The romanization or Latinisation of Serbian is the representation of the Serbian language using Latin letters. Serbian is written in two alphabets, Serbian Cyrillic, a variation of the Cyrillic alphabet, and Gaj's Latin, or latinica, a variation of the Latin alphabet. Both are widely used in Serbia. The Serbian language is thus an example of digraphia.
The two alphabets are almost directly and completely interchangeable. Romanization can be done with no errors, but, due to the use of digraphs in the Latin script (due to letters "nj" (њ), "lj" (љ), and "dž" (џ)), knowledge of Serbian is sometimes required to do proper transliteration from Latin back to Cyrillic. Standard Serbian currently uses both alphabets. A survey from 2014 showed that 47% of the Serbian population favors the Latin alphabet whereas 36% favors Cyrillic; the remaining 17% preferred neither.
Use of romanization
This section may contain material not related to the topic of the article. (August 2018) |
Serbo-Croatian was regarded as a single language since the 1850 Vienna Literary Agreement, to be written in two forms: one (Serb) in the adapted Serbian Cyrillic alphabet; the other (Croat) in the adapted Croatian Latin alphabet, that is to say Gaj's Latin alphabet.
The Latin alphabet was not initially taught in schools in Serbia when it became independent in the 19th century. After a series of efforts by Serbian writers Ljubomir Stojanović and Jovan Skerlić, it became part of the school curriculum after 1914.
During World War I, Austria-Hungary banned the Cyrillic alphabet in Bosnia and its use in occupied Serbia was banned in schools. Cyrillic was banned in the Independent State of Croatia in World War II. The government of socialist Yugoslavia made some initial effort to promote romanization, use of the Latin alphabet even in the Orthodox Serbian and Montenegrin parts of Yugoslavia, but met with resistance. The use of latinica did however become more common among Serbian speakers.
In late 1980s, a number of articles had been published in Serbia about a danger of Cyrillic being fully replaced by Latin, thereby endangering what was deemed a Serbian national symbol.
Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, Gaj's Latin alphabet remained in use in Bosnian and Croatian standards of Serbo-Croatian. Another standard of Serbo-Croatian, Montenegrin, uses a slightly modified version of it.
In 1993, the authorities of Republika Srpska under Radovan Karadžić and Momčilo Krajišnik decided to proclaim Ekavian and Serbian Cyrillic to be official in Republika Srpska, which was opposed both by native Bosnian Serb writers at the time and the general public, and that decision was rescinded in 1994. Nevertheless, it was reinstated in a milder form in 1996, and today still the use of Serbian Latin is officially discouraged in Republika Srpska, in favor of Cyrillic.
Article 10 of the Constitution of Serbia adopted by a referendum in 2006 defined Cyrillic as the official script in Serbia, while Latin was given the status of "Script in official use".
Today Serbian is more likely to be romanized in Montenegro than in Serbia. Exceptions to this include Serbian websites where use of Latin alphabet is often more convenient, and increasing use in tabloid and popular media such as Blic, Danas and Svet. More established media, such as the formerly state-run Politika, and Radio Television of Serbia, or foreign Google News,Voice of Russia and Facebook tend to use Cyrillic script. Some websites offer the content in both scripts, using Cyrillic as the source and auto generating Romanized version.
In 2013 in Croatia there were massive protests against official Cyrillic signs on local government buildings in Vukovar.
Romanization of names
Serbian place names
Serbian place names are consistently spelled in latinica using the mapping that exists between the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet and Gaj's Latin alphabet.
Serbian personal names
Serbian personal names are usually romanized exactly the same way as place names. This is particularly the case with consonants which are common to other Slavic Latin alphabets - Č, Ć, Š, Ž, Dž and Đ.
A problem is presented by the letter Đ/đ that represents the affricate [dʑ] (the same sound written as <j> in most romanizations of Japanese, similar, though not identical to english <j> as in "Jam"), which is still sometimes represented by "Dj". The letter Đ was not part of the original Gaj's alphabet, but was added by Đuro Daničić in the 19th century. A transcribed "Dj" is still sometimes encountered in rendering Serbian names into English (e.g. Novak Djokovic), though strictly Đ should be used (as in Croatian).
