltration of the U.S. government, resulting in several executives of the organization being convicted and imprisoned for multiple offenses by a U.S. federal court. Hubbard himself was convicted of fraud in absentia by a French court in 1978 and sentenced to four years in prison. In 1992, a court in Canada convicted the Scientology organization in Toronto of spying on law enforcement and government agencies and criminal breach of trust, later upheld by the Ontario Court of Appeal. The Church of Scientology was convicted of fraud by a French court in 2009, a judgment upheld by the supreme Court of Cassation in 2013.
The Church of Scientology has been described by government inquiries, international parliamentary bodies, scholars, law lords, and numerous superior court judgments as both a dangerous cult and a manipulative profit-making business. Numerous scholars and journalists have observed that profit is the primary motivating goal of the Scientology organization. Following extensive litigation in numerous countries, the organization has managed to attain a legal recognition as a religious institution in some jurisdictions, including Australia, Italy, and the United States.Germany classifies Scientology groups as an anti-constitutional sect, while the French government classifies the group as a dangerous cult.
Definition and classification
The sociologist Stephen A. Kent views the Church of Scientology as "a multifaceted transnational corporation, only one element of which is religious". In his history of the Church of Scientology, the scholar Hugh Urban describes Scientology as a "huge, complex, and multifaceted movement".
Government inquiries, international parliamentary bodies, scholars, law lords, and numerous superior court judgments describe Scientology both as a dangerous cult and as a manipulative profit-making business. These institutions and scholars state that Scientology is not a religion.
Scientology has experienced multiple schisms during its history. While the Church of Scientology was the original promoter of the movement, various independent groups have split off to form independent Scientology groups. Referring to the "different types of Scientology", the scholar of religion Aled Thomas suggests it was appropriate to talk about "Scientologies".
Urban describes Scientology as representing a "rich syncretistic blend" of sources, including elements from Hinduism and Buddhism, Thelema, new scientific ideas, science-fiction, and from psychology and popular self-help literature available by the mid-20th century. The ceremonies, structure of the prayers, and minister attire suggested by Hubbard reflect his own Protestant traditions.
Hubbard claimed that Scientology was "all-denominational", and members of the Scientology organization are not prohibited from active involvement in religions. Scholar of religion Donald Westbrook encountered members who also practiced Judaism, Christianity, Buddhism, and the Nation of Islam; one was a Baptist minister. In practice, however, Westbrook noted that most Church members consider Scientology to be their only commitment, and the deeper their involvement became, the less likely they were to continue practicing other traditions.
Debates over classification
Debate as to whether Scientology should be regarded as a cult, a business, a scam, or a religion has continued over many years. Many Scientologists consider it to be their religion. Its founder, L. Ron Hubbard, presented it as a religion, but the early history of the Scientology organization, and Hubbard's policy directives, letters, and instructions to subordinates, indicate that his motivation for doing so was as a legally pragmatic move to minimize his tax burden and escape the possibility of prosecution. In many countries, the Church of Scientology has engaged in extensive litigation to secure recognition as a tax-exempt religious organization, and it has managed to obtain such a status in a few jurisdictions, including the United States, Italy, and Australia. The organization has not received recognition as a religious institution in the majority of countries in which it operates.
An article in the magazine TIME, "The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power", describes Scientology as a ruthless global scam. The Church of Scientology's attempts to sue the publishers for libel and to prevent republication abroad were dismissed. Scholarship in psychology and skepticism supports this view of Scientology as a confidence trick to obtain money from its targets. The scholar Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi observes that "the majority of activities conducted by Scientology and its many fronts and subsidiaries involve the marketing of secular products." In a report by the European Parliament, it is observed that the group "is a cool, cynical, manipulating business and nothing else."
Scholars and journalists note that profit is the primary motivating goal of Hubbard's Scientology groups. Those making this observation have often referred to a governing financial policy issued by Hubbard that is to be obeyed by all Scientology organization staff members, which includes the following [uppercase in original]:
Make sure that lots of bodies move through the shop...A. MAKE MONEY. ... J. MAKE MONEY. K. MAKE MORE MONEY. L. MAKE OTHER PEOPLE PRODUCE SO AS TO MAKE MONEY...However you get them in or why, just do it.
Some scholars of religion have referred to Scientology as a religion. The sociologist Bryan R. Wilson compares Scientology with 20 criteria that he associated with religion and concludes that the movement could be characterised as such. Wilson's criteria include: a cosmology that describes a human reality beyond terrestrial existence; ethics and behavior teachings that are based on this cosmology; prescribed ways for followers to connect with spiritual beings; and a congregation that believes in and helps spread its teachings. Allan W. Black analysed Scientology through the seven "dimensions of religion" set forward by the scholar Ninian Smart and also decided that Scientology met those criteria for being a religion. The sociologist David V. Barrett noted that there was a "strong body of evidence to suggest that it makes sense to regard Scientology as a religion", while scholar of religion James R. Lewis comments that "it is obvious that Scientology is a religion". The scholar Mikael Rothstein observes that the Scientology "is best understood as a devotional cult aimed at revering the mythologized founder of the organization".
Numerous religious studies scholars have described Scientology as a new religious movement. Various scholars have also considered it within the category of Western esotericism, while the scholar of religion Andreas Grünschloß noted that it was "closely linked" to UFO religions, as science-fiction themes are evident in its theology. Scholars have also varyingly described it as a "psychotherapeutically oriented religion", a "secularized religion", a "postmodern religion", a "privatized religion", and a "progressive-knowledge" religion. According to scholar of religion Mary Farrell Bednarowski, Scientology describes itself as drawing on science, religion, psychology and philosophy but "has been claimed by none of them and repudiated, for the most part, by all".
Government bodies and other institutions maintain that the Scientology organization is a commercial business that falsely claims to be religious, or alternatively a form of therapy masquerading as religion. The French government characterises the movement as a dangerous cult, and the German government monitors it as an anti-democratic sect.
The notion of Scientology as a religion is strongly opposed by the anti-cult movement. Its claims to a religious identity have been particularly rejected in continental Europe. Grünschloß writes that labelling Scientology a religion does not mean that it is "automatically promoted as harmless, nice, good, and humane". The multi-faceted nature of the Church of Scientology that includes pedagogy, communication theories, management principles and methods for a healthy living discombobulated many observers when it first started. Dericquebourg comments that the same things can be found in established churches.
Etymology
The word Scientology, as coined by Hubbard, is a derivation from the Latin word scientia ("knowledge", "skill"), which comes from the verb scīre ("to know"), with the suffix -ology, from the Greek λόγος lógos ("word" or "account [of]"). Hubbard claimed that the word "Scientology" meant "knowing about knowing or science of knowledge". The name "Scientology" deliberately makes use of the word "science", seeking to benefit from the "prestige and perceived legitimacy" of natural science in the public imagination. In doing so, Scientology has been compared to religious groups like Christian Science and the Science of Mind, which employed similar tactics.
The term "Scientology" had been used in published works at least twice before Hubbard. In The New Word (1901), poet and lawyer Allen Upward first used scientology to mean blind, unthinking acceptance of scientific doctrine (compare scientism). In 1934, philosopher Anastasius Nordenholz published Scientology: Science of the Constitution and Usefulness of Knowledge, which used the term to mean the science of science.: 116–9 It is unknown whether Hubbard was aware of either prior usage of the word.: 116–9 : 111
History
As the 1950s developed, Hubbard saw the advantages of having his Scientology movement legally recognised as a religion. In an April 1953 letter to Helen O'Brien, his US business manager, he proposed that Scientology should be transformed into a religion: "We don't want a clinic. We want one in operation but not in name...It is a problem of practical business. I await your reaction on the religion angle". In reaction to a series of arrests of his followers, and the prosecution of Hubbard's Dianetics foundation for teaching medicine without a license, in December 1953 Hubbard incorporated three organizations – Church of American Science, Church of Scientology, and Church of Spiritual Engineering. In 1959, Hubbard purchased Saint Hill Manor in East Grinstead, Sussex, United Kingdom, which became the worldwide headquarters of the Church of Scientology and his personal residence. With the organization often under heavy criticism, it adopted strong measures of attack in dealing with its critics.
In 1966, the organization established the Guardian's Office (GO), a department devoted to undermining those hostile towards Scientology. The GO launched an extensive program of countering negative publicity, gathering intelligence, and infiltrating organizations. In "Operation Snow White", the GO infiltrated the IRS and numerous other government departments and stole tens of thousands of documents pertaining to the Church, politicians, and celebrities. In July 1977, the FBI raided Church premises in Washington, DC, and Los Angeles, revealing the extent of the GO's infiltration into government departments and other groups. Eleven officials and agents of the Church were indicted; in December 1979, they were sentenced to between 4 and 5 years each and individually fined $10,000 (equivalent to $42,000 in 2023). Among those found guilty was Hubbard's then-wife, Mary Sue Hubbard. Public revelation of the GO's activities brought widespread condemnation of the Church.
In 1967, Hubbard established a new group, the Sea Organization or "Sea Org", the membership of which was drawn from the most committed members of the Scientology organization. By 1981, the 21-year-old David Miscavige, who had been one of Hubbard's closest aides in the Sea Org, rose to prominence. Hubbard died at his ranch in Creston, California, on January 24, 1986, and David Miscavige succeeded Hubbard as head of the Church. In 1993, the Internal Revenue Service dropped all litigation against the Scientology organization and recognized it as a religious institution.
Beliefs and practices
Hubbard lies at the core of Scientology and his writings remain the source of its ideas and practices. Sociologist of religion David G. Bromley describes Scientology as Hubbard's "personal synthesis of philosophy, physics, and psychology". Hubbard claimed that he developed his ideas through research and experimentation, rather than through revelation from a supernatural source. He published hundreds of articles and books over the course of his life. Scientologists regard his writings on Scientology as scripture. Much basic information about the Scientology belief system is kept secret from most practitioners. The scholar and historian of Scientology Hugh Urban observes that:
A great many aspects of Scientology are shrouded in layers of secrecy, concealment, obfuscation, and/or dissimulation.
In Scientology Hubbard's work is regarded as perfect, and no elaboration or alteration is permitted. Hubbard described Scientology as an "applied religious philosophy", because, according to him, it consists of a metaphysical doctrine, a theory of psychology, and teachings in morality. Hubbard incorporated a variety of hypnotic techniques in Scientology auditing and courses. These are used as a means to create dependency and obedience in followers. Hubbard said of the beliefs that:
A civilization without insanity, without criminals and without war; where the world can prosper and honest beings can have rights, and where man is free to rise to greater heights, are the aims of Scientology.
Hubbard developed thousands of neologisms during his lifetime. The nomenclature used by the movement is termed "Scientologese" by members. Scientologists are expected to learn this specialist terminology, the use of which separates followers from non-Scientologists. The Scientology organization refers to its practices as "technology", a term often shortened to "Tech". Scientologists stress the "standardness" of this "tech", by which they express belief in its infallibility. The Church's system of pedagogy is called "Study Tech" and is presented as the best method for learning. Scientology teaches that when reading, it is very important not to go past a word one does not understand. A person should instead consult a dictionary as to the meaning of the word before progressing, something Scientology calls "word clearing".
According to Scientology texts, its beliefs and practices are based on rigorous research, and its doctrines are accorded a significance equivalent to scientific laws. Blind belief is held to be of lesser significance than the practical application of Scientologist methods. Adherents are encouraged to validate the practices through their personal experience. Hubbard put it this way: "For a Scientologist, the final test of any knowledge he has gained is, 'did the data and the use of it in life actually improve conditions or didn't it?'" Many Scientologists avoid using the words "belief" or "faith" to describe how Hubbard's teachings impacts their lives, preferring to say that they "know" it to be true.
Auditing
The central practice of Scientology is an activity known as "auditing". It takes place with two Scientologists — one is the "auditor" who asks questions, and the subject is termed the "preclear". The stated purpose is to help the subject to remove their mental traumas (ostensible recordings in the mind which Hubbard termed "engrams"). Scholarship in clinical psychology demonstrates that the purpose of auditing is to induce a light hypnotic state and to create dependency and obedience in the subject. When deemed free of engrams they are given the status of "clear", and then continue doing further auditing until they are deemed to have reached the level Operating Thetan. Hubbard assigns vitality, good health and increased intelligence to those who are given the status of "clear", having removed the source of their "psychosomatic illnesses". The further status of Operating Thetan (OT) is posited as complete spiritual freedom in which one is able to do anything one chooses, create anything, go anywhere — an idea which has appealed to many.
The scholar Hugh Urban describes the supernatural powers promoted as being gained by an Operating Thetan as:
The liberated thetan could even freely create a personal paradise, populating it with heavenly beings and infinite pleasures at will. ... As such, the thetan who truly realized his power to create and destroy universes would in effect be "beyond God". ... The thetan has been deceived into worshipping such a God by mainstream religion and so forgotten its own godlike power to create and destroy universes.
— Hugh Urban in The Church of Scientology: A History of a New Religion
The prices to undertake a full course of auditing with the Church of Scientology are not often advertised publicly. As of 2011 it can easily cost $400,000 to do the entirety of Scientology's "Bridge to Total Freedom" (equivalent to $542,000 in 2023). In a 1964 letter, Hubbard stated that a 25-hour block of auditing should cost the equivalent of "three months' pay for the average middle class working individual." In 2007, the fee for a 12 and a half hour block of auditing at the Tampa Org was $4000 (equivalent to $5,880 in 2023). The Scientology organization is often criticized for the prices it charges for auditing, and examinations of the group have indicated that profit is the group's primary purpose. Hubbard stated that charging for auditing was necessary because the practice required an exchange, and should the auditor not receive something for their services it could harm both parties.
During auditing, a device called an electropsychometer (E-meter) is used. Scientology's primary road map for guiding a person through the sequential steps to attain Scientology's concepts of "clear" and OT is The Bridge to Total Freedom, a large chart enumerating every step in sequence. The steps past "clear" are kept secret from most Scientologists and include the founding myth that seeks to explain Scientology doctrine.
Soul
Hubbard taught that there were three parts of man: the spirit, mind, and body. The first of these is a person's inner self which he calls a "thetan". It is akin to the idea of the soul or spirit found in religious traditions. Hubbard stated that "the thetan is the person. You are YOU in a body." Hubbard referred to the physical universe as the MEST universe, meaning "Matter, Energy, Space and Time", which includes your body. Scientologists believe that thetans can exteriorize; leave their body. The thetan is considered an immortal being who has been reincarnated many times over. Someone who has died is said to have "dropped the body". Scientology refers to the existence of a Supreme Being, but practitioners are not expected to worship it. No intercessions are made to seek this being's assistance in daily life.
Space opera and the Wall of Fire
The mythological framework which forms the basis for what Scientologists view as the system's path to salvation is the story of Xenu. Reflecting a strong science-fiction theme within its theology, Scientology's teachings make reference to "space opera", a term denoting events in the distant past in which "spaceships, spacemen, [and] intergalactic travel" all feature.
Hubbard wrote about a great catastrophe that took place 75 million years ago. According to this story, 75 million years ago there was a Galactic Confederacy of 76 planets ruled over by a leader called Xenu. The Confederacy was overpopulated and Xenu transported millions of aliens to earth and killed them with hydrogen bombs. The thetans of those killed were then clustered together and implants were inserted into them, designed to kill any body that these thetans would subsequently inhabit should they recall the event of their destruction. After the massacre, several of the officers in Xenu's service rebelled against him, ultimately capturing and imprisoning him. Hubbard claimed to have discovered the Xenu myth in December 1967, having taken the "plunge" deep into his "time track". Scientology teaches that attempting to recover this information from the "time track" typically results in an individual's death, caused by the presence of Xenu's implants, but that because of Hubbard's "technology" this death can be avoided.
The Scientology organization says that learning the Xenu myth can be harmful for those unprepared for it, and the documents discussing Xenu are kept secret from most members. The teachings about Xenu were later leaked by ex-members, becoming a matter of public record after being submitted as evidence in court cases. They are now widely available online. Members who have been given the teachings routinely deny these teachings exist. Hubbard however talked about Xenu on several occasions, the Xenu story bears similarities with some of the science-fiction stories Hubbard published, and substantial themes from the Xenu story are in Hubbard's book Scientology – A History of Man.
The Operating Thetan levels
The degrees above the level of Clear are called "Operating Thetan" or OT. Hubbard described there being 15 OT levels, although he had only completed eight of these during his lifetime. OT levels nine to 15 have not been reached by any Scientologist. In 1988 the Scientology organization stated that OT levels nine and ten would only be released when certain benchmarks in its expansion had been achieved. The Church of Scientology has gone to considerable length to try to maintain the secrecy of the texts, but they remain widely available on the internet. This is partly due to litigation involving Scientology, whereby the Fishman Affidavit was leaked to the public. Materials have also been passed on to other sources and made available by publishers such as the media organization WikiLeaks.
To gain the OT levels of training, a member must go to one of the Advanced Organisations or Orgs, which are based in Los Angeles, Clearwater, East Grinstead, Copenhagen, Sydney, and Johannesburg. Conservative estimates indicate that getting to OT VIII would require a minimum of payments to the Scientology organization of $350,000 to $400,000 (equivalent to $542,000 in 2023). OT levels six and seven are only available at Clearwater. The highest level, OT eight, is disclosed only at sea on the Scientology ship Freewinds, operated by the Flag Ship Service Org. Scholar of religion Aled Thomas suggested that the status of a person's level creates an internal class system within the Scientology organization.
The Scientology organization claims that the material taught in the OT levels can only be comprehended once its previous material has been mastered and is therefore kept confidential until a person reaches the requisite level. Higher-level members typically refuse to talk about the contents of these OT levels. Those progressing through the OT levels are taught additional, more advanced auditing techniques; one of the techniques taught is a method of auditing oneself, which is the necessary procedure for reaching OT level seven.