Foreign names
In Serbian, foreign names are phonetically transliterated into both Latin and Cyrillic. For example, in Serbian, George Washington becomes Džordž Vašington or Џорџ Вашингтон, Winston Churchill becomes Vinston Čerčil or Винстон Черчил and Charles de Gaulle Šarl de Gol or Шарл де Гол. This change also happens in some European languages that use the Latin alphabet such as Latvian. The name Catherine Ashton for instance gets transliterated into Ketrin Ešton or Кетрин Ештон in Serbian. An exception to this are place names which are so well known as to have their own form (exonym): just as English has Vienna, Austria (and not German Wien, Österreich) so Croatian and Serbian have Beč, Austrija (Serbian Cyrillic: Беч, Аустрија).
Incomplete romanization
The incomplete romanization of Serbian is written using the English alphabet, also known as ASCII Serbian, by dropping diacritics. It is commonly used in SMS messages, comments on the Internet or e-mails, mainly because users do not have a Serbian keyboard installed. Serbian is a fully phonetic language with 30 sounds that can be represented with 30 Cyrillic letters, or with letters of 27 Gaj's Latin alphabet and three digraphs ("nj" for "њ", ”lj" for "љ", and "dž" for "џ"). In its ASCII form, the number of used letters drops down to 22, as the letters "q", "w", "x" and "y" are not used. This leads to some ambiguity due to homographs, however context is usually sufficient to clarify these issues.
Using incomplete romanization does not allow for easy transliteration back to Cyrillic without significant manual work. Google tried using a machine learning approach to solving this problem and developed an interactive text input tool that enables typing Serbian in ASCII and auto-converting to Cyrillic. However, manual typing is still required with occasional disambiguation selection from the pop-up menu.
Tools for romanization
Serbian text can be converted from Cyrillic to Latin and vice versa automatically by computer. There are add-in tools available for Microsoft Word and OpenOffice.org, as well as command line tools for Linux, MacOS and Windows.
References
- "Ivan Klajn: Ćirilica će postati arhaično pismo". 16 December 2014.
- The World and Its Peoples 2009 - Page 1654 "Until modern times, Serbo-Croat was regarded as a single language, written in two forms: one (Serb) in the Cyrillic alphabet; the other (Croat) in ...
- Naimark, Norman M.; Case, Holly (2003). Yugoslavia and Its Historians: Understanding the Balkan Wars of the 1990s. Stanford University Press. pp. 95–96. ISBN 0804745943. Retrieved 2012-04-18.
- John Horne (16 March 2010). A Companion to World War I. John Wiley & Sons. p. 375. ISBN 978-1-4443-2364-1. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
- Serbia's Great War 1914-1918. Purdue University Press. 2007. p. 231. ISBN 978-1-55753-477-4. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
- Gregory R. Copley (1992). Defense & Foreign Affairs Strategic Policy. Copley & Associates. p. 17. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
- The Social construction of written communication Bennett A. Rafoth, Donald L. Rubin - 1988 "Yugoslavian efforts to romanize Serbian (Kalogjera, 1985) and Chinese efforts to romanize Mandarin (De Francis, 1977b, 1984; Seybolt & Chiang, 1979) reveal that even authoritarian regimes may have to accept only limited success when the price of complete victory is too high."
- Bagdasarov, Artur (2018). "Ethnolinguistic policy in socialist Yugoslavia". Filologija (71). Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts: 51. doi:10.21857/m8vqrtze29. ISSN 1848-8919. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
- Greenberg, Robert D. (2004). Language and Identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and Its Disintegration. Oxford University Press. pp. 78–79. ISBN 0191514551. Retrieved 2012-04-18.
- Greenberg, Robert D. (2004). Language and Identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and Its Disintegration. Oxford University Press. pp. 82–83. ISBN 0191514551. Retrieved 2012-04-18.
- "Constitution Principles". Constitution of the Republic of Serbia. Government of Serbia. Retrieved 2013-04-26.
- One thousand languages: living, endangered, and lost - Page 46 Peter Austin - 2008 "Croatian and Bosnian are written in the Latin alphabet; Serbian in both Serbia and Bosnia is written in the Cyrillic alphabet. Both scripts are used for Serbian in Montenegro."
- "Home". svet.rs.
- "ТАНЈУГ | Новинска агенција".
- https://news.google.com/[not specific enough to verify]
- "Глас Русије". Archived from the original on 2013-04-24. Retrieved 2013-04-26.
- Hitting the headlines in Europe: a country-by-country guide Page 166 Cathie Burton, Alun Drake - 2004 "The former state-run paper, Politika, which kept its retro style until very recently, using Serbian Cyrillic rather than the Latin alphabet, has been bought by a German company and is modernizing rapidly. There are a host of tabloids, .."