Ethics
Scientology has its own unique definitions for ethics and procedures for justice. According to scholar Stephen Kent, "The purpose of Scientology ethics is to eliminate opponents, then eliminate people's interests in things other than Scientology. In this 'ethical' environment, Scientology would be able to impose its courses, philosophy, and 'justice system' – its so-called technology—onto society."
Symbology
Hubbard created many symbolism concepts, including the eight dynamics, the ARC and KRC triangles, the "S and double triangle" symbol, the Scientology cross, and many others. Scientology celebrates seven calendar events including L. Ron Hubbard's birthday, Auditor's Day, and New Year's. There is a Sunday service which is primarily of interest for non-members and beginners. Weddings and funerals are also held.
Psychiatry, psychology, psychosis
Scientology is vehemently opposed to psychiatry and psychology, and wants to replace them with its own methods. The clinical and academic psychiatry community rejected Hubbard's theories in the early 1950s. Hubbard and his early Dianetics organization were prosecuted for practicing medicine without a license in the early 1950s.
Hubbard taught that psychiatrists were responsible for a great many wrongs in the world, saying that psychiatry has at various times offered itself as a tool of political suppression and that psychiatry was responsible for the ideology of Hitler, for turning the Nazis into mass murderers, and the Holocaust. The Scientology organization operates the anti-psychiatry group Citizens Commission on Human Rights (CCHR), which operates Psychiatry: An Industry of Death, an anti-psychiatry museum. Though Hubbard had stated psychosis was not something Scientology dealt with, after noticing many Scientologists were suffering breakdowns after using his techniques he created the Introspection Rundown, a brutal and inhumane method to allegedly solve psychotic episodes.: 208–9 The rundown came under public scrutiny when in 1995 Scientologist Lisa McPherson suffered a mental breakdown and was removed from the hospital and held in isolation at a Church of Scientology for 17 days before she died.: Part 2
Views on Hubbard
Scientologists view Hubbard as an extraordinary man, but do not worship him as a deity. They regard him as the preeminent Operating Thetan who remained on Earth in order to show others the way to spiritual liberation, the man who discovered the source of human misery and a technology allowing everyone to achieve their true potential. Church of Scientology management frames Hubbard's physical death as "dropping his body" to pursue higher levels of research not possible with an Earth-bound body.
Scientologists often refer to Hubbard affectionately as "Ron", and many refer to him as their "friend". The Scientology organization operates a calendar in which 1950, the year in which Hubbard's book Dianetics was published, is considered year zero, the beginning of an era. Years after that date are referred to as "AD" for "After Dianetics". They have also buried copies of his writings preserved on stainless steel disks in a secure underground vault in the hope of preserving them against major catastrophes. The Church of Scientology's view of Hubbard is presented in their hagiographical biography of him, seeking to present him as "a person of exceptional character, morals and intelligence". Critics of Hubbard and his organization claim that many of the details of his life as he presented it were false. Every Scientology Org maintains an office set aside for Hubbard in perpetuity, set out to imitate those he used in life, and will typically have a bust or large framed photograph of him on display.
The Church of Scientology
The Church of Scientology is headquartered at "Gold Base" in Riverside County, California, where the highest Sea Org officials work, and at "Flag Land Base" in Clearwater, Florida. The organization operates on a hierarchical and top-down basis, being largely bureaucratic in structure. It claims to be the only true voice of Scientology. The internal structure of Scientology organizations is strongly bureaucratic with a focus on statistics-based management. Organizational operating budgets are performance-related and subject to frequent reviews.
By 2011, the organization was claiming over 700 centres in 65 countries. Smaller centres are called "missions". The largest number of these are in the U.S., with the second largest number being in Europe. Missions are established by missionaries, who are referred to as "mission holders". Members can establish a mission wherever they wish but must fund it themselves; the missions are not financially supported by the central organization. Mission holders must purchase all of the necessary material from the central Church of Scientology; as of 2001, the Mission Starter Pack cost $35,000 (equivalent to $60,200 in 2023).
Each mission or Org is a corporate entity, established as a licensed franchise, and operating as a commercial company. Each franchise sends part of its earnings, which have been generated through beginner-level auditing, to the International Management. Bromley observed that an entrepreneurial incentive system pervades the organization, with individual members and organisations receiving payment for bringing in new people or for signing them up for more advanced services. The individual and collective performances of different members and missions are gathered, being called "stats". Performances that are an improvement on the previous week are termed "up stats"; those that show a decline are "down stats". According to leaked tax documents, the Church of Scientology International and Church of Spiritual Technology in the US had a combined $1.7 billion in assets in 2012, in addition to annual revenues estimated at $200 million a year.
Internal organization
The Sea Org is the organization's primary management unit, containing the highest ranks in its hierarchy. Its members are often recruited from the children of existing Scientologists, and sign up to a "billion-year contract" to serve the Church. Kent described that for adult Sea Org members with minor children, their work obligations took priority, damaged parent-child relations, and has led to cases of severe child neglect and endangerment.
The Rehabilitation Project Force (RPF) is the Church of Scientology's disciplinary program, where Sea Org members deemed to have seriously deviated from its teachings are placed. They will often face a hearing, the "Committee of Evidence", which determines if they will be sent to the RPF. The RPF operates out of several locations. It involves a daily regimen of five hours of auditing or studying, eight hours of work, often physical labor, such as building renovation, and at least seven hours of sleep. Critics have condemned RPF practices for violating human rights; and criticized the Scientology organization for placing children as young as twelve into the RPF, engaging them in forced labor and denying access to their parents, violating Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The RPF has contributed to characterisations of the organization as a cult.
The Office of Special Affairs or OSA (formerly the Guardian's Office) is a department of the Church of Scientology which has been characterized as a non-state intelligence agency. It has targeted critics of the organization for "dead agent" operations, which is mounting character assassination operations against perceived enemies. A 1990 article in the Los Angeles Times reported that in the 1980s the Scientology organization more commonly used private investigators, including former and current Los Angeles police officers, to give themselves a layer of protection in case embarrassing tactics were used and became public. The International Association of Scientologists operates to advance the cause of the Scientology organization and its members across the world.
Promotional material
The Scientology organization employs a range of media to promote itself and attract converts. Hubbard promoted Scientology through a vast range of books, articles, and lectures. It publishes several magazines, including Source, Advance, The Auditor, and Freedom. It has established a publishing press, New Era, and the audiovisual publisher Golden Era. It has also used the Internet for promotional purposes, and employed advertising to attract potential converts, including in high-profile locations such as television ads during the 2014 and 2020 Super Bowls.
The organization has long used celebrities as a means of promoting itself, starting with Hubbard's "Project Celebrity" in 1955 and followed by its first Scientology Celebrity Centre in 1969. The Celebrity Centre headquarters is in Hollywood; other branches are in Dallas, Nashville, Las Vegas, New York City, and Paris. In 1955, Hubbard created a list of 63 celebrities targeted for conversion to Scientology. Prominent celebrities who have joined the organization include John Travolta, Tom Cruise, Kirstie Alley, Nancy Cartwright, and Juliette Lewis. The Church uses celebrity involvement to make itself appear more desirable. Other new religious movements have similarly pursued celebrity involvement such as the Church of Satan, Transcendental Meditation, ISKCON, and the Kabbalah Centre.
Social outreach
Several Scientology organizations promote the use of Scientology practices as a means to solve social problems. Scientology began to focus on these issues in the early 1970s. The Church of Scientology developed outreach programs that say they aim to fight drug addiction, illiteracy, learning disabilities and criminal behavior. They have been presented to schools, businesses and communities as secular techniques based on Hubbard's writings. They have been described as part of the Scientology organization's "war" against the discipline of psychiatry. Some critics regard this outreach as merely a public relations exercise.
Launched in 1966, Narconon is its drug rehabilitation program, which employs Hubbard's theories about drugs and treats addicts through auditing, exercise, saunas, vitamin supplements, and healthy eating. It has been described as a front group for recruiting into Scientology.Criminon is the organization's criminal rehabilitation programme. Its Applied Scholastics program, established in 1972, employs Hubbard's pedagogical methods to help students.The Way to Happiness Foundation promotes a moral code written by Hubbard, to date translated into more than 40 languages. Narconon, Criminon, Applied Scholastics, and The Way to Happiness operate under the management banner of Association for Better Living and Education. The World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE) applies Scientology practices to business management. The most prominent training supplier to make use of Hubbard's technology is Sterling Management Systems.
Hubbard devised the Volunteer Minister Program in 1973. They offer help and counselling to those in distress; this includes the Scientological technique of providing "assists". After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack in New York City, Volunteer Ministers were on the site of Ground Zero within hours of the attack; they subsequently went to New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. Accounts of the Volunteer Ministers' effectiveness have been mixed, and touch assists are not supported by scientific evidence.
Responses to opponents
The Scientology organization regards itself as the victim of media and governmental persecution, and the scholar of religion Douglas Cowan observed that "claims to systematic persecution and harassment" are part of the internal culture. In turn, Urban noted the organization has "tended to respond very aggressively to its critics, mounting numerous lawsuits and at times using extralegal means to respond to those who threaten it." The organization has often responded to criticism by ad hominem attacks. Its approach to targeting critics has often generated more negative attention for their organization, with Lewis commenting that it "has proven to be its own worst enemy" in this regard.
It has a reputation for litigiousness stemming from its involvement in a large number of legal conflicts. Barrett characterised the organization as "one of the most litigious religions in the world". It has conducted lawsuits against governments, organizations, and individuals, both to counter criticisms made against it and to gain legal recognition as a religion. J.P. Kumar, who studied the litigation, argued that victory was not always important to the organization; what was important was depleting the resources and energies of its critics.
Suppressive persons and fair game
Those deemed hostile to the Church of Scientology, including ex-members, are labelled "suppressive persons" or SPs. Hubbard maintained that 20 percent of the population would be classed as "suppressive persons" because they were truly malevolent or dangerous: "the Adolf Hitlers and the Genghis Khans, the unrepentant murderers and the drug lords". If the organization declares that one of its members is an SP, all other members are forbidden from further contact with them, an act it calls "disconnection". Any member breaking this rule is labelled a "potential trouble source" (PTS) and unless they swiftly cease all contact they can be labelled an SP themselves.
In an October 1968 letter to members, Hubbard wrote about a policy called "fair game" which was directed at SPs and other perceived threats to the organization. Here he stated that these individuals "may be deprived of property or injured by any means by any Scientologist without any discipline of the Scientologists. May be tricked, sued or lied to or destroyed". Following strong criticism, the organization said that it formally ended Fair Game a month later, with Hubbard stating that he had never intended "to authorize illegal or harassment type acts against anyone." Critics and some scholarly observers argue that its practices reflect that the policy remains in place. It is "widely asserted" by former members that Fair Game is still employed;Stacy Brooks, a former member of the internal Office of Special Affairs, stated in court that "practices which were formerly called 'Fair Game' continue to be employed, although the term 'Fair Game' is no longer used."
Hubbard and his followers targeted many individuals as well as government officials and agencies, including a program of illegal infiltration of the IRS and other U.S. government agencies during the 1970s. They also conducted private investigations, character assassination and legal action against the organization's critics in the media.
The Scientology ethics and justice system regulates member behavior, and Ethics officers are present in every Scientology organization. Ethics officers ensure "correct application of Scientology technology" and deal with "behavior adversely affecting a Scientology organization's performance", ranging from "errors" and "misdemeanors" to "crimes" and "suppressive acts", as those terms defined by Scientology.
Free Zone and independent Scientology
The terms "Free Zone", "Freezone" and "Independent Scientology" are used by those who practice Scientology outside of the purview of the Church of Scientology. Free Zoners believe that Church of Scientology leadership has deviated from Hubbard's teachings, while asserting their own loyalty to Hubbard. The Church of Scientology is hostile to the Free Zone, and refers to such independent Scientologists as "squirrels", In 1983, the Advanced Ability Center was founded by David Mayo in California, but was successfully shut down by the Church of Scientology. Conversely, still operating in 2023 is Ron's Org in Europe, founded in 1984 by Bill Robertson as a loose grouping of independent centers rather than a centralized organization. Robertson coined the term "free zone" from Hubbard's space opera teachings. Since Robertson had said that he was channeling messages from the late Hubbard and had obtained OT levels above the eight offered by the Church of Scientology, many of the newer "indies" prefer to call themselves "independent scientologists" to distance themselves from Robertson.
Controversies
Urban described the Church of Scientology as "the world's most controversial new religion", while Lewis termed it "arguably the most persistently controversial" of contemporary new religious movements. According to Urban, the organization had "a documented history of extremely problematic behavior ranging from espionage against government agencies to shocking attacks on critics of the organization and abuse of its own members."
A first point of controversy was its response to its rejection by the psychotherapeutic establishment. Another was a 1991 Time magazine article about the organization, which responded with a major lawsuit that was rejected by the court as baseless early in 1992. A third is its religious tax status in the United States, as the IRS granted the organization tax-exempt status in 1993.
It has been in conflict with the governments and police forces of many countries (including the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, France and Germany). It has been one of the most litigious religious movements in history, filing countless lawsuits against governments, organizations and individuals.
Reports and allegations have been made, by journalists, courts, and governmental bodies of several countries, that the Church of Scientology is an unscrupulous commercial enterprise that harasses its critics and brutally exploits its members. A considerable amount of investigation has been aimed at the organization, by groups ranging from the media to governmental agencies.
The controversies involving the Church of Scientology, some of them ongoing, include:
- Criminal behavior by members of the organization, including the infiltration of the US Government.
- Organized harassment of people perceived as enemies of the Church of Scientology.
- Scientology's disconnection policy, in which some members are required to shun friends or family members who are "antagonistic" to the organization.
- The death of Scientologist Lisa McPherson while in the care of the organization. Robert Minton sponsored the multimillion-dollar lawsuit against Scientology for the death of McPherson. In May 2004, McPherson's estate and the Church of Scientology reached a confidential settlement.
- Attempts to legally force search engines to censor information critical of the Scientology organization.
- Allegations the organization's leader David Miscavige beats and demoralizes staff, and that physical violence by superiors towards staff working for them is a common occurrence in the organization. Scientology spokesman Tommy Davis denied these claims and provided witnesses to rebut them.
Stephen A. Kent, a professor of sociology, has said that "Scientologists see themselves as possessors of doctrines and skills that can save the world, if not the galaxy." As stated in Scientology doctrine: "The whole agonized future of this planet, every man, woman and child on it, and your own destiny for the next endless trillions of years depend on what you do here and now with and in Scientology." Kent has described the Scientology ethics and justice system as "a peculiar brand of morality that uniquely benefited [the Church of Scientology] ... In plain English, the purpose of Scientology ethics is to eliminate opponents, then eliminate people's interests in things other than Scientology."
Many former members have come forward to speak out about the organization and the negative effects its teachings have had on them, including celebrities such as Leah Remini. Remini spoke about her split from the Church of Scientology, saying that she still has friends within the organization whom she is no longer able to speak with.
Throughout the early 1950s, adherents of Hubbard were arrested for practicing medicine without a license. In January 1951, the New Jersey Board of Medical Examiners brought proceedings against the Dianetic Research Foundation on the charge of teaching medicine without a license. In January 1963 U.S. Marshals raided the Founding Church of Scientology in Washington. Scientology social programs such as drug and criminal rehabilitation have also drawn both support and criticism.
Hubbard's motives
Common criticisms directed at Hubbard was that he drew upon pre-existing sources and the allegation that he was motivated by financial reasons. A number of Hubbard's letters and directives to his subordinates support the notion that he used religion as a façade for Scientology to maintain tax-exempt status and avoid further prosecutions (a number of Dianetics or Scientology practitioners had already been arrested) for medical claims. The IRS cited a statement frequently attributed to Hubbard that the way to get rich was to found a religion. Many of Hubbard's science fiction colleagues, including Sam Merwin, Lloyd Arthur Eshbach and Sam Moscowitz, recall Hubbard raising the topic in conversation. In 2006, Rolling Stone's Janet Reitman also attributed the statement to Hubbard, as a remark to science fiction writer Lloyd Eshbach and recorded in Eshbach's autobiography.
Criminal behavior
In 1978, a number of Scientologists, including L. Ron Hubbard's wife Mary Sue Hubbard (who was second in command in the organization at the time), were convicted of perpetrating what was at the time the largest incident of domestic espionage in the history of the United States, called "Operation Snow White". This involved infiltrating, wiretapping, and stealing documents from the offices of Federal attorneys and the Internal Revenue Service. L. Ron Hubbard was convicted in absentia by French authorities of engaging in fraud and sentenced to four years in prison. The head of the French Church of Scientology was convicted at the same trial and given a suspended one-year prison sentence.
An FBI raid on the Church of Scientology's headquarters revealed documentation that detailed Scientology's criminal actions against various critics of the organization. In "Operation Freakout", agents of the organization attempted to destroy Paulette Cooper, author of The Scandal of Scientology, an early book that had been critical of the movement. Among these documents was a plan to frame Gabe Cazares, the mayor of Clearwater, Florida, with a staged hit-and-run accident. Nine individuals related to the case were prosecuted on charges of theft, burglary, conspiracy, and other crimes.
In 1988, Scientology president Heber Jentzsch and ten other members of the organization were arrested in Spain on various charges including illicit association, coercion, fraud, and labor law violations. In October 2009, the Church of Scientology was found guilty of organized fraud in France. The sentence was confirmed by the court of appeal in February 2012, and by the supreme Court of Cassation in October 2013. In 2012, Belgian prosecutors indicted Scientology as a criminal organization engaged in fraud and extortion. In March 2016, the Church of Scientology was acquitted of all charges, and demands to close its Belgian branch and European headquarters were dismissed.
Organized harassment
Scientology has historically engaged in hostile action toward its critics; executives within the organization have proclaimed that Scientology is "not a turn-the-other-cheek religion". Since the 1960s, Journalists, politicians, former Scientologists and various anti-cult groups have said that Scientology followers have engaged in organized hostility, harassment and threats, and Scientology has targeted these critics–almost without exception–for retaliation, in the form of lawsuits and public counter-accusations of personal wrongdoing. Many of Scientology's critics have also reported they were subject to threats and harassment in their private lives.
According to a 1990 Los Angeles Times article, the Scientology organization had largely switched from using members to using private investigators, including former and current Los Angeles police officers, as this gives the organization a layer of protection in case investigators use tactics which might cause the organization embarrassment. In one case, the organization described their tactics as "LAPD sanctioned", which was energetically disputed by Police Chief Daryl Gates. The officer involved in this particular case of surveillance and harassment was suspended for six months.
Journalist John Sweeney reported that "While making our BBC Panorama film Scientology and Me I have been shouted at, spied on, had my hotel invaded at midnight, denounced as a 'bigot' by star Scientologists, brain-washed – that is how it felt to me – in a mock up of a Nazi-style torture chamber and chased round the streets of Los Angeles by sinister strangers".
Mistreatment of Members
A prominent ex-member who has spoken out about the Scientology organization's mistreatment of members and ex-members is Leah Remini. Remini is an American actress that has been involved with the Church of Scientology since childhood. She left in 2013. In 2015 she published a book entitled Troublemaker: Surviving Hollywood and Scientology where she recounts her experiences and events leading up to her leaving the organization.
She also has produced a documentary television series on A&E entitled Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath released in 2017 which aired for three seasons. In this series, she and her co-host Mike Rinder, who is also an ex-member, tell their experiences and interview numerous ex-members with similar. Leah Remini has been outspoken about her views on the Church of Scientology and has raised much awareness about some of the major issues within the church regarding treatment of children, exploitive money practices and mistreatments she has experienced.
As of August 2023, Leah has filed a lawsuit against the Church of Scientology. She alleges verbal, physical and sexual abuse was known and tolerated by the organization, and exploitive practices such as signing billion-year contracts with the organization. The main claims of the lawsuit are for psychological torture, defamation, surveillance, harassment, and intimidation experienced by her for years while a member, and as tactics used after she publicly left.
Violation of auditing confidentiality
During the auditing process, the auditor collects and records personal information from the client. While the Church of Scientology claims to protect the confidentiality of auditing records, the organization has a history of attacking and psychologically abusing former members using information culled from the records. For example, a December 16, 1969, a Guardian's Office order (G. O. 121669) by Mary Sue Hubbard explicitly authorized the use of auditing records for purposes of "internal security". Former members report having participated in combing through information obtained in auditing sessions to see if it could be used for smear campaigns against critics.
Allegations of coerced abortions
The Sea Org originally operated on vessels at sea where it was understood that it was not permitted to raise children on board the ships because "children hinder adults from performing their vital assignments". Women who became pregnant have stated that they had been "coercively persuaded" to undergo abortions in order to remain in the Sea Org.
In 2003, The Times of India reported "Forced abortions, beatings, starvation are considered tools of discipline in this church". A former high-ranking source reports that "some 1,500 abortions" have been "carried out by women in the Sea Organization since the implementation of a rule in the late 80s that members could not remain in the organization if they decided to have children". The source noted that "And if members who have been in the Sea Organization for, say, 10 years do decide to have kids, they are dismissed with no more than $1,000" as a severance package.
Longtime member Astra Woodcraft left Scientology for good when the organization tried to pressure her to have an abortion. Former Sea Org member Karen Pressley recounted that she was often asked by fellow Scientologists for loans so that they could get an abortion and remain in the Sea Org. Scientology employee Claire Headley has said she "was forced to have (two) abortions to keep her job and was subjected to violations of personal rights and liberties for the purpose of obtaining forced labor". Laura DeCrescenzo reported she was "coerced to have an abortion" as a minor, and sued in 2009.
In March 2009, Maureen Bolstad reported that women who worked at Scientology's headquarters were forced to have abortions, or faced being declared a "suppressive person" by the organization's management. In March 2010, former Scientologist Janette Lang stated that at age 20 she became pregnant by her boyfriend while in the organization, and her boyfriend's Scientology supervisors "coerced them into terminating the pregnancy". "We fought for a week, I was devastated, I felt abused, I was lost and eventually I gave in. It was my baby, my body and my choice, and all of that was taken away from me by Scientology", said Lang.
Australian Senator Nick Xenophon gave a speech to the Australian Parliament in November 2009, about statements he had received from former Scientologists. He said that he had been told members of the organization had coerced pregnant female employees to have abortions. "I am deeply concerned about this organisation and the devastating impact it can have on its followers," said Senator Xenophon, and he requested that the Australian Senate begin an investigation into Scientology. According to the letters presented by Senator Xenophon, the organization was involved in "ordering" its members to have abortions.
Former Scientologist Aaron Saxton sent a letter to Senator Xenophon stating he had participated in coercing pregnant women within the organization to have abortions. "Aaron says women who fell pregnant were taken to offices and bullied to have an abortion. If they refused, they faced demotion and hard labour. Aaron says one staff member used a coat hanger and self-aborted her child for fear of punishment," said Senator Xenophon. Carmel Underwood, another former Scientologist, said she had been put under "extreme pressure" to have an abortion, and that she was placed into a "disappearing programme", after refusing. Underwood was the executive director of Scientology's branch in Sydney.
Scientology spokesman Tommy Davis said these statements are "utterly meritless". Mike Ferriss, the head of Scientology in New Zealand, told media that "There are no forced abortions in Scientology". Scientology spokesperson Virginia Stewart likewise rejected the statements and asserted "The Church of Scientology considers the family unit and children to be of the utmost importance and does not condone nor force anyone to undertake any medical procedure whatsoever."
Allegation of human trafficking and other crimes against women
A number of women have sued the Church of Scientology, alleging a variety of complaints including human trafficking, rape, forced labor, and child abuse. In 2009, two former Sea Org employees, Marc and Claire Headley, sued the Church of Scientology alleging human trafficking.
Scientology, litigation, and the Internet
In the 1990s, Miscavige's organization took action against increased criticism of Scientology on the Internet and online distribution of Scientology-related documents. Starting in 1991, Scientology filed fifty lawsuits against Scientology-critic Cult Awareness Network (CAN). Many of the suits were dismissed, but one resulted in $2 million in losses, bankrupting the network. At bankruptcy, CAN's name and logo were obtained by a Scientologist. A New Cult Awareness Network was set up with Scientology backing, which says it operates as an information and networking center for non-traditional religions, referring callers to academics and other experts.
In a 1993 U.S. lawsuit brought by the Church of Scientology against former member Steven Fishman, Fishman made a court declaration which included several dozen pages of formerly secret esoterica detailing aspects of Scientologist cosmogony. As a result of the litigation, this material, normally strictly safeguarded and used only in Scientology's more advanced "OT levels", found its way onto the Internet. This resulted in a battle between the Scientology organization and its online critics over the right to disclose this material, or safeguard its confidentiality. The organization was forced to issue a press release acknowledging the existence of this cosmogony, rather than allow its critics "to distort and misuse this information for their own purposes".
In January 1995, Church of Scientology lawyer Helena Kobrin attempted to shut down the newsgroup alt.religion.scientology by sending a control message instructing Usenet servers to delete the group. In practice, this rmgroup message had little effect, since most Usenet servers are configured to disregard such messages when sent to groups that receive substantial traffic, and newgroup messages were quickly issued to recreate the group on those servers that did not do so. However, the issuance of the message led to a great deal of public criticism by free-speech advocates. Among the criticisms raised, one suggestion is that Scientology's true motive is to suppress the free speech of its critics.
The Church of Scientology also began filing lawsuits against those who posted copyrighted texts on the newsgroup and the World Wide Web, lobbied for tighter restrictions on copyrights in general, and supported the controversial Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act as well as the even more controversial Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA).
Beginning in the middle of 1996 and ensuing for several years, the newsgroup was attacked by anonymous parties using a tactic dubbed sporgery by some, in the form of hundreds of thousands of forged spam messages posted on the group. Some investigators said that some spam had been traced to members of the Church of Scientology. Former Scientologist Tory Christman later asserted that the Office of Special Affairs had undertaken a concerted effort to destroy alt.religion.scientology through these means; the effort failed.
On January 14, 2008, a video produced by the Scientology organization featuring an interview with Tom Cruise was leaked to the Internet and uploaded to YouTube. The Church of Scientology issued a copyright violation claim against YouTube requesting the removal of the video. Calling the action by the Church of Scientology a form of Internet censorship, participants of Anonymous coordinated Project Chanology, consisting of a series of denial-of-service attacks against Scientology websites, prank calls, and black faxes to Scientology centers.
On January 21, 2008, Anonymous announced its intentions via a video posted to YouTube entitled "Message to Scientology", and a press release declaring a "war" against the Church of Scientology and the Religious Technology Center. In the press release, the group stated that the attacks against the organization would continue in order to protect the freedom of speech, and end what they saw as the financial exploitation of members of the organization.
On January 28, 2008, an Anonymous video appeared on YouTube calling for protests outside Church of Scientology buildings on February 10, 2008. The date was chosen because it was the birthday of Lisa McPherson. According to a letter Anonymous e-mailed to the press, about 7,000 people protested in more than 90 cities worldwide. Many protesters wore masks based on the character V from V for Vendetta (who was influenced by Guy Fawkes) or otherwise disguised their identities, in part to protect themselves from reprisals from the Church of Scientology. Many further protests have followed since then in cities around the world.
The Arbitration Committee of the Wikipedia internet encyclopedia decided in May 2009 to restrict access to its site from Church of Scientology IP addresses, to prevent self-serving edits by Scientologists. A "host of anti-Scientologist editors" were topic-banned as well. The committee concluded that both sides had "gamed policy" and resorted to "battlefield tactics", with articles on living persons being the "worst casualties".
Disputes over legal status
The legal status of Scientology or Scientology-related organizations differs between jurisdictions. Scientology was legally recognized as a tax-exempt religion in Australia,Portugal, and Spain. Scientology was granted tax-exempt status in the United States in 1993. The organization is considered a cult in Chile and an "anticonstitutional sect" in Germany, and is considered a cult (French secte) by some French public authorities.
The Church of Scientology argues that Scientology is a genuine religious movement that has been misrepresented, maligned, and persecuted. The organization has pursued an extensive public relations campaign for the recognition of Scientology as a tax-exempt religion in the various countries in which it exists.
The Church of Scientology has often generated opposition due to its strong-arm tactics directed against critics and members wishing to leave the organization. A minority of governments regard it as a religious organization entitled to tax-exempt status, while other governments variously classify it as a business, cult, pseudoreligion, or criminal organization.
In 1957, the Church of Scientology of California was granted tax-exempt status by the United States Internal Revenue Service (IRS), and so, for a time, were other local branches of the organization. In 1958 however, the IRS started a review of the appropriateness of this status. In 1959, Hubbard moved to England, remaining there until the mid-1960s. In 1967, the IRS removed Scientology's tax-exempt status, asserting that its activities were commercial and operated for the benefit of Hubbard, rather than for charitable or religious purposes.
In the mid-sixties, the Church of Scientology was banned in several Australian states, starting with Victoria in 1965. The ban was based on the Anderson Report, which found that the auditing process involved "command" hypnosis, in which the hypnotist assumes "positive authoritative control" over the patient. On this point the report stated:: 115
It is the firm conclusion of this Board that most scientology and dianetic techniques are those of authoritative hypnosis and as such are dangerous ... the scientific evidence which the Board heard from several expert witnesses of the highest repute ... leads to the inescapable conclusion that it is only in name that there is any difference between authoritative hypnosis and most of the techniques of scientology. Many scientology techniques are in fact hypnotic techniques, and Hubbard has not changed their nature by changing their names.: 115
The Australian branch of the Scientology organization was forced to operate under the name of the "Church of the New Faith" as a result, the name and practice of Scientology having become illegal in the relevant states. Several years of court proceedings aimed at overturning the ban followed. In 1973, state laws banning Scientology were overturned in Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia. In 1983 the High Court of Australia ruled in a unanimous decision that the Church of Scientology was "undoubtedly a religion and deserving of tax exemption".
Scientology in religious studies
Hugh B. Urban writes that "Scientology's efforts to get itself defined as a religion make it an ideal case study for thinking about how we understand and define religion." Frank K. Flinn, adjunct professor of religious studies at Washington University in St. Louis wrote, "it is abundantly clear that Scientology has both the typical forms of ceremonial and celebratory worship and its own unique form of spiritual life."
Flinn further states that religion requires "beliefs in something transcendental or ultimate, practices (rites and codes of behavior) that re-inforce those beliefs and, a community that is sustained by both the beliefs and practices", all of which are present within Scientology. Similarly, World Religions in America states that "Scientology contains the same elements of most other religions, including myths, scriptures, doctrines, worship, sacred practices and rituals, moral and ethical expectations, a community of believers, clergy, and ecclesiastic organizations." According to Mikhael Rothstein, Scientology's rituals can be classified into 1) those with the purpose of changing the person, such as auditing; 2) collective, which are calendar events where Scientology, its community and L. Ron Hubbard are celebrated; 3) rites of passage 4) weekly services that are similar to Christian services.
While acknowledging that a number of his colleagues accept Scientology as a religion, sociologist Stephen A. Kent writes: "Rather than struggling over whether or not to label Scientology as a religion, I find it far more helpful to view it as a multifaceted transnational corporation, only one element of which is religious" [emphasis in the original]. Donna Batten in the Gale Encyclopedia of American Law writes, "A belief does not need to be stated in traditional terms to fall within First Amendment protection. For example, Scientology – a system of beliefs that a human being is essentially a free and immortal spirit who merely inhabits a body – does not propound the existence of a supreme being, but it qualifies as a religion under the broad definition propounded by the Supreme Court."
A great number of research archives on Scientology have emerged in recent years for the academic study of Scientology. These include collections in San Diego State University, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of California, Los Angeles, Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, Ohio State University and Claremont College Library. There is also a big collection of alternative beliefs and religions at the University of Alberta Library in Canada, where scholar Stephen A. Kent "makes material available on a restricted bases to undergraduate and graduate students."
The material contained in the OT levels has been characterized as bad science fiction by critics, while others claim it bears structural similarities to gnostic thought and ancient Hindu beliefs of creation and cosmic struggle. Donald A. Westbrook suggests that there are three areas of research scholars should consider researching and writing about: the biographical life and legacy of L. Ron Hubbard, the Church of Scientology's social betterment programs, and derivative scientology.
Influences
The general orientation of Hubbard's philosophy owes much to Will Durant, author of the popular 1926 classic The Story of Philosophy; Dianetics is dedicated to Durant. Hubbard's view of a mechanically functioning mind in particular finds close parallels in Durant's work on Spinoza. According to Hubbard himself, Scientology is "the Western anglicized continuance of many early forms of wisdom". Ankerberg and Weldon mention the sources of Scientology to include "the Vedas, Buddhism, Judaism, Gnosticism, Taoism, early Greek civilization and the teachings of Jesus, Nietzsche and Freud".
Hubbard asserted that Freudian thought was a "major precursor" to Scientology. W. Vaughn Mccall, Professor and Chairman of the Georgia Regents University writes, "Both Freudian theory and Hubbard assume that there are unconscious mental processes that may be shaped by early life experiences, and that these influence later behavior and thought." Both schools of thought propose a "tripartite structure of the mind".Sigmund Freud's psychology, popularized in the 1930s and 1940s, was a key contributor to the Dianetics therapy model, and was acknowledged unreservedly as such by Hubbard in his early works. Hubbard never forgot, when he was 12 years old, meeting Cmdr. Joseph Cheesman Thompson, a U.S. Navy officer who had studied with Freud and when writing to the American Psychological Association in 1949, he stated that he was conducting research based on the "early work of Freud".
In Dianetics, Hubbard cites Hegel as a negative influence – an object lesson in "confusing" writing. According to Mary A. Mann, Scientology is considered nondenominational, accepting all people regardless of their religions background, ethnicity, or educational attainment. Another influence was Alfred Korzybski's General Semantics. Hubbard was friends with fellow science fiction writers A. E. van Vogt and Robert Heinlein, who both wrote science-fiction inspired by Korzybski's writings, such as Vogt's The World of Null-A. Hubbard's view of the reactive mind has acknowledged parallels with Korzybski's thought; in fact, Korzybski's "anthropometer" may have been what inspired Hubbard's invention of the E-meter.
Beyond that, Hubbard himself named a great many other influences in his own writing – in Scientology 8-8008, for example, these include philosophers from Anaxagoras and Aristotle to Herbert Spencer and Voltaire, physicists and mathematicians like Euclid and Isaac Newton, as well as founders of religions such as Buddha, Confucius, Jesus and Mohammed—but there is little evidence in Hubbard's writings that he studied these figures to any great depth.
As noted, elements of the Eastern religions are evident in Scientology, in particular the concept of karma found in Hinduism and Jainism. In addition to the links to Hindu texts, Scientology draws from Taoism and Buddhism. According to the Encyclopedia of Community, Scientology "shows affinities with Buddhism and a remarkable similarity to first-century Gnosticism".
Demographics
As of 2016, scholarly estimates suggest that there are a maximum of 40,000 Scientologists; this was the estimate given in 2011 by high-level Church of Scientology defector Jefferson Hawkins. They are found mostly in the U.S., Europe, South Africa and Australia.
By the start of the 21st century, the organization was claiming it had 8 million members. Several commentators observe that this number is cumulative rather than collective: that is, it represents the total number of people who had any interaction with the Scientology organization since its founding, some of whom only had one or two auditing sessions. The organization also maintained that it was the world's fastest growing religion, a title also claimed by several religious groups, including Mormons, modern Pagans, and Baháʼí, but which is demonstrably incorrect. Due to its internationally dispersed nature, it is difficult to determine the number of Free Zone Scientologists. In 2021, Thomas suggested that the Free Zone was growing, with Lewis commenting that Free Zoners may one day outnumber members of the Church of Scientology.