- Agence France-Presse, April 7, 2013 [1] Croatians protest against Cyrillic signs in Vukovar
- Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, a grammar: with sociolinguistic commentary - Page 3 Ronelle Alexander - 2006 -"... name in original Serbian (Cyrillic) Serbian (Latin) Croatian George Џорџ Džordž; George Mary Мери Meri Mary; Winston Churchill Винстон Черчил Vinston Čerčil Winston Churchill; Charles de Gaulle Шарл де Гол Šarl de Gol Charles de Gaulle;"
- Google input tools for Serbian
- Office 2003 Add-in: Latin and Cyrillic Transliteration
- OOoTranslit add-on for OpenOffice
The romanization or Latinisation of Serbian is the representation of the Serbian language using Latin letters Serbian is written in two alphabets Serbian Cyrillic a variation of the Cyrillic alphabet and Gaj s Latin or latinica a variation of the Latin alphabet Both are widely used in Serbia The Serbian language is thus an example of digraphia A road sign in Serbia using Cyrillic and Latin alphabets The towns are Sid pronounced ʃiːd Novi Sad and Belgrade Main alphabets used in Europe around 1900 Latin script Fraktur variant Latin script Antiqua variant Cyrillic script Greek alphabet Arabic script Kalmyk Mongolian script The two alphabets are almost directly and completely interchangeable Romanization can be done with no errors but due to the use of digraphs in the Latin script due to letters nj њ lj љ and dz џ knowledge of Serbian is sometimes required to do proper transliteration from Latin back to Cyrillic Standard Serbian currently uses both alphabets A survey from 2014 showed that 47 of the Serbian population favors the Latin alphabet whereas 36 favors Cyrillic the remaining 17 preferred neither Use of romanizationThis section may contain material not related to the topic of the article Please help improve this section or discuss this issue on the talk page August 2018 Learn how and when to remove this message Đuro Danicic added the letter Đ instead of Dj in Croatian Academy 1882 Serbo Croatian was regarded as a single language since the 1850 Vienna Literary Agreement to be written in two forms one Serb in the adapted Serbian Cyrillic alphabet the other Croat in the adapted Croatian Latin alphabet that is to say Gaj s Latin alphabet The Latin alphabet was not initially taught in schools in Serbia when it became independent in the 19th century After a series of efforts by Serbian writers Ljubomir Stojanovic and Jovan Skerlic it became part of the school curriculum after 1914 During World War I Austria Hungary banned the Cyrillic alphabet in Bosnia and its use in occupied Serbia was banned in schools Cyrillic was banned in the Independent State of Croatia in World War II The government of socialist Yugoslavia made some initial effort to promote romanization use of the Latin alphabet even in the Orthodox Serbian and Montenegrin parts of Yugoslavia but met with resistance The use of latinica did however become more common among Serbian speakers In late 1980s a number of articles had been published in Serbia about a danger of Cyrillic being fully replaced by Latin thereby endangering what was deemed a Serbian national symbol Following the breakup of Yugoslavia Gaj s Latin alphabet remained in use in Bosnian and Croatian standards of Serbo Croatian Another standard of Serbo Croatian Montenegrin uses a slightly modified version of it In 1993 the authorities of Republika Srpska under Radovan Karadzic and Momcilo Krajisnik decided to proclaim Ekavian and Serbian Cyrillic to be official in Republika Srpska which was opposed both by native Bosnian Serb writers at the time and the general public and that decision was rescinded in 1994 Nevertheless it was reinstated in a milder form in 1996 and today still the use of Serbian Latin is officially discouraged in Republika Srpska in favor of Cyrillic Article 10 of the Constitution of Serbia adopted by a referendum in 2006 defined Cyrillic as the official script in Serbia while Latin was given the status of Script in official use Today Serbian is more likely to be romanized in Montenegro than in Serbia Exceptions to this include Serbian websites where use of Latin alphabet is often more convenient and increasing use in tabloid and popular media such as Blic Danas and Svet More established media such as the formerly state run Politika and Radio Television of Serbia or foreign Google News Voice of Russia and Facebook tend to use Cyrillic script Some websites offer the content in both scripts using Cyrillic as the source and auto generating Romanized version In 2013 in Croatia there were massive protests against official Cyrillic signs on local government buildings in Vukovar Romanization of namesSerbian place names Serbian place names are consistently spelled in latinica using the mapping that exists between