The American Religious Identification Survey of the Graduate Center of the City University of New York found 45,000 Scientologists in the United States in 1990, and then 55,000 in 2001, although in 2008 it estimated that that number had dropped to 25,000. Lewis commented that the "pattern of solid growth" he observed in the 2000s seemed "suddenly to have ground to a halt" by the early 2010s. Within the U.S., higher rates of Scientology have been observed in the western states, especially those bordering the Pacific Ocean, than further east. The Canadian census revealed 1,215 Scientologists in 1991 and 1,525 in 2001, down to 1,400 in 2021. The Australian census reported 1,488 Scientologists in 1996 and 2,032 in 2001, before dropping to under 1,700 in 2016. The New Zealand census found 207 Scientologists in 1991 and 282 in 2001. Andersen and Wellendorf estimated that there were between 2000 and 4000 Scientologists in Denmark in 2009, with contemporary estimates suggesting between 500 and 1000 active Scientologists in Sweden. Germany's government counted 3600 German members in 2021, while observers have suggested between 2000 and 4000 in France. The 2021 census in England and Wales recorded 1,800 Scientologists.
Internationally, the Scientology organization's members are largely middle-class. In Australia, Scientologists have been observed as being wealthier and more likely to work in managerial and professional roles than the average citizen. Scientology is oriented towards individualistic and liberal economic values; the scholar of religion Susan J. Palmer observed that Scientologists display "a capitalist ideology that promotes individualistic values". A survey of Danish Scientologists revealed that nearly all voted for liberal or conservative parties on the right of Denmark's political spectrum and took a negative view of socialism. Placing great emphasis on the freedom of the individual, those surveyed believed that the state and its regulations held people down, and felt that the Danish welfare system was excessive. Interviewing Church members in the United States, Westbrook found that most regarded themselves as apolitical, Republicans, or libertarians; fewer than 10 percent supported the Democratic Party.
Recruitment
Most people who join the organization are introduced to it via friends and family. It also offers free "personality tests" or "stress tests", typically involving an E-Meter, to attract potential recruits. It hopes that if non-Scientologists purchase one service from the Church and feel a benefit from it – a "win" in Church terminology – they are more likely to purchase additional services from the Church. Other recruitment methods include lectures and classes introducing non-Scientologists to the subject.
The Church of Scientology's own statistics, published in 1998, reveal that 52.6% of those who joined did so through their family and friendship networks with existing members. 18% were drawn in through personality tests, 4.8% through publicity, and 3.1% through lectures. Westbrook's interviews with Church members determined that most people who joined the Church were initially attracted by "the practical benefits advertised". Westbrook found that various members deepened their involvement after having what they considered to be a spiritual experience, such as exteriorization or a past life memory, in their first few weeks of involvement.
Reception and influence
Scientology has influenced various therapy and spiritual groups formed since the 1960s. Much past-life therapy was influenced by Dianetics, while Werner Erhard's Erhard Seminars Training therapy system also drew on Scientology.Paul Twitchell, who founded Eckankar, had also been a staff member at the Church of Scientology and plagiarised some of Hubbard's writings. In the 1960s, the Process Church of the Final Judgment was established by former Scientologists. In 1986 Harry Palmer – who had previously run a Scientology franchise mission in Elmira, New York, for around a decade – established his own group, the Avatar Course.
Barrett noted that "vast amounts" have been written about Scientology, both in support and opposition to it. Much of this literature has been heavily polarised. Scientology has attracted negative publicity since its founding, with criticism of the Scientology organization coming from government agencies, the media, and anti-cult groups. Much material critical of the organization was written by ex-members such as Cyril Vosper, Bent Corydon, and Jon Atack. Many of the Church's critics have utilizsed the Internet, for instance to disseminate leaked OT documents. The Church have sought to sue various websites, including the Usenet group alt.religion.scientologist, for disseminating Hubbard's writings. Urban noted that Scientologists have long maintained that theirs is "a legitimate religious movement that has been misrepresented, maligned, and persecuted by media witch-hunters and McCarthy-style government attacks."
Several human rights organisations have expressed concern about the stance that the French and German government have taken towards Scientologists. Relations between the Scientology organization and German government are largely hostile. The German government banned members from working in the public sector, pointing out that the organization is a threat to democracy. In France, conspiracy theories have spread alleging that the Church of Scientology controls the US government or that it is a front for American imperialism, perhaps run by the Central Intelligence Agency. French Scientologists have reported being fired or refused jobs because of their beliefs, and bombs have been thrown at French Scientology centres; in 2002 one Scientologist sustained permanent injuries as a result. A 2022 YouGov poll on Americans' attitudes toward religious groups ranked Scientology as the country's least-favored group, with around 50% of respondents indicating a negative view of the practise, alongside Satanism.
Media, popular culture, and academia
Scientology has received an "extraordinary amount" of media interest. In his writings, Hubbard often described journalists in negative terms, for instance calling them "merchants of chaos". He discouraged Scientologists from interacting with journalists, a tendency that, Westbrook argued, has contributed to negative press portrayals of the movement. Many journalists examining the Church have been concerned about potential human rights violations.
Academic research into Scientology was for several decades comparatively limited compared to the media and public interest in it. This has been attributed to the Church's secrecy, its reputation for litigiousness, and a lack of academic access to documentary material about the organization. Early studies included Roy Wallis' The Road to Total Freedom (1976) and Harriet Whitehead's Renunciation and Reformulation (1987). Research intensified in the early 21st century, and in 2014, the first academic conference on the topic was held, in Antwerp, Belgium. Several academics who have studied the movement have described the Church paying close attention to their work by telephoning them and sending representatives to attend their talks on the subject. Some observers of Scientology have also been critical of scholars studying it, noting that they frequently act as apologists for it.
Documentaries about Scientology have typically focused on allegations about the Scientology organization's intimidating behavior, greed and brainwashing. Popular examples include Louis Theroux's 2015 documentary My Scientology Movie, and Leah Remini's documentary series Scientology and the Aftermath and her book Troublemaker: Surviving Hollywood and Scientology, drawing on her experience as a Church member.Paul Thomas Anderson's 2012 film The Master features a religious organization called "The Cause" that has similarities to Scientology. Comedy series have also critiqued Scientology. The most notable was the 2005 South Park episode "Trapped in the Closet", which highlighted the Xenu story and said that the organization was a "scam on a global scale". There have also been theatre shows about Scientology, such as Cathy Schekelberg's 2017 one-person show Squeeze My Cans about her former life in the organization.
See also
- Scientology and religious groups
- Scientology and sexual orientation
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Narconon's international website claims: "The ministry of health in England [sic] has also directly funded Narconon residential rehabilitation." But the Department of Health denies any knowledge of this. ... Professor Stephen Kent, a Canadian academic who is an authority on Scientology, said: "The connection between Narconon and Scientology is solid. Of course, Scientology tries to get non-Scientologists involved in the programme, but the engine behind the programme is Scientology." ... The British government expressed concern about Narconon as long as eight years ago. A 1998 memo from the Home Office's drug strategy unit warned that the charity had its "roots in the Church of Scientology and (is) not in the mainstream of drug rehabilitation". Tower Hamlets council in east London advises its schools against using Narconon. DrugScope, one of the UK's main drug charities, said: "We feel that the quality of Narconon's information is not objective and non-judgmental. It does not have any credibility." Stephen Shaw, the prisons ombudsman, advised that inmates in British jails should not receive drug education from Narconon because it is so "closely associated with the Church of Scientology".
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The enterprising Scientology sect increases its profits thanks to the misery of addicts. The cover organization, Narconon, offers drug rehabilitation therapy that, in the opinion of experts and doctors in the field, is not only useless but also dangerous. ... Narconon closely follows the motto of the Scientology sect's founder, Lafayette Ron Hubbard, who died in 1986 at the age of 74. The discoverer of this pseudo-scientific hocus pocus, gave this advice: Make money, make more money, make other people make money. The disciples at Narconon follow this order. It is officially an independent subsidiary of Scientology. The Scientologists have developed countless supposedly humanitarian initiatives around their church. One example is the commission for the violations of psychiatry against human rights. Another is the organization for the furthering of religious tolerance and interhuman relations. In fact all these activities, like the drug rehabilitation program, are only to further the fame and increase the paying followers of the sect.
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Scientology is a set of beliefs and practices invented by the American author L Ron Hubbard and an associated movement It is variously defined as a cult a business a religion or a scam Hubbard initially developed a set of ideas that he called Dianetics which he represented as a form of therapy An organization that he established in 1950 to promote it went bankrupt and Hubbard lost the rights to his book Dianetics in 1952 He then recharacterized his ideas as a religion likely for tax purposes and renamed them Scientology By 1954 he had regained the rights to Dianetics and founded the Church of Scientology which remains the largest organization promoting Scientology There are practitioners independent of the Church in what is referred to as the Free Zone Estimates put the number of Scientologists at under 40 000 worldwide Key Scientology beliefs include reincarnation and that traumatic events cause subconscious command like recordings in the mind termed engrams that can be removed only through an activity called auditing A fee is charged for each session of auditing Once an auditor deems an individual free of engrams they are given the status of clear Scholarship differs on the interpretation of these beliefs some academics regard them as religious in nature other scholars regard them as merely a means of extracting money from Scientology recruits After attaining clear status adherents can take part in the Operating Thetan levels which require further payments The Operating Thetan texts are kept secret from most followers they are revealed only after adherents have typically given hundreds of thousands of dollars to the Scientology organization Despite its efforts to maintain the secrecy of the texts they are freely available on various websites including at the media organization WikiLeaks These texts say past lives took place in extraterrestrial cultures They involve an alien called Xenu described as a planetary ruler 70 million years ago who brought billions of aliens to Earth and killed them with thermonuclear weapons Despite being kept secret from most followers this forms the central mythological framework of Scientology s ostensible soteriology These aspects have become the subject of popular ridicule Since its formation Scientology groups have generated considerable opposition and controversy This includes deaths of practitioners while under Church of Scientology care several instances of extensive criminal activities and allegations by former adherents of exploitation and forced abortions In the 1970s Hubbard s followers engaged in a program of criminal infiltration of the U S government resulting in several executives of the organization being convicted and imprisoned for multiple offenses by a U S federal court Hubbard himself was convicted of fraud in absentia by a French court in 1978 and sentenced to four years in prison In 1992 a court in Canada convicted the Scientology organization in Toronto of spying on law enforcement and government agencies and criminal breach of trust later upheld by the Ontario Court of Appeal The Church of Scientology was convicted of fraud by a French court in 2009 a judgment upheld by the supreme Court of Cassation in 2013 The Church of Scientology has been described by government inquiries international parliamentary bodies scholars law lords and numerous superior court judgments as both a dangerous cult and a manipulative profit making business Numerous scholars and journalists have observed that profit is the primary motivating goal of the Scientology organization Following extensive litigation in numerous countries the organization has managed to attain a legal recognition as a religious institution in some jurisdictions including Australia Italy and the United States Germany classifies Scientology groups as an anti constitutional sect while the French government classifies the group as a dangerous cult Definition and classificationThe sociologist Stephen A Kent views the Church of Scientology as a multifaceted transnational corporation only one element of which is religious In his history of the Church of Scientology the scholar Hugh Urban describes Scientology as a huge complex and multifaceted movement Government inquiries international parliamentary bodies scholars law lords and numerous superior court judgments describe Scientology both as a dangerous cult and as a manipulative profit making business These institutions and scholars state that Scientology is not a religion Scientology has experienced multiple schisms during its history While the Church of Scientology was the original promoter of the movement various independent groups have split off to form independent Scientology groups Referring to the different types of Scientology the scholar of religion Aled Thomas suggests it was appropriate to talk about Scientologies Urban describes Scientology as representing a rich syncretistic blend of sources including elements from Hinduism and Buddhism Thelema new scientific ideas science fiction and from psychology and popular self help literature available by the mid 20th century The ceremonies structure of the prayers and minister attire suggested by Hubbard reflect his own Protestant traditions Hubbard claimed that Scientology was all denominational and members of the Scientology organization are not prohibited from active involvement in religions Scholar of religion Donald Westbrook encountered members who also practiced Judaism Christianity Buddhism and the Nation of Islam one was a Baptist minister In practice however Westbrook noted that most Church members consider Scientology to be their only commitment and the deeper their involvement became the less likely they were to continue practicing other traditions Debates over classification Debate as to whether Scientology should be regarded as a cult a business a scam or a religion has continued over many years Many Scientologists consider it to be their religion Its founder L Ron Hubbard presented it as a religion but the early history of the Scientology organization and Hubbard s policy directives letters and instructions to subordinates indicate that his motivation for doing so was as a legally pragmatic move to minimize his tax burden and escape the possibility of prosecution In many countries the Church of Scientology has engaged in extensive litigation to secure recognition as a tax exempt religious organization and it has managed to obtain such a status in a few jurisdictions including the United States Italy and Australia The organization has not received recognition as a religious institution in the majority of countries in which it operates An article in the magazine TIME The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power describes Scientology as a ruthless global scam The Church of Scientology s attempts to sue the publishers for libel and to prevent republication abroad were dismissed Scholarship in psychology and skepticism supports this view of Scientology as a confidence trick to obtain money from its targets The scholar Benjamin Beit Hallahmi observes that the majority of activities conducted by Scientology and its many fronts and subsidiaries involve the marketing of secular products In a report by the European Parliament it is observed that the group is a cool cynical manipulating business and nothing else Scholars and journalists note that profit is the primary motivating goal of Hubbard s Scientology groups Those making this observation have often referred to a governing financial policy issued by Hubbard that is to be obeyed by all Scientology organization staff members which includes the following uppercase in original Make sure that lots of bodies move through the shop A MAKE MONEY J MAKE MONEY K MAKE MORE MONEY L MAKE OTHER PEOPLE PRODUCE SO AS TO MAKE MONEY However you get them in or why just do it Some scholars of religion have referred to Scientology as a religion The sociologist Bryan R Wilson compares Scientology with 20 criteria that he associated with religion and concludes that the movement could be characterised as such Wilson s criteria include a cosmology that describes a human reality beyond terrestrial existence ethics and behavior teachings that are based on this cosmology prescribed ways for followers to connect with spiritual beings and a congregation that believes in and helps spread its teachings Allan W Black analysed Scientology through the seven dimensions of religion set forward by the scholar Ninian Smart and also decided that Scientology met those criteria for being a religion The sociologist David V Barrett noted that there was a strong body of evidence to suggest that it makes sense to regard Scientology as a religion while scholar of religion James R Lewis comments that it is obvious that Scientology is a religion The scholar Mikael Rothstein observes that the Scientology is best understood as a devotional cult aimed at revering the mythologized founder of the organization Numerous religious studies scholars have described Scientology as a new religious movement Various scholars have also considered it within the category of Western esotericism while the scholar of religion Andreas Grunschloss noted that it was closely linked to UFO religions as science fiction themes are evident in its theology Scholars have also varyingly described it as a psychotherapeutically oriented religion a secularized religion a postmodern religion a privatized religion and a progressive knowledge religion According to scholar of religion Mary Farrell Bednarowski Scientology describes itself as drawing on science religion psychology and philosophy but has been claimed by none of them and repudiated for the most part by all Government bodies and other institutions maintain that the Scientology organization is a commercial business that falsely claims to be religious or alternatively a form of therapy masquerading as religion The French government characterises the movement as a dangerous cult and the German government monitors it as an anti democratic sect The notion of Scientology as a religion is strongly opposed by the anti cult movement Its claims to a religious identity have been particularly rejected in continental Europe Grunschloss writes that labelling Scientology a religion does not mean that it is automatically promoted as harmless nice good and humane The multi faceted nature of the Church of Scientology that includes pedagogy communication theories management principles and methods for a healthy living discombobulated many observers when it first started Dericquebourg comments that the same things can be found in established churches Etymology The word Scientology as coined by Hubbard is a derivation from the Latin word scientia knowledge skill which comes from the verb scire to know with the suffix ology from the Greek logos logos word or account of Hubbard claimed that the word Scientology meant knowing about knowing or science of knowledge The name Scientology deliberately makes use of the word science seeking to benefit from the prestige and perceived legitimacy of natural science in the public imagination In doing so Scientology has been compared to religious groups like Christian Science and the Science of Mind which employed similar tactics The term Scientology had been used in published works at least twice before Hubbard In The New Word 1901 poet and lawyer Allen Upward first used scientology to mean blind unthinking acceptance of scientific doctrine compare scientism In 1934 philosopher Anastasius Nordenholz published Scientology Science of the Constitution and Usefulness of Knowledge which used the term to mean the science of science 116 9 It is unknown whether Hubbard was aware of either prior usage of the word 116 9 111 HistoryAs the 1950s developed Hubbard saw the advantages of having his Scientology movement legally recognised as a religion In an April 1953 letter to Helen O Brien his US business manager he proposed that Scientology should be transformed into a religion We don t want a clinic We want one in operation but not in name It is a problem of practical business I await your reaction on the religion angle In reaction to a series of arrests of his followers and the prosecution of Hubbard s Dianetics foundation for teaching medicine without a license in December 1953 Hubbard incorporated three organizations Church of American Science Church of Scientology and Church of Spiritual Engineering In 1959 Hubbard purchased Saint Hill Manor in East Grinstead Sussex United Kingdom which became the worldwide headquarters of the Church of Scientology and his personal residence With the organization often under heavy criticism it adopted strong measures of attack in dealing with its critics In 1966 the organization established the Guardian s Office GO a department devoted to undermining those hostile towards Scientology The GO launched an extensive program of countering negative publicity gathering intelligence and infiltrating organizations In Operation Snow White the GO infiltrated the IRS and numerous other government departments and stole tens of thousands of documents pertaining to the Church politicians and celebrities In July 1977 the FBI raided Church premises in Washington DC and Los Angeles revealing the extent of the GO s infiltration into government departments and other groups Eleven officials and agents of the Church were indicted in December 1979 they were sentenced to between 4 and 5 years each and individually fined 10 000 equivalent to 42 000 in 2023 Among those found guilty was Hubbard s then wife Mary Sue Hubbard Public revelation of the GO s activities brought widespread condemnation of the Church In 1967 Hubbard established a new group the Sea Organization or Sea Org the membership of which was drawn from the most committed members of the Scientology organization By 1981 the 21 year old David Miscavige who had been one of Hubbard s closest aides in the Sea Org rose to prominence Hubbard died at his ranch in Creston California on January 24 1986 and David Miscavige succeeded Hubbard as head of the Church In 1993 the Internal Revenue Service dropped all litigation against the Scientology organization and recognized it as a religious institution Beliefs and practicesHubbard lies at the core of Scientology and his writings remain the source of its ideas and practices Sociologist of religion David G Bromley describes Scientology as Hubbard s personal synthesis of philosophy physics and psychology Hubbard claimed that he developed his ideas through research and experimentation rather than through revelation from a supernatural source He published hundreds of articles and books over the course of his life Scientologists regard his writings on Scientology as scripture Much basic information about the Scientology belief system is kept secret from most practitioners The scholar and historian of Scientology Hugh Urban observes that A great many aspects of Scientology are shrouded in layers of secrecy concealment obfuscation and or dissimulation In Scientology Hubbard s work is regarded as perfect and no elaboration or alteration is permitted Hubbard described Scientology as an applied religious philosophy because according to him it consists of a metaphysical doctrine a theory of psychology and teachings in morality Hubbard incorporated a variety of hypnotic techniques in Scientology auditing and courses These are used as a means to create dependency and obedience in followers Hubbard said of the beliefs that A civilization without insanity without criminals and without war where the world can prosper and honest beings can have rights and where man is free to rise to greater heights are the aims of Scientology Hubbard developed thousands of neologisms during his lifetime The nomenclature used by the movement is termed Scientologese by members Scientologists are expected to learn this specialist terminology the use of which separates followers from non Scientologists The Scientology organization refers to its practices as technology a term often shortened to Tech Scientologists stress the standardness of this tech by which they express belief in its infallibility The Church s system of pedagogy is called Study Tech and is presented as the best method for learning Scientology teaches that when reading it is very important not to go past a word one does not understand A person should instead consult a dictionary as to the meaning of the word before progressing something Scientology calls word clearing According to Scientology texts its beliefs and practices are based on rigorous research and its doctrines are accorded a significance equivalent to scientific laws Blind belief is held to be of lesser significance than the practical application of Scientologist methods Adherents are encouraged to validate the practices through their personal experience Hubbard put it this way For a Scientologist the final test of any knowledge he has gained is did the data and the use of it in life actually improve conditions or didn t it Many Scientologists avoid using the words belief or faith to describe how Hubbard s teachings impacts their lives preferring to say that they know it to be true Auditing The central practice of Scientology is an activity known as auditing It takes place with two Scientologists one is the auditor who asks questions and the subject is termed the preclear The stated purpose is to help the subject to remove their mental traumas ostensible recordings in the mind which Hubbard termed engrams Scholarship in clinical psychology demonstrates that the purpose of auditing is to induce a light hypnotic state and to create dependency and obedience in the subject When deemed free of engrams they are given the status of clear and then continue doing further auditing until they are deemed to have reached the level Operating Thetan Hubbard assigns vitality good health and increased intelligence to those who are given the status of clear having removed the source of their psychosomatic illnesses The further status of Operating Thetan OT is posited as complete spiritual freedom in which one is able to do anything one chooses create anything go anywhere an idea which has appealed to many The scholar Hugh Urban describes the supernatural powers promoted as being gained by an Operating Thetan as The liberated thetan could even freely create a personal paradise populating it with heavenly beings and infinite pleasures at will As such the thetan who truly realized his power to create and destroy universes would in effect be beyond God The thetan has been deceived into worshipping such a God by mainstream religion and so forgotten its own godlike power to create and destroy universes Hugh Urban in The Church of Scientology A History of a New Religion The prices to undertake a full course of auditing with the Church of Scientology are not often advertised publicly As of 2011 it can easily cost 400 000 to do the entirety of Scientology s Bridge to Total Freedom equivalent to 542 000 in 2023 In a 1964 letter Hubbard stated that a 25 hour block of auditing should cost the equivalent of three months pay for the average middle class working individual In 2007 the fee for a 12 and a half hour block of auditing at the Tampa Org was 4000 equivalent to 5 880 in 2023 The Scientology organization is often criticized for the prices it charges for auditing and examinations of the group have indicated that profit is the group s primary purpose Hubbard stated that charging for auditing was necessary because the practice required an exchange and should the auditor not receive something for their services it could harm both parties During auditing a device called an electropsychometer E meter is used Scientology s primary road map for guiding a person through the sequential steps to attain Scientology s concepts of clear and OT is The Bridge to Total Freedom a large chart enumerating every step in sequence The steps past clear are kept secret from most Scientologists and include the founding myth that seeks to explain Scientology doctrine Soul Hubbard taught that there were three parts of man the spirit mind and body The first of these is a person s inner self which he calls a thetan It is akin to the idea of the soul or spirit found in religious traditions Hubbard stated that the thetan is the person You are YOU in a body Hubbard referred to the physical universe as the MEST universe meaning Matter Energy Space and Time which includes your body Scientologists believe that thetans can exteriorize leave their body The thetan is considered an immortal being who has been reincarnated many times over Someone who has died is said to have dropped the body Scientology refers to the existence of a Supreme Being but practitioners are not expected to worship it No intercessions are made to seek this being s assistance in daily life Space opera and the Wall of Fire Xenu as depicted by Panorama The mythological framework which forms the basis for what Scientologists view as the system s path to salvation is the story of Xenu Reflecting a strong science fiction theme within its theology Scientology s teachings make reference to space opera a term denoting events in the distant past in which spaceships spacemen and intergalactic travel all feature Hubbard wrote about a great catastrophe that took place 75 million years ago According to this story 75 million years ago there was a Galactic Confederacy of 76 planets ruled over by a leader called Xenu The Confederacy was overpopulated and Xenu transported millions of aliens to earth and killed them with hydrogen bombs The thetans of those killed were then clustered together and implants were inserted into them designed to kill any body that these thetans would subsequently inhabit should they recall the event of their destruction After the massacre several of the officers in Xenu s service rebelled against him ultimately capturing and imprisoning him Hubbard claimed to have discovered the Xenu myth in December 1967 having taken the plunge deep into his time track Scientology teaches that attempting to recover this information from the time track typically results in an individual s death caused by the presence of Xenu s implants but that because of Hubbard s technology this death can be avoided A man dressed as Xenu carrying an E meter Scientology s critics often use Xenu to mock the movement The Scientology organization says that learning the Xenu myth can be harmful for those unprepared for it and the documents discussing Xenu are kept secret from most members The teachings about Xenu were later leaked by ex members becoming a matter of public record after being submitted as evidence in court cases They are now widely available online Members who have been given the teachings routinely deny these teachings exist Hubbard however talked about Xenu on several occasions the Xenu story bears similarities with some of the science fiction stories Hubbard published and substantial themes from the Xenu story are in Hubbard s book Scientology A History of Man The Operating Thetan levels The Scientology organization s cruise ship the Freewinds staffed by Sea Org members with OT symbol on side of ship The degrees above the level of Clear are called Operating Thetan or OT Hubbard described there being 15 OT levels although he had only completed eight of these during his lifetime OT levels nine to 15 have not been reached by any Scientologist In 1988 the Scientology organization stated that OT levels nine and ten would only be released when certain benchmarks in its expansion had been achieved The Church of Scientology has gone to considerable length to try to maintain the secrecy of the texts but they remain widely available on the internet This is partly due to litigation involving Scientology whereby the Fishman Affidavit was leaked to the public Materials have also been passed on to other sources and made available by publishers such as the media organization WikiLeaks To gain the OT levels of training a member must go to one of the Advanced Organisations or Orgs which are based in Los Angeles Clearwater East Grinstead Copenhagen Sydney and Johannesburg Conservative estimates indicate that getting to OT VIII would require a minimum of payments to the Scientology organization of 350 000 to 400 000 equivalent to 542 000 in 2023 OT levels six and seven are only available at Clearwater The highest level OT eight is disclosed only at sea on the Scientology ship Freewinds operated by the Flag Ship Service Org Scholar of religion Aled Thomas suggested that the status of a person s level creates an internal class system within the Scientology organization The Scientology organization claims that the material taught in the OT levels can only be comprehended once its previous material has been mastered and is therefore kept confidential until a person reaches the requisite level Higher level members typically refuse to talk about the contents of these OT levels Those progressing through the OT levels are taught additional more advanced auditing techniques one of the techniques taught is a method of auditing oneself which is the necessary procedure for reaching OT level seven Ethics Scientology has its own unique definitions for ethics and procedures for justice According to scholar Stephen Kent The purpose of Scientology ethics is to eliminate opponents then eliminate people s interests in things other than Scientology In this ethical environment Scientology would be able to impose its courses philosophy and justice system its so called technology onto society Symbology Hubbard created many symbolism concepts including the eight dynamics the ARC and KRC triangles the S and double triangle symbol the Scientology cross and many others Scientology celebrates seven calendar events including L Ron Hubbard s birthday Auditor s Day and New Year s There is a Sunday service which is primarily of interest for non members and beginners Weddings and funerals are also held Psychiatry psychology psychosis Scientology is vehemently opposed to psychiatry and psychology and wants to replace them with its own methods The clinical and academic psychiatry community rejected Hubbard s theories in the early 1950s Hubbard and his early Dianetics organization were prosecuted for practicing medicine without a license in the early 1950s Hubbard taught that psychiatrists were responsible for a great many wrongs in the world saying that psychiatry has at various times offered itself as a tool of political suppression and that psychiatry was responsible for the ideology of Hitler for turning the Nazis into mass murderers and the Holocaust The Scientology organization operates the anti psychiatry group Citizens Commission on Human Rights CCHR which operates Psychiatry An Industry of Death an anti psychiatry museum Though Hubbard had stated psychosis was not something Scientology dealt with after noticing many Scientologists were suffering breakdowns after using his techniques he created the Introspection Rundown a brutal and inhumane method to allegedly solve psychotic episodes 208 9 The rundown came under public scrutiny when in 1995 Scientologist Lisa McPherson suffered a mental breakdown and was removed from the hospital and held in isolation at a Church of Scientology for 17 days before she died Part 2 Views on Hubbard Scientologists view Hubbard as an extraordinary man but do not worship him as a deity They regard him as the preeminent Operating Thetan who remained on Earth in order to show others the way to spiritual liberation the man who discovered the source of human misery and a technology allowing everyone to achieve their true potential Church of Scientology management frames Hubbard s physical death as dropping his body to pursue higher levels of research not possible with an Earth bound body Scientologists often refer to Hubbard affectionately as Ron and many refer to him as their friend The Scientology organization operates a calendar in which 1950 the year in which Hubbard s book Dianetics was published is considered year zero the beginning of an era Years after that date are referred to as AD for After Dianetics They have also buried copies of his writings preserved on stainless steel disks in a secure underground vault in the hope of preserving them against major catastrophes The Church of Scientology s view of Hubbard is presented in their hagiographical biography of him seeking to present him as a person of exceptional character morals and intelligence Critics of Hubbard and his organization claim that many of the details of his life as he presented it were false Every Scientology Org maintains an office set aside for Hubbard in perpetuity set out to imitate those he used in life and will typically have a bust or large framed photograph of him on display The Church of ScientologyThe Super Power Building of the FLAG Scientology complex in Clearwater Florida The Church of Scientology is headquartered at Gold Base in Riverside County California where the highest Sea Org officials work and at Flag Land Base in Clearwater Florida The organization operates on a hierarchical and top down basis being largely bureaucratic in structure It claims to be the only true voice of Scientology The internal structure of Scientology organizations is strongly bureaucratic with a focus on statistics based management Organizational operating budgets are performance related and subject to frequent reviews By 2011 the organization was claiming over 700 centres in 65 countries Smaller centres are called missions The largest number of these are in the U S with the second largest number being in Europe Missions are established by missionaries who are referred to as mission holders Members can establish a mission wherever they wish but must fund it themselves the missions are not financially supported by the central organization Mission holders must purchase all of the necessary material from the central Church of Scientology as of 2001 the Mission Starter Pack cost 35 000 equivalent to 60 200 in 2023 The eight pointed Scientology cross one of the symbols created to give Scientology the trappings of a religion Urban suggested it was modelled on the eight pointed cross used by the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn Each mission or Org is a corporate entity established as a licensed franchise and operating as a commercial company Each franchise sends part of its earnings which have been generated through beginner level auditing to the International Management Bromley observed that an entrepreneurial incentive system pervades the organization with individual members and organisations receiving payment for bringing in new people or for signing them up for more advanced services The individual and collective performances of different members and missions are gathered being called stats Performances that are an improvement on the previous week are termed up stats those that show a decline are down stats According to leaked tax documents the Church of Scientology International and Church of Spiritual Technology in the US had a combined 1 7 billion in assets in 2012 in addition to annual revenues estimated at 200 million a year Internal organization The Church of Spiritual Technology CST ranch in Creston California where Scientology founder L Ron Hubbard spent his last days The CST symbol is visible within a racetrack The Sea Org is the organization s primary management unit containing the highest ranks in its hierarchy Its members are often recruited from the children of existing Scientologists and sign up to a billion year contract to serve the Church Kent described that for adult Sea Org members with minor children their work obligations took priority damaged parent child relations and has led to cases of severe child neglect and endangerment The Rehabilitation Project Force RPF is the Church of Scientology s disciplinary program where Sea Org members deemed to have seriously deviated from its teachings are placed They will often face a hearing the Committee of Evidence which determines if they will be sent to the RPF The RPF operates out of several locations It involves a daily regimen of five hours of auditing or studying eight hours of work often physical labor such as building renovation and at least seven hours of sleep Critics have condemned RPF practices for violating human rights and criticized the Scientology organization for placing children as young as twelve into the RPF engaging them in forced labor and denying access to their parents violating Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights The RPF has contributed to characterisations of the organization as a cult The Office of Special Affairs or OSA formerly the Guardian s Office is a department of the Church of Scientology which has been characterized as a non state intelligence agency It has targeted critics of the organization for dead agent operations which is mounting character assassination operations against perceived enemies A 1990 article in the Los Angeles Times reported that in the 1980s the Scientology organization more commonly used private investigators including former and current Los Angeles police officers to give themselves a layer of protection in case embarrassing tactics were used and became public The International Association of Scientologists operates to advance the cause of the Scientology organization and its members across the world Promotional material The Church of Scientology s Celebrity Centre in Hollywood Los Angeles The Scientology organization employs a range of media to promote itself and attract converts Hubbard promoted Scientology through a vast range of books articles and lectures It publishes several magazines including Source Advance The Auditor and Freedom It has established a publishing press New Era and the audiovisual publisher Golden Era It has also used the Internet for promotional purposes and employed advertising to attract potential converts including in high profile locations such as television ads during the 2014 and 2020 Super Bowls The organization has long used celebrities as a means of promoting itself starting with Hubbard s Project Celebrity in 1955 and followed by its first Scientology Celebrity Centre in 1969 The Celebrity Centre headquarters is in Hollywood other branches are in Dallas Nashville Las Vegas New York City and Paris In 1955 Hubbard created a list of 63 celebrities targeted for conversion to Scientology Prominent celebrities who have joined the organization include John Travolta Tom Cruise Kirstie Alley Nancy Cartwright and Juliette Lewis The Church uses celebrity involvement to make itself appear more desirable Other new religious movements have similarly pursued celebrity involvement such as the Church of Satan Transcendental Meditation ISKCON and the Kabbalah Centre Social outreach Several Scientology organizations promote the use of Scientology practices as a means to solve social problems Scientology began to focus on these issues in the early 1970s The Church of Scientology developed outreach programs that say they aim to fight drug addiction illiteracy learning disabilities and criminal behavior They have been presented to schools businesses and communities as secular techniques based on Hubbard s writings They have been described as part of the Scientology organization s war against the discipline of psychiatry Some critics regard this outreach as merely a public relations exercise Launched in 1966 Narconon is its drug rehabilitation program which employs Hubbard s theories about drugs and treats addicts through auditing exercise saunas vitamin supplements and healthy eating It has been described as a front group for recruiting into Scientology Criminon is the organization s criminal rehabilitation programme Its Applied Scholastics program established in 1972 employs Hubbard s pedagogical methods to help students The Way to Happiness Foundation promotes a moral code written by Hubbard to date translated into more than 40 languages Narconon Criminon Applied Scholastics and The Way to Happiness operate under the management banner of Association for Better Living and Education The World Institute of Scientology Enterprises WISE applies Scientology practices to business management The most prominent training supplier to make use of Hubbard s technology is Sterling Management Systems A Church Volunteer Minister wearing distinct yellow clothing in Haiti in 2010 Hubbard devised the Volunteer Minister Program in 1973 They offer help and counselling to those in distress this includes the Scientological technique of providing assists After the September 11 2001 terrorist attack in New York City Volunteer Ministers were on the site of Ground Zero within hours of the attack they subsequently went to New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina Accounts of the Volunteer Ministers effectiveness have been mixed and touch assists are not supported by scientific evidence Responses to opponents The Scientology organization regards itself as the victim of media and governmental persecution and the scholar of religion Douglas Cowan observed that claims to systematic persecution and harassment are part of the internal culture In turn Urban noted the organization has tended to respond very aggressively to its critics mounting numerous lawsuits and at times using extralegal means to respond to those who threaten it The organization has often responded to criticism by ad hominem attacks Its approach to targeting critics has often generated more negative attention for their organization with Lewis commenting that it has proven to be its own worst enemy in this regard It has a reputation for litigiousness stemming from its involvement in a large number of legal conflicts Barrett characterised the organization as one of the most litigious religions in the world It has conducted lawsuits against governments organizations and individuals both to counter criticisms made against it and to gain legal recognition as a religion J P Kumar who studied the litigation argued that victory was not always important to the organization what was important was depleting the resources and energies of its critics Suppressive persons and fair game Those deemed hostile to the Church of Scientology including ex members are labelled suppressive persons or SPs Hubbard maintained that 20 percent of the population would be classed as suppressive persons because they were truly malevolent or dangerous the Adolf Hitlers and the Genghis Khans the unrepentant murderers and the drug lords If the organization declares that one of its members is an SP all other members are forbidden from further contact with them an act it calls disconnection Any member breaking this rule is labelled a potential trouble source PTS and unless they swiftly cease all contact they can be labelled an SP themselves In an October 1968 letter to members Hubbard wrote about a policy called fair game which was directed at SPs and other perceived threats to the organization Here he stated that these individuals may be deprived of property or injured by any means by any Scientologist without any discipline of the Scientologists May be tricked sued or lied to or destroyed Following strong criticism the organization said that it formally ended Fair Game a month later with Hubbard stating that he had never intended to authorize illegal or harassment type acts against anyone Critics and some scholarly observers argue that its practices reflect that the policy remains in place It is widely asserted by former members that Fair Game is still employed Stacy Brooks a former member of the internal Office of Special Affairs stated in court that practices which were formerly called Fair Game continue to be employed although the term Fair Game is no longer used Hubbard and his followers targeted many individuals as well as government officials and agencies including a program of illegal infiltration of the IRS and other U S government agencies during the 1970s They also conducted private investigations character assassination and legal action against the organization s critics in the media The Scientology ethics and justice system regulates member behavior and Ethics officers are present in every Scientology organization Ethics officers ensure correct application of Scientology technology and deal with behavior adversely affecting a Scientology organization s performance ranging from errors and misdemeanors to crimes and suppressive acts as those terms defined by Scientology Free Zone and independent ScientologyThe terms Free Zone Freezone and Independent Scientology are used by those who practice Scientology outside of the purview of the Church of Scientology Free Zoners believe that Church of Scientology leadership has deviated from Hubbard s teachings while asserting their own loyalty to Hubbard The Church of Scientology is hostile to the Free Zone and refers to such independent Scientologists as squirrels In 1983 the Advanced Ability Center was founded by David Mayo in California but was successfully shut down by the Church of Scientology Conversely still operating in 2023 is Ron s Org in Europe founded in 1984 by Bill Robertson as a loose grouping of independent centers rather than a centralized organization Robertson coined the term free zone from Hubbard s space opera teachings Since Robertson had said that he was channeling messages from the late Hubbard and had obtained OT levels above the eight offered by the Church of Scientology many of the newer indies prefer to call themselves independent scientologists to distance themselves from Robertson ControversiesOfficial German information leaflets from the Bavarian Office for the Protection of the Constitution on from left to right Islamic extremism Scientology and organized crime Urban described the Church of Scientology as the world s most controversial new religion while Lewis termed it arguably the most persistently controversial of contemporary new religious movements According to Urban the organization had a documented history of extremely problematic behavior ranging from espionage against government agencies to shocking attacks on critics of the organization and abuse of its own members A first point of controversy was its response to its rejection by the psychotherapeutic establishment Another was a 1991 Time magazine article about the organization which responded with a major lawsuit that was rejected by the court as baseless early in 1992 A third is its religious tax status in the United States as the IRS granted the organization tax exempt status in 1993 It has been in conflict with the governments and police forces of many countries including the United States the United Kingdom Canada France and Germany It has been one of the most litigious religious movements in history filing countless lawsuits against governments organizations and individuals Reports and allegations have been made by journalists courts and governmental bodies of several countries that the Church of Scientology is an unscrupulous commercial enterprise that harasses its critics and brutally exploits its members A considerable amount of investigation has been aimed at the organization by groups ranging from the media to governmental agencies The controversies involving the Church of Scientology some of them ongoing include Criminal behavior by members of the organization including the infiltration of the US Government Organized harassment of people perceived as enemies of the Church of Scientology Scientology s disconnection policy in which some members are required to shun friends or family members who are antagonistic to the organization The death of Scientologist Lisa McPherson while in the care of the organization Robert Minton sponsored the multimillion dollar lawsuit against Scientology for the death of McPherson In May 2004 McPherson s estate and the Church of Scientology reached a confidential settlement Attempts to legally force search engines to censor information critical of the Scientology organization Allegations the organization s leader David Miscavige beats and demoralizes staff and that physical violence by superiors towards staff working for them is a common occurrence in the organization Scientology spokesman Tommy Davis denied these claims and provided witnesses to rebut them Stephen A Kent a professor of sociology has said that Scientologists see themselves as possessors of doctrines and skills that can save the world if not the galaxy As stated in Scientology doctrine The whole agonized future of this planet every man woman and child on it and your own destiny for the next endless trillions of years depend on what you do here and now with and in Scientology Kent has described the Scientology ethics and justice system as a peculiar brand of morality that uniquely benefited the Church of Scientology In plain English the purpose of Scientology ethics is to eliminate opponents then eliminate people s interests in things other than Scientology Many former members have come forward to speak out about the organization and the negative effects its teachings have had on them including celebrities such as Leah Remini Remini spoke about her split from the Church of Scientology saying that she still has friends within the organization whom she is no longer able to speak with Throughout the early 1950s adherents of Hubbard were arrested for practicing medicine without a license In January 1951 the New Jersey Board of Medical Examiners brought proceedings against the Dianetic Research Foundation on the charge of teaching medicine without a license In January 1963 U S Marshals raided the Founding Church of Scientology in Washington Scientology social programs such as drug and criminal rehabilitation have also drawn both support and criticism Hubbard s motives Common criticisms directed at Hubbard was that he drew upon pre existing sources and the allegation that he was motivated by financial reasons A number of Hubbard s letters and directives to his subordinates support the notion that he used religion as a facade for Scientology to maintain tax exempt status and avoid further prosecutions a number of Dianetics or Scientology practitioners had already been arrested for medical claims The IRS cited a statement frequently attributed to Hubbard that the way to get rich was to found a religion Many of Hubbard s science fiction colleagues including Sam Merwin Lloyd Arthur Eshbach and Sam Moscowitz recall Hubbard raising the topic in conversation In 2006 Rolling Stone s Janet Reitman also attributed the statement to Hubbard as a remark to science fiction writer Lloyd Eshbach and recorded in Eshbach s autobiography Criminal behavior Author Paulette Cooper was indicted for making bomb threats after she was framed by agents of the Church of Scientology In 1978 a number of Scientologists including L Ron Hubbard s wife Mary Sue Hubbard who was second in command in the organization at the time were convicted of perpetrating what was at the time the largest incident of domestic espionage in the history of the United States called Operation Snow White This involved infiltrating wiretapping and stealing documents from the offices of Federal attorneys and the Internal Revenue Service L Ron Hubbard was convicted in absentia by French authorities of engaging in fraud and sentenced to four years in prison The head of the French Church of Scientology was convicted at the same trial and given a suspended one year prison sentence An FBI raid on the Church of Scientology s headquarters revealed documentation that detailed Scientology s criminal actions against various critics of the organization In Operation Freakout agents of the organization attempted to destroy Paulette Cooper author of The Scandal of Scientology an early book that had been critical of the movement Among these documents was a plan to frame Gabe Cazares the mayor of Clearwater Florida with a staged hit and run accident Nine individuals related to the case were prosecuted on charges of theft burglary conspiracy and other crimes In 1988 Scientology president Heber Jentzsch and ten other members of the organization were arrested in Spain on various charges including illicit association coercion fraud and labor law violations In October 2009 the Church of Scientology was found guilty of organized fraud in France The sentence was confirmed by the court of appeal in February 2012 and by the supreme Court of Cassation in October 2013 In 2012 Belgian prosecutors indicted Scientology as a criminal organization engaged in fraud and extortion In March 2016 the Church of Scientology was acquitted of all charges and demands to close its Belgian branch and European headquarters were dismissed Organized harassment Scientology has historically engaged in hostile action toward its critics executives within the organization have proclaimed that Scientology is not a turn the other cheek religion Since the 1960s Journalists politicians former Scientologists and various anti cult groups have said that Scientology followers have engaged in organized hostility harassment and threats and Scientology has targeted these critics almost without exception for retaliation in the form of lawsuits and public counter accusations of personal wrongdoing Many of Scientology s critics have also reported they were subject to threats and harassment in their private lives According to a 1990 Los Angeles Times article the Scientology organization had largely switched from using members to using private investigators including former and current Los Angeles police officers as this gives the organization a layer of protection in case investigators use tactics which might cause the organization embarrassment In one case the organization described their tactics as LAPD sanctioned which was energetically disputed by Police Chief Daryl Gates The officer involved in this particular case of surveillance and harassment was suspended for six months Journalist John Sweeney reported that While making our BBC Panorama film Scientology and Me I have been shouted at spied on had my hotel invaded at midnight denounced as a bigot by star Scientologists brain washed that is how it felt to me in a mock up of a Nazi style torture chamber and chased round the streets of Los Angeles by sinister strangers Mistreatment of Members A prominent ex member who has spoken out about the Scientology organization s mistreatment of members and ex members is Leah Remini Remini is an American actress that has been involved with the Church of Scientology since childhood She left in 2013 In 2015 she published a book entitled Troublemaker Surviving Hollywood and Scientology where she recounts her experiences and events leading up to her leaving the organization She also has produced a documentary television series on A amp E entitled Leah Remini Scientology and the Aftermath released in 2017 which aired for three seasons In this series she and her co host Mike Rinder who is also an ex member tell their experiences and interview numerous ex members with similar Leah Remini has been outspoken about her views on the Church of Scientology and has raised much awareness about some of the major issues within the church regarding treatment of children exploitive money practices and mistreatments she has experienced As of August 2023 Leah has filed a lawsuit against the Church of Scientology She alleges verbal physical and sexual abuse was known and tolerated by the organization and exploitive practices such as signing billion year contracts with the organization The main claims of the lawsuit are for psychological torture defamation surveillance harassment and intimidation experienced by her for years while a member and as tactics used after she publicly left Violation of auditing confidentiality During the auditing process the auditor collects and records personal information from the client While the Church of Scientology claims to protect the confidentiality of auditing records the organization has a history of attacking and psychologically abusing former members using information culled from the records For example a December 16 1969 a Guardian s Office order G O 121669 by Mary Sue Hubbard explicitly authorized the use of auditing records for purposes of internal security Former members report having participated in combing through information obtained in auditing sessions to see if it could be used for smear campaigns against critics Allegations of coerced abortions Protester against Scientology holding a sign which reads What kind of church makes its staff have abortions The Sea Org originally operated on vessels at sea where it was understood that it was not permitted to raise children on board the ships because children hinder adults from performing their vital assignments Women who became pregnant have stated that they had been coercively persuaded to undergo abortions in order to remain in the Sea Org In 2003 The Times of India reported Forced abortions beatings starvation are considered tools of discipline in this church A former high ranking source reports that some 1 500 abortions have been carried out by women in the Sea Organization since the implementation of a rule in the late 80s that members could not remain in the organization if they decided to have children The source noted that And if members who have been in the Sea Organization for say 10 years do decide to have kids they are dismissed with no more than 1 000 as a severance package A protester holds a sign which reads C hurch o f cientology forces its female members to get abortions February 10 2008 Longtime member Astra Woodcraft left Scientology for good when the organization tried to pressure her to have an abortion Former Sea Org member Karen Pressley recounted that she was often asked by fellow Scientologists for loans so that they could get an abortion and remain in the Sea Org Scientology employee Claire Headley has said she was forced to have two abortions to keep her job and was subjected to violations of personal rights and liberties for the purpose of obtaining forced labor Laura DeCrescenzo reported she was coerced to have an abortion as a minor and sued in 2009 Opening ceremony of the Scientology church in Malmo Sweden in 2009 In March 2009 Maureen Bolstad reported that women who worked at Scientology s headquarters were forced to have abortions or faced being declared a suppressive person by the organization s management In March 2010 former Scientologist Janette Lang stated that at age 20 she became pregnant by her boyfriend while in the organization and her boyfriend s Scientology supervisors coerced them into terminating the pregnancy We fought for a week I was devastated I felt abused I was lost and eventually I gave in It was my baby my body and my choice and all of that was taken away from me by Scientology said Lang Australian Senator Nick Xenophon gave a speech to the Australian Parliament in November 2009 about statements he had received from former Scientologists He said that he had been told members of the organization had coerced pregnant female employees to have abortions I am deeply concerned about this organisation and the devastating impact it can have on its followers said Senator Xenophon and he requested that the Australian Senate begin an investigation into Scientology According to the letters presented by Senator Xenophon the organization was involved in ordering its members to have abortions Former Scientologist Aaron Saxton sent a letter to Senator Xenophon stating he had participated in coercing pregnant women within the organization to have abortions Aaron says women who fell pregnant were taken to offices and bullied to have an abortion If they refused they faced demotion and hard labour Aaron says one staff member used a coat hanger and self aborted her child for fear of punishment said Senator Xenophon Carmel Underwood another former Scientologist said she had been put under extreme pressure to have an abortion and that she was placed into a disappearing programme after refusing Underwood was the executive director of Scientology s branch in Sydney Scientology spokesman Tommy Davis said these statements are utterly meritless Mike Ferriss the head of Scientology in New Zealand told media that There are no forced abortions in Scientology Scientology spokesperson Virginia Stewart likewise rejected the statements and asserted The Church of Scientology considers the family unit and children to be of the utmost importance and does not condone nor force anyone to undertake any medical procedure whatsoever Allegation of human trafficking and other crimes against women A number of women have sued the Church of Scientology alleging a variety of complaints including human trafficking rape forced labor and child abuse In 2009 two former Sea Org employees Marc and Claire Headley sued the Church of Scientology alleging human trafficking Scientology litigation and the Internet In the 1990s Miscavige s organization took action against increased criticism of Scientology on the Internet and online distribution of Scientology related documents Starting in 1991 Scientology filed fifty lawsuits against Scientology critic Cult Awareness Network CAN Many of the suits were dismissed but one resulted in 2 million in losses bankrupting the network At bankruptcy CAN s name and logo were obtained by a Scientologist A New Cult Awareness Network was set up with Scientology backing which says it operates as an information and networking center for non traditional religions referring callers to academics and other experts In a 1993 U S lawsuit brought by the Church of Scientology against former member Steven Fishman Fishman made a court declaration which included several dozen pages of formerly secret esoterica detailing aspects of Scientologist cosmogony As a result of the litigation this material normally strictly safeguarded and used only in Scientology s more advanced OT levels found its way onto the Internet This resulted in a battle between the Scientology organization and its online critics over the right to disclose this material or safeguard its confidentiality The organization was forced to issue a press release acknowledging the existence of this cosmogony rather than allow its critics to distort and misuse this information for their own purposes In January 1995 Church of Scientology lawyer Helena Kobrin attempted to shut down the newsgroup alt religion scientology by sending a control message instructing Usenet servers to delete the group In practice this rmgroup message had little effect since most Usenet servers are configured to disregard such messages when sent to groups that receive substantial traffic and newgroup messages were quickly issued to recreate the group on those servers that did not do so However the issuance of the message led to a great deal of public criticism by free speech advocates Among the criticisms raised one suggestion is that Scientology s true motive is to suppress the free speech of its critics An Internet based group which refers to itself as Anonymous held protests outside Scientology centers in cities around the world in February 2008 as part of Project Chanology Issues they protested ranged from alleged abuse of followers to the validity of its claims to qualify as a religion for tax purposes The Church of Scientology also began filing lawsuits against those who posted copyrighted texts on the newsgroup and the World Wide Web lobbied for tighter restrictions on copyrights in general and supported the controversial Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act as well as the even more controversial Digital Millennium Copyright Act DMCA Beginning in the middle of 1996 and ensuing for several years the newsgroup was attacked by anonymous parties using a tactic dubbed sporgery by some in the form of hundreds of thousands of forged spam messages posted on the group Some investigators said that some spam had been traced to members of the Church of Scientology Former Scientologist Tory Christman later asserted that the Office of Special Affairs had undertaken a concerted effort to destroy alt religion scientology through these means the effort failed On January 14 2008 a video produced by the Scientology organization featuring an interview with Tom Cruise was leaked to the Internet and uploaded to YouTube The Church of Scientology issued a copyright violation claim against YouTube requesting the removal of the video Calling the action by the Church of Scientology a form of Internet censorship participants of Anonymous coordinated Project Chanology consisting of a series of denial of service attacks against Scientology websites prank calls and black faxes to Scientology centers On January 21 2008 Anonymous announced its intentions via a video posted to YouTube entitled Message to Scientology and a press release declaring a war against the Church of Scientology and the Religious Technology Center In the press release the group stated that the attacks against the organization would continue in order to protect the freedom of speech and end what they saw as the financial exploitation of members of the organization A protester criticizing Scientology On January 28 2008 an Anonymous video appeared on YouTube calling for protests outside Church of Scientology buildings on February 10 2008 The date was chosen because it was the birthday of Lisa McPherson According to a letter Anonymous e mailed to the press about 7 000 people protested in more than 90 cities worldwide Many protesters wore masks based on the character V from V for Vendetta who was influenced by Guy Fawkes or otherwise disguised their identities in part to protect themselves from reprisals from the Church of Scientology Many further protests have followed since then in cities around the world The Arbitration Committee of the Wikipedia internet encyclopedia decided in May 2009 to restrict access to its site from Church of Scientology IP addresses to prevent self serving edits by Scientologists A host of anti Scientologist editors were topic banned as well The committee concluded that both sides had gamed policy and resorted to battlefield tactics with articles on living persons being the worst casualties Disputes over legal statusThe legal status of Scientology or Scientology related organizations differs between jurisdictions Scientology was legally recognized as a tax exempt religion in Australia Portugal and Spain Scientology was granted tax exempt status in the United States in 1993 The organization is considered a cult in Chile and an anticonstitutional sect in Germany and is considered a cult French secte by some French public authorities The Church of Scientology argues that Scientology is a genuine religious movement that has been misrepresented maligned and persecuted The organization has pursued an extensive public relations campaign for the recognition of Scientology as a tax exempt religion in the various countries in which it exists The Church of Scientology has often generated opposition due to its strong arm tactics directed against critics and members wishing to leave the organization A minority of governments regard it as a religious organization entitled to tax exempt status while other governments variously classify it as a business cult pseudoreligion or criminal organization In 1957 the Church of Scientology of California was granted tax exempt status by the United States Internal Revenue Service IRS and so for a time were other local branches of the organization In 1958 however the IRS started a review of the appropriateness of this status In 1959 Hubbard moved to England remaining there until the mid 1960s In 1967 the IRS removed Scientology s tax exempt status asserting that its activities were commercial and operated for the benefit of Hubbard rather than for charitable or religious purposes In the mid sixties the Church of Scientology was banned in several Australian states starting with Victoria in 1965 The ban was based on the Anderson Report which found that the auditing process involved command hypnosis in which the hypnotist assumes positive authoritative control over the patient On this point the report stated 115 It is the firm conclusion of this Board that most scientology and dianetic techniques are those of authoritative hypnosis and as such are dangerous the scientific evidence which the Board heard from several expert witnesses of the highest repute leads to the inescapable conclusion that it is only in name that there is any difference between authoritative hypnosis and most of the techniques of scientology Many scientology techniques are in fact hypnotic techniques and Hubbard has not changed their nature by changing their names 115 The Australian branch of the Scientology organization was forced to operate under the name of the Church of the New Faith as a result the name and practice of Scientology having become illegal in the relevant states Several years of court proceedings aimed at overturning the ban followed In 1973 state laws banning Scientology were overturned in Victoria South Australia and Western Australia In 1983 the High Court of Australia ruled in a unanimous decision that the Church of Scientology was undoubtedly a religion and deserving of tax exemption Scientology in religious studiesHugh B Urban writes that Scientology s efforts to get itself defined as a religion make it an ideal case study for thinking about how we understand and define religion Frank K Flinn adjunct professor of religious studies at Washington University in St Louis wrote it is abundantly clear that Scientology has both the typical forms of ceremonial and celebratory worship and its own unique form of spiritual life Flinn further states that religion requires beliefs in something transcendental or ultimate practices rites and codes of behavior that re inforce those beliefs and a community that is sustained by both the beliefs and practices all of which are present within Scientology Similarly World Religions in America states that Scientology contains the same elements of most other religions including myths scriptures doctrines worship sacred practices and rituals moral and ethical expectations a community of believers clergy and ecclesiastic organizations According to Mikhael Rothstein Scientology s rituals can be classified into 1 those with the purpose of changing the person such as auditing 2 collective which are calendar events where Scientology its community and L Ron Hubbard are celebrated 3 rites of passage 4 weekly services that are similar to Christian services While acknowledging that a number of his colleagues accept Scientology as a religion sociologist Stephen A Kent writes Rather than struggling over whether or not to label Scientology as a religion I find it far more helpful to view it as a multifaceted transnational corporation only one element of which is religious emphasis in the original Donna Batten in the Gale Encyclopedia of American Law writes A belief does not need to be stated in traditional terms to fall within First Amendment protection For example Scientology a system of beliefs that a human being is essentially a free and immortal spirit who merely inhabits a body does not propound the existence of a supreme being but it qualifies as a religion under the broad definition propounded by the Supreme Court A great number of research archives on Scientology have emerged in recent years for the academic study of Scientology These include collections in San Diego State University University of California Santa Barbara University of California Los Angeles Graduate Theological Union Berkeley Ohio State University and Claremont College Library There is also a big collection of alternative beliefs and religions at the University of Alberta Library in Canada where scholar Stephen A Kent makes material available on a restricted bases to undergraduate and graduate students The material contained in the OT levels has been characterized as bad science fiction by critics while others claim it bears structural similarities to gnostic thought and ancient Hindu beliefs of creation and cosmic struggle Donald A Westbrook suggests that there are three areas of research scholars should consider researching and writing about the biographical life and legacy of L Ron Hubbard the Church of Scientology s social betterment programs and derivative scientology Influences The general orientation of Hubbard s philosophy owes much to Will Durant author of the popular 1926 classic The Story of Philosophy Dianetics is dedicated to Durant Hubbard s view of a mechanically functioning mind in particular finds close parallels in Durant s work on Spinoza According to Hubbard himself Scientology is the Western anglicized continuance of many early forms of wisdom Ankerberg and Weldon mention the sources of Scientology to include the Vedas Buddhism Judaism Gnosticism Taoism early Greek civilization and the teachings of Jesus Nietzsche and Freud Hubbard asserted that Freudian thought was a major precursor to Scientology W Vaughn Mccall Professor and Chairman of the Georgia Regents University writes Both Freudian theory and Hubbard assume that there are unconscious mental processes that may be shaped by early life experiences and that these influence later behavior and thought Both schools of thought propose a tripartite structure of the mind Sigmund Freud s psychology popularized in the 1930s and 1940s was a key contributor to the Dianetics therapy model and was acknowledged unreservedly as such by Hubbard in his early works Hubbard never forgot when he was 12 years old meeting Cmdr Joseph Cheesman Thompson a U S Navy officer who had studied with Freud and when writing to the American Psychological Association in 1949 he stated that he was conducting research based on the early work of Freud In Dianetics Hubbard cites Hegel as a negative influence an object lesson in confusing writing According to Mary A Mann Scientology is considered nondenominational accepting all people regardless of their religions background ethnicity or educational attainment Another influence was Alfred Korzybski s General Semantics Hubbard was friends with fellow science fiction writers A E van Vogt and Robert Heinlein who both wrote science fiction inspired by Korzybski s writings such as Vogt s The World of Null A Hubbard s view of the reactive mind has acknowledged parallels with Korzybski s thought in fact Korzybski s anthropometer may have been what inspired Hubbard s invention of the E meter Beyond that Hubbard himself named a great many other influences in his own writing in Scientology 8 8008 for example these include philosophers from Anaxagoras and Aristotle to Herbert Spencer and Voltaire physicists and mathematicians like Euclid and Isaac Newton as well as founders of religions such as Buddha Confucius Jesus and Mohammed but there is little evidence in Hubbard s writings that he studied these figures to any great depth As noted elements of the Eastern religions are evident in Scientology in particular the concept of karma found in Hinduism and Jainism In addition to the links to Hindu texts Scientology draws from Taoism and Buddhism According to the Encyclopedia of Community Scientology shows affinities with Buddhism and a remarkable similarity to first century Gnosticism DemographicsAs of 2016 scholarly estimates suggest that there are a maximum of 40 000 Scientologists this was the estimate given in 2011 by high level Church of Scientology defector Jefferson Hawkins They are found mostly in the U S Europe South Africa and Australia By the start of the 21st century the organization was claiming it had 8 million members Several commentators observe that this number is cumulative rather than collective that is it represents the total number of people who had any interaction with the Scientology organization since its founding some of whom only had one or two auditing sessions The organization also maintained that it was the world s fastest growing religion a title also claimed by several religious groups including Mormons modern Pagans and Bahaʼi but which is demonstrably incorrect Due to its internationally dispersed nature it is difficult to determine the number of Free Zone Scientologists In 2021 Thomas suggested that the Free Zone was growing with Lewis commenting that Free Zoners may one day outnumber members of the Church of Scientology The American Religious Identification Survey of the Graduate Center of the City University of New York found 45 000 Scientologists in the United States in 1990 and then 55 000 in 2001 although in 2008 it estimated that that number had dropped to 25 000 Lewis commented that the pattern of solid growth he observed in the 2000s seemed suddenly to have ground to a halt by the early 2010s Within the U S higher rates of Scientology have been observed in the western states especially those bordering the Pacific Ocean than further east The Canadian census revealed 1 215 Scientologists in 1991 and 1 525 in 2001 down to 1 400 in 2021 The Australian census reported 1 488 Scientologists in 1996 and 2 032 in 2001 before dropping to under 1 700 in 2016 The New Zealand census found 207 Scientologists in 1991 and 282 in 2001 Andersen and Wellendorf estimated that there were between 2000 and 4000 Scientologists in Denmark in 2009 with contemporary estimates suggesting between 500 and 1000 active Scientologists in Sweden Germany s government counted 3600 German members in 2021 while observers have suggested between 2000 and 4000 in France The 2021 census in England and Wales recorded 1 800 Scientologists Internationally the Scientology organization s members are largely middle class In Australia Scientologists have been observed as being wealthier and more likely to work in managerial and professional roles than the average citizen Scientology is oriented towards individualistic and liberal economic values the scholar of religion Susan J Palmer observed that Scientologists display a capitalist ideology that promotes individualistic values A survey of Danish Scientologists revealed that nearly all voted for liberal or conservative parties on the right of Denmark s political spectrum and took a negative view of socialism Placing great emphasis on the freedom of the individual those surveyed believed that the state and its regulations held people down and felt that the Danish welfare system was excessive Interviewing Church members in the United States Westbrook found that most regarded themselves as apolitical Republicans or libertarians fewer than 10 percent supported the Democratic Party Recruitment Scientology stress tests being offered on public sidewalk Most people who join the organization are introduced to it via friends and family It also offers free personality tests or stress tests typically involving an E Meter to attract potential recruits It hopes that if non Scientologists purchase one service from the Church and feel a benefit from it a win in Church terminology they are more likely to purchase additional services from the Church Other recruitment methods include lectures and classes introducing non Scientologists to the subject The Church of Scientology s own statistics published in 1998 reveal that 52 6 of those who joined did so through their family and friendship networks with existing members 18 were drawn in through personality tests 4 8 through publicity and 3 1 through lectures Westbrook s interviews with Church members determined that most people who joined the Church were initially attracted by the practical benefits advertised Westbrook found that various members deepened their involvement after having what they considered to be a spiritual experience such as exteriorization or a past life memory in their first few weeks of involvement Reception and influenceScientology has influenced various therapy and spiritual groups formed since the 1960s Much past life therapy was influenced by Dianetics while Werner Erhard s Erhard Seminars Training therapy system also drew on Scientology Paul Twitchell who founded Eckankar had also been a staff member at the Church of Scientology and plagiarised some of Hubbard s writings In the 1960s the Process Church of the Final Judgment was established by former Scientologists In 1986 Harry Palmer who had previously run a Scientology franchise mission in Elmira New York for around a decade established his own group the Avatar Course Barrett noted that vast amounts have been written about Scientology both in support and opposition to it Much of this literature has been heavily polarised Scientology has attracted negative publicity since its founding with criticism of the Scientology organization coming from government agencies the media and anti cult groups Much material critical of the organization was written by ex members such as Cyril Vosper Bent Corydon and Jon Atack Many of the Church s critics have utilizsed the Internet for instance to disseminate leaked OT documents The Church have sought to sue various websites including the Usenet group alt religion scientologist for disseminating Hubbard s writings Urban noted that Scientologists have long maintained that theirs is a legitimate religious movement that has been misrepresented maligned and persecuted by media witch hunters and McCarthy style government attacks Several human rights organisations have expressed concern about the stance that the French and German government have taken towards Scientologists Relations between the Scientology organization and German government are largely hostile The German government banned members from working in the public sector pointing out that the organization is a threat to democracy In France conspiracy theories have spread alleging that the Church of Scientology controls the US government or that it is a front for American imperialism perhaps run by the Central Intelligence Agency French Scientologists have reported being fired or refused jobs because of their beliefs and bombs have been thrown at French Scientology centres in 2002 one Scientologist sustained permanent injuries as a result A 2022 YouGov poll on Americans attitudes toward religious groups ranked Scientology as the country s least favored group with around 50 of respondents indicating a negative view of the practise alongside Satanism Media popular culture and academia The depiction of Xenu in the South Park episode Trapped in the Closet Scientology has received an extraordinary amount of media interest In his writings Hubbard often described journalists in negative terms for instance calling them merchants of chaos He discouraged Scientologists from interacting with journalists a tendency that Westbrook argued has contributed to negative press portrayals of the movement Many journalists examining the Church have been concerned about potential human rights violations Academic research into Scientology was for several decades comparatively limited compared to the media and public interest in it This has been attributed to the Church s secrecy its reputation for litigiousness and a lack of academic access to documentary material about the organization Early studies included Roy Wallis The Road to Total Freedom 1976 and Harriet Whitehead s Renunciation and Reformulation 1987 Research intensified in the early 21st century and in 2014 the first academic conference on the topic was held in Antwerp Belgium Several academics who have studied the movement have described the Church paying close attention to their work by telephoning them and sending representatives to attend their talks on the subject Some observers of Scientology have also been critical of scholars studying it noting that they frequently act as apologists for it Documentaries about Scientology have typically focused on allegations about the Scientology organization s intimidating behavior greed and brainwashing Popular examples include Louis Theroux s 2015 documentary My Scientology Movie and Leah Remini s documentary series Scientology and the Aftermath and her book Troublemaker Surviving Hollywood and Scientology drawing on her experience as a Church member Paul Thomas Anderson s 2012 film The Master features a religious organization called The Cause that has similarities to Scientology Comedy series have also critiqued Scientology The most notable was the 2005 South Park episode Trapped in the Closet which highlighted the Xenu story and said that the organization was a scam on a global scale There have also been theatre shows about Scientology such as Cathy Schekelberg s 2017 one person show Squeeze My Cans about her former life in the organization See alsoScientology and religious groups Scientology and sexual orientationReferencesBehar 1991 Kent Stephen A 2001 Brainwashing Programs in The Family Children of God and Scientology In Zablocki Benjamin Robbins Thomas eds Misunderstanding Cults Searching for Objectivity in a Controversial Field University of Toronto Press pp 349 358 ISBN 978 0 8020 8188 9 Anderson Kevin Victor 1965 Report of the Board of Inquiry into Scientology Government Printer Melbourne alternative link Edge Peter W 2006 Religion and law an introduction Ashgate Publishing ISBN 978 0 7546 3048 7 Retrieved July 3 2020 Hunt de Puig amp Espersen 1992 p 668 Beit Hallahmi 2003 Urban 2011 Halupka 2014 Westbrook Donald A August 10 2018 The Art of PR War Scientology the Media and Legitimation Strategies for the 21st Century Studies in Religion Sciences Religieuses 47 3 SAGE Publishing 373 395 doi 10 1177 0008429818769404 ISSN 0008 4298 S2CID 149581057 Urban Hugh B 2015 New Age Neopagan and New Religious Movements Alternative Spirituality in Contemporary America Berkeley University of California Press p 144 ISBN 978 0 520 28117 2 Retrieved July 3 2020 179 Miller 2016 p 220 Aviv Rachel January 26 2012 Religion grrrr London Review of Books 34 2 Archived from the original on May 6 2015 Retrieved September 27 2019 Cowan amp Bromley 2015 p 27 Tobin 2016 Shermer 2020 Urban 2011 pp 186 188 Urban 2021 p 174 Christensen 2016 Rothstein 2009 p 371 Morgan Lucy March 29 1999 Abroad Critics public and private keep pressure on Scientology St Petersburg Times Archived from the original on December 19 2007 Retrieved November 4 2007 Brown Barry Cooper David Y August 19 1992 Toronto Church Faces Heavy Fine Scientology Branch is Convicted of Spying on Police Others The Buffalo News Buffalo NY Retrieved July 3 2020 Regina v Church of Scientology of Toronto 33 O R 3d 65 Court of Appeal for Ontario April 18 1997 Scientology s fraud conviction upheld in France The Daily Telegraph London AFP October 17 2013 Archived from the original on May 30 2014 Retrieved July 3 2020 Scientology Written answer Parliamentary Debates Hansard United Kingdom House of Commons July 25 1968 col 189 191W Cottrell Richard 1984 The Activity of Certain New Religions within the European Community Report Strasbourg European Parliament Conseil d Europe 1999 European Council Recommendation 1412 Concernant les activites illegales des sectes Report Strasbourg Conseil d Europe Church of Scientology Parliamentary Debates Hansard United Kingdom House of Lords December 17 1996 col 1392 1394 Hubbard and another v Vosper and another 1 All ER 1023 Court of Appeal England and Wales November 19 1971 RE B amp G Minors Custody F L R 493 Court of Appeal England and Wales September 19 1984 179 Beit Hallahmi 2003 Passas amp Castillo 1992 Sappell amp Welkos 1990a Tobin 2016 Richardson 2009 Carobene Germana June 16 2014 Problems on the legal status of the Church of Scientology Stato Chiese e Pluralismo Confessionale 2014 21 Milan University of Milan doi 10 13130 1971 8543 4109 Retrieved March 10 2020 In this sense the long process of Milan is of great importance which after six pronunciations was concluded in 2000 and legally recognized Scientology as a religion in Italy The case was based on the complaint of a series of criminal offenses against some members of the church conspiracy fraud extortion After some contradictory rulings the Milan judges became aware of the need to define the religiosity of the movement i e it is to be considered a religion if all the alleged activities can qualify as normal religious practices Church of the New Faith v Commissioner of Pay roll Tax Vict 1983 HCA 40 1983 154 CLR 120 High Court Australia the evidence in our view establishes that Scientology must for relevant purposes be accepted as a religion in Victoria Melton 2009 p 24 Frantz Douglas March 9 1997 Scientology s Puzzling Journey From Tax Rebel to Tax Exempt The New York Times Archived from the original on January 10 2023 Retrieved October 26 2008 Hubbard s Church Unconstitutional Germany Prepares to Ban Scientology Spiegel Online December 7 2007 Retrieved March 13 2017 National Assembly of France report No 2468 assemblee nationale fr Retrieved March 13 2017 A 1995 parliamentary report lists Scientology groups as cults and in its 2006 report MIVILUDES similarly classified Scientology organizations as a dangerous cult Rapport au Premier ministre 2006 by MIVILUDES in French Le point sur l Eglise de Scientologie L Obs in French May 26 2009 Retrieved January 28 2023 Kent 1999 p 4 Urban 2011 p 9 179 Melton 2009 p 17 Willms 2009 p 257 Lewis 2012 p 141 Thomas 2021 pp ix 113 130 161 Urban 2012 p 359 Willms 2009 p 253 Westbrook 2019 p 40 Cusack 2009 p 397 Flinn 2009 p 210 Lewis 2009a p 6 Westbrook 2019 p 40 Barrett 2001 p 447 Grunschloss 2009 p 225 Beit Hallahmi 2003 Cowan amp Bromley 2015 Shermer 2020 Bainbridge 2009 p 42 Cowan 2009 p 57 Dericquebourg 2009 p 165 Willms 2009 p 245 Westbrook 2019 p 2 Bigliardi 2016 p 663 Kent 1996 pp 30 32 While researchers must not minimise financial motives for Hubbard s decision to present Scientology as a religion in the early 1950s they must also not neglect the fact that occasionally Hubbard s followers across the United States were being arrested for practicing medicine without licenses Hubbard proclaimed in 1950 that with the proper application of the techniques he outlined arthritis vanishes myopia gets better heart illness decreases asthma disappears stomachs function properly and the whole catalogue of ills goes away and stays away Because of claims such as these to which Scientology still adheres the New Jersey State Board of Medical Examiners accused the Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation Inc of operating a school for the treatment of disease without a license in January 1951 which contributed to the organisation s departure from Elizabeth New Jersey in April prior to its pending trial in May in late 1953 or early 1954 a Glendale California Dianeticist or Scientologist apparently spent ten days in jail for practicising medicine without a license Reacting to an emerging pattern of arrests Hubbard in December 1953 incorporated three religious organisations in New Jersey the Church of American Science The Church of Scientology and The Church of Spiritual Engineering Barrett 2001 p 468 Willms 2009 p 245 Bigliardi 2016 p 666 Lewis amp Hellesoy 2017 p xvii Shermer 2020 Helton amp Munker 1999 Senn 1990 Passas amp Castillo 1992 Beit Hallahmi 2003 Behar 1991 Harman 2012 Bainbridge amp Stark 1980 p 128 Rothstein 2004 p 110 Lewis 2009c pp 35 103 196 Kent 1999 p 3 Barrett 2001 p 447 Dericquebourg Regis May 1 2017 Scientology Nova Religio 20 4 5 12 doi 10 1525 nr 2017 20 4 5 ISSN 1092 6690 Barrett 2001 p 447 Barrett 2001 p 474 Lewis 2012 p 146 Rothstein 2016 Barrett 2001 p 471 Lewis 2009c pp 53 84 184 et passim Urban 2012 p 335 Westbrook 2019 p 18 Grunschloss 2009 p 238 Westbrook 2022 p 15 Lewis 2012 p 133 Grunschloss 2009 p 237 Grunschloss 2009 p 238 Rothstein 2009 p 365 Andersen amp Wellendorf 2009 p 143 Barrett 2001 p 452 Bednarowski Mary Farrell 1995 The Church of Scientology Lightning Rod for Cultural Boundary Conflicts In Timothy Miller ed America s Alternative Religions SUNY Press p 388 ISBN 978 0 7914 2397 4 OL 1092279M Cowan 2009 p 57 Dericquebourg 2009 p 165 Flinn 2009 p 213 Westbrook 2019 p 3 Grunschloss 2009 p 228 Dericquebourg Regis 2017 Scientology From the Edges to the Core Nova Religio The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions 20 4 5 12 doi 10 1525 nr 2017 20 4 5 ISSN 1092 6690 JSTOR 26417718 Cusack 2009 p 394 Benjamin J Hubbard John T Hatfield James A Santucci An Educator s Classroom Guide to America s Religious Beliefs and Practices p 89 Libraries Unlimited 2007 ISBN 978 1 59158 409 4 Urban 2011 p 64 Rothstein 2004 p 110 Bigliardi 2016 p 666 Lewis 2012 p 136 Lewis 2009a p 8 Lewis 2012 p 136 Atack 1990 p 128 Upward Allen 1914 1907 The New Word An open letter addressed to the Swedish academy in Stockholm on the meaning of the word idealist Kennerley pp 139 149 OL 14030703M Malko George 1970 Scientology The Now Religion Delacorte Press OL 5444962M Nordenholz Anastasius 1934 Scientologie Wissenschaft von der Beschaffenheit und der Tauglichkeit des Wissens Scientology Science of the Constitution and Usefulness of Knowledge in German OCLC 249980578 Wallis Roy 1977 The Road to Total Freedom A Sociological Analysis of Scientology Columbia University Press ISBN 0231042000 OL 4596322M Urban 2011 p 58 Beit Hallahmi 2003 Urban 2011 p 65 Miller 1987 pp 140 142 Barrett 2001 p 463 Barrett 2001 p 466 Melton 2009 p 25 Melton 2009 p 25 Barrett 2001 p 467 Melton 2009 pp 27 28 Melton 2009 p 28 1634 1699 McCusker J J 1997 How Much Is That in Real Money A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States Addenda et Corrigenda PDF American Antiquarian Society 1700 1799 McCusker J J 1992 How Much Is That in Real Money A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States PDF American Antiquarian Society 1800 present Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Consumer Price Index estimate 1800 Retrieved February 29 2024 Barrett 2001 pp 464 465 Lewis 2009a p 5 Melton 2009 p 26 Miller 1987 pp 374 5 Rigley Colin L Ron Hubbard s last refuge New Times San Luis Obispo Archived from the original on December 17 2013 Urban 2011 p 3 Lewis 2009a p 7 Melton 2009 p 25 Lewis 2012 p 133 Bromley 2009 p 97 Grunschloss 2009 p 231 Lewis 2009a p 6 Melton 2009 p 25 Rothstein 2009 p 378 Hammer amp Rothstein 2012 p 123 Urban 2021 p 166 Urban 2021 p 166 Bigliardi 2016 p 665 Dericquebourg Regis 2014 Acta Comparanda Affinities between Scientology and Theosophy International Conference Scientology in a scholarly perspective 24 25th January 2014 in English and French Antwerp Belgium University of Antwerp Faculty for Comparative Study of Religions and Humanism Archived from the original on February 16 2017 Hassan amp Scheflin 2024 pp 759 761 Hassan amp Scheflin 2024 p 760 Westbrook 2019 p 56 Kent Stephen A 2001 From Slogans to Mantras Social Protest and Religious Conversion in the Late Vietnam War Era Syracuse University Press p 99 ISBN 0815629486 OL 15521204M Chryssides George D Wilkins Margaret 2006 A Reader in New Religious Movements Continuum International Publishing Group p 18 ISBN 0826461689 OL 8168615M Thomas 2021 pp 17 110 Lewis 2009a p 9 Flinn 2009 p 217 Thomas 2021 p 42 Thomas 2021 pp 42 43 Westbrook 2022 p 7 Cowan amp Bromley 2006 pp 170 171 Westbrook 2019 p 17 Urban 2011 p 46ff Urban 2011 p 81ff Urban 2011 p 81 Harley amp Kieffer 2009 p 191 Urban 2011 pp 135 6 Harley amp Kieffer 2009 p 191 Thomas 2021 p 48 Behar 1991 Beit Hallahmi 2003 Passas amp Castillo 1992 Sappell amp Welkos 1990a Tobin 2016 Hunt de Puig amp Espersen 1992 p 668 Shermer 2020 Urban 2011 p 49ff Urban 2011 pp 101 134 135 Urban 2011 pp 74 102 5 Rothstein 2009 pp 365 367 Westbrook 2019 p 21 Thomas 2021 p 51 Barrett 2001 pp 451 452 Lewis 2009a p 5 Thomas 2021 p 52 Bainbridge amp Stark 1980 p 133 Barrett 2001 p 451 Melton 2009 p 22 Thomas 2021 p 52 Bromley 2009 p 91 Urban 2011 p 77 Urban 2011 pp 68 71 Bromley 2009 p 89 Lewis 2009a p 6 Lewis 2012 p 137 Dericquebourg 2009 p 176 Rothstein 2009 p 365 366 Rothstein 2009 p 377 Bromley 2009 p 91 Rothstein 2009 pp 372 373 Rothstein 2009 pp 372 373 Rothstein 2009 p 372 Rothstein 2009 pp 372 373 375 Rothstein 2009 pp 375 376 Thomas 2021 p 84 Thomas 2021 pp 14 86 Rothstein 2009 pp 368 369 Shermer 2020 Barrett 2001 p 452 Bromley 2009 p 94 Thomas 2021 p 14 Rothstein 2009 p 367 Ortega Tony December 23 1999 Double Crossed Phoenix New Times Archived from the original on March 12 2007 Retrieved September 16 2007 Hines Matt September 8 2003 Scientology loss keeps hyperlinks legal CNET Archived from the original on November 16 2006 Retrieved September 16 2007 Thomas 2021 p 83 Lewis 2012 p 137 Rothstein 2009 p 381 Barrett 2001 p 453 Rothstein 2009 p 375 Bainbridge amp Stark 1980 p 133 Barrett 2001 p 452 Bainbridge 2009 p 43 Harley amp Kieffer 2009 p 190 Urban 2012 p 356 Thomas 2021 pp 81 82 Westbrook 2019 p 31 Bainbridge amp Stark 1980 p 133 Westbrook 2019 p 30 Westbrook 2022 p 32 Urban 2021 Westbrook 2022 p 32 Westbrook 2019 pp 30 33 Derek Davis New Religious Movements and Religious Liberty in America pp 45 47 Baylor University Press 2004 ISBN 978 0 918954 92 3 Thomas 2021 p 82 Thomas 2021 pp 47 81 Barrett 2001 p 454 Thomas 2021 p 46 Thomas 2021 p 47 Kent Stephen September 2003 Scientology and the European Human Rights Debate A Reply to Leisa Goodman J Gordon Melton and the European Rehabilitation Project Force Study Marburg Journal of Religion 8 1 University of Marburg doi 10 17192 mjr 2003 8 3725 Archived from the original on June 29 2006 Retrieved May 21 2006 Kent 1999 p 6 Miller 1987 p 184 Urban 2011 pp 62 68 Westbrook 2019 pp 81 83 Kent 1996 Cowan amp Bromley 2006 p 184 Reitman Janet 2011 Inside Scientology The Story of America s Most Secretive Religion Houghton Mifflin Harcourt ISBN 9780618883028 OL 24881847M The Truth Rundown a three part series by Thomas C Tobin and Joe Childs St Petersburg Times Part 1 Scientology The Truth Rundown June 21 2009 Archived from the original on February 9 2013 The Truth Rundown Part 2 Death in slow motion June 22 2009 Archived from the original on October 24 2019 The Truth Rundown Part 3 Ecclesiastical justice June 23 2009 Archived from the original on August 9 2009 Bigliardi 2016 p 665 Westbrook 2019 p 27 Westbrook 2022 p 14 Bromley 2009 p 88 Bromley 2009 p 89 Bigliardi 2016 p 662 Westbrook 2019 p 24 Thomas 2021 p 96 Bromley 2009 p 89 Westbrook 2019 p 24 Bromley 2009 p 89 Grunschloss 2009 p 229 Thomas 2021 p 99 Bromley 2009 p 88 89 99 Lewis 2009b p 133 Thomas 2021 p 22 Bromley 2009 p 89 Urban 2012 p 338 Cowan 2009 p 63 Palmer 2009 p 295 Westbrook 2019 p 22 Thomas 2021 p 100 Westbrook 2019 p 22 Urban 2011 p 10 Lewis amp Hellesoy 2017 p 216 Thomas 2021 pp 7 8 Cusack 2009 pp 394 397 Thomas 2021 p 5 Dericquebourg 2009 p 177 Thomas 2021 p 39 Cowan amp Bromley 2006 p 180 Urban 2011 p 1 Urban 2012 p 335 Lewis 2009b p 134 Rigal Cellard 2009 p 326 Rigal Cellard 2009 p 325 Rigal Cellard 2009 p 327 Rigal Cellard 2009 p 328 Wright Lawrence 2013 Going Clear Scientology Hollywood and the Prison of Belief Alfred A Knopf p 227 ISBN 978 0 307 70066 7 OL 25424776M There was a deliberate campaign to provide religious cloaking for the church s activities A Scientology cross was created Scientology ministers now appeared wearing Roman collars Urban 2012 p 352 Bromley 2009 p 98 Rigal Cellard 2009 p 327 Bromley 2009 p 98 Bromley 2009 p 99 Bromley 2009 pp 98 99 Lewis 2009b p 120 Church Of Scientology Worth More Than 1 2 Billion According To New Tax Docs Business Insider Westbrook 2019 p 42 Kent 1999 p 7 Bromley 2009 p 99 Urban 2011 p 36 Halupka 2014 p 618 Kent 1999 pp 7 11 Urban 2011 p 10 Kent 1999 p 11 Halupka 2014 p 618 Cowan amp Bromley 2006 p 181 Kent 1999 pp 11 12 Kent 1999 p 11 Halupka 2014 p 618 Wakefield Margery 1991 12 OSA Office of Special Affairs The Secret CIA of Scientology Understanding Scientology Retrieved January 28 2023 via David S Touretzky Cisar Joe translator The Guardian Office GO Hamburg Regional Office of the German Constitutional Security Agency Der Geheimdienst der Scientology Organisation Grundlagen Aufgaben Strukturen Methoden und Ziele Zweite Auflage Stand 06 05 1998 PDF Archived from the original PDF on June 14 2006 Dyer Clare June 9 1999 Scientologists pay for libel The Guardian Retrieved January 28 2023 Sappell Joel Welkos Robert W June 29 1990 On the Offensive Against an Array of Suspected Foes Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on January 28 2023 Retrieved January 28 2023 Kent 1999 p 5 Thomas 2021 p 32 Grunschloss 2009 p 229 Thomas 2021 p 51 Grunschloss 2009 p 229 Thomas 2021 p 34 Bigliardi 2016 p 675 Thomas 2021 p 33 Thomas 2021 p 33 Westbrook 2019 p 51 Shaw William February 14 2008 What do Tom Cruise and John Travolta know about Scientology that we don t The Daily Telegraph London Archived from the original on February 23 2012 Retrieved June 25 2009 Cusack 2009 p 389 Urban 2011 p 1 Urban 2012 p 335 Westbrook 2019 p 51 Thomas 2021 p 33 Cusack 2009 p 396 Cusack 2009 p 396 397 Neusner Jacob 2009 World Religions in America 4th ed Westminster John Knox Press Lewis amp Hellesoy 2017 pp 565 569 Andersen amp Wellendorf 2009 p 155 Bromley 2009 p 97 Lewis 2009a p 9 Drugs charity is front for dangerous organisation Insight Focus Sunday Times January 7 2007 Retrieved March 20 2014 Narconon s international website claims The ministry of health in England sic has also directly funded Narconon residential rehabilitation But the Department of Health denies any knowledge of this Professor Stephen Kent a Canadian academic who is an authority on Scientology said The connection between Narconon and Scientology is solid Of course Scientology tries to get non Scientologists involved in the programme but the engine behind the programme is Scientology The British government expressed concern about Narconon as long as eight years ago A 1998 memo from the Home Office s drug strategy unit warned that the charity had its roots in the Church of Scientology and is not in the mainstream of drug rehabilitation Tower Hamlets council in east London advises its schools against using Narconon DrugScope one of the UK s main drug charities said We feel that the quality of Narconon s information is not objective and non judgmental It does not have any credibility Stephen Shaw the prisons ombudsman advised that inmates in British jails should not receive drug education from Narconon because it is so closely associated with the Church of Scientology Behar 1991 Hubbard s purification treatments are the mainstay of Narconon a Scientology run chain of 33 alcohol and drug rehabilitation centers some in prisons under the name Criminon in 12 countries Narconon a classic vehicle for drawing addicts into the cult now plans to open what it calls the world s largest treatment center a 1 400 bed facility on an Indian reservation near Newkirk Okla pop 2 400 At a 1989 ceremony in Newkirk the Association for Better Living and Education presented Narconon a check for 200 000 and a study praising its work The association turned out to be part of Scientology itself Today the town is battling to keep out the cult which has fought back through such tactics as sending private detectives to snoop on the mayor and the local newspaper publisher What Germans think about their Narconon Der Spiegel October 21 1991 Archived from the original on November 4 2012 Retrieved March 20 2014 The enterprising Scientology sect increases its profits thanks to the misery of addicts The cover organization Narconon offers drug rehabilitation therapy that in the opinion of experts and doctors in the field is not only useless but also dangerous Narconon closely follows the motto of the Scientology sect s founder Lafayette Ron Hubbard who died in 1986 at the age of 74 The discoverer of this pseudo scientific hocus pocus gave this advice Make money make more money make other people make money The disciples at Narconon follow this order It is officially an independent subsidiary of Scientology The Scientologists have developed countless supposedly humanitarian initiatives around their church One example is the commission for the violations of psychiatry against human rights Another is the organization for the furthering of religious tolerance and interhuman relations In fact all these activities like the drug rehabilitation program are only to further the fame and increase the paying followers of the sect Cowan amp Bromley 2006 p 182 Andersen amp Wellendorf 2009 p 155 Bromley 2009 p 98 Cowan amp Bromley 2006 p 183 Mantesso Sean May 4 2019 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