the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet and Gaj s Latin alphabet Serbian personal names Serbian personal names are usually romanized exactly the same way as place names This is particularly the case with consonants which are common to other Slavic Latin alphabets C C S Z Dz and Đ A problem is presented by the letter Đ đ that represents the affricate dʑ the same sound written as lt j gt in most romanizations of Japanese similar though not identical to english lt j gt as in Jam which is still sometimes represented by Dj The letter Đ was not part of the original Gaj s alphabet but was added by Đuro Danicic in the 19th century A transcribed Dj is still sometimes encountered in rendering Serbian names into English e g Novak Djokovic though strictly Đ should be used as in Croatian Foreign names Sign of George Washington street in Belgrade In Serbian foreign names are phonetically transliterated into both Latin and Cyrillic For example in Serbian George Washington becomes Dzordz Vasington or Џorџ Vashington Winston Churchill becomes Vinston Cercil or Vinston Cherchil and Charles de Gaulle Sarl de Gol or Sharl de Gol This change also happens in some European languages that use the Latin alphabet such as Latvian The name Catherine Ashton for instance gets transliterated into Ketrin Eston or Ketrin Eshton in Serbian An exception to this are place names which are so well known as to have their own form exonym just as English has Vienna Austria and not German Wien Osterreich so Croatian and Serbian have Bec Austrija Serbian Cyrillic Bech Austriјa Incomplete romanizationThe incomplete romanization of Serbian is written using the English alphabet also known as ASCII Serbian by dropping diacritics It is commonly used in SMS messages comments on the Internet or e mails mainly because users do not have a Serbian keyboard installed Serbian is a fully phonetic language with 30 sounds that can be represented with 30 Cyrillic letters or with letters of 27 Gaj s Latin alphabet and three digraphs nj for њ lj for љ and dz for џ In its ASCII form the number of used letters drops down to 22 as the letters q w x and y are not used This leads to some ambiguity due to homographs however context is usually sufficient to clarify these issues Using incomplete romanization does not allow for easy transliteration back to Cyrillic without significant manual work Google tried using a machine learning approach to solving this problem and developed an interactive text input tool that enables typing Serbian in ASCII and auto converting to Cyrillic However manual typing is still required with occasional disambiguation selection from the pop up menu Tools for romanizationSerbian text can be converted from Cyrillic to Latin and vice versa automatically by computer There are add in tools available for Microsoft Word and OpenOffice org as well as command line tools for Linux MacOS and Windows References Ivan Klajn Cirilica ce postati arhaicno pismo 16 December 2014 The World and Its Peoples 2009 Page 1654 Until modern times Serbo Croat was regarded as a single language written in two forms one Serb in the Cyrillic alphabet the other Croat in Naimark Norman M Case Holly 2003 Yugoslavia and Its Historians Understanding the Balkan Wars of the 1990s Stanford University Press pp 95 96 ISBN 0804745943 Retrieved 2012 04 18 John Horne 16 March 2010 A Companion to World War I John Wiley amp Sons p 375 ISBN 978 1 4443 2364 1 Retrieved 26 April 2013 Serbia s Great War 1914 1918 Purdue University Press 2007 p 231 ISBN 978 1 55753 477 4 Retrieved 26 April 2013 Gregory R Copley 1992 Defense amp Foreign Affairs Strategic Policy Copley amp Associates p 17 Retrieved 26 April 2013 The Social construction of written communication Bennett A Rafoth Donald L Rubin 1988 Yugoslavian efforts to romanize Serbian Kalogjera 1985 and Chinese efforts to romanize Mandarin De Francis 1977b 1984 Seybolt amp Chiang 1979 reveal that even authoritarian regimes may have to accept only limited success when the price of complete victory is too high Bagdasarov Artur 2018 Ethnolinguistic policy in socialist Yugoslavia Filologija 71 Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts 51 doi 10 21857 m8vqrtze29 ISSN 1848 8919 Retrieved 15 August 2021 Greenberg Robert D 2004 Language and Identity in the Balkans Serbo Croatian and Its Disintegration Oxford University Press pp 78 79 ISBN 0191514551 Retrieved 2012 04 18 Greenberg Robert D 2004 Language and Identity in the Balkans Serbo Croatian and Its Disintegration Oxford University Press pp 82 83 ISBN 0191514551 Retrieved 2012 04 18 Constitution Principles Constitution of the Republic of Serbia Government of Serbia Retrieved 2013 04 26 One thousand languages living endangered and lost Page 46 Peter Austin 2008 Croatian and Bosnian are written in the Latin alphabet Serbian in both Serbia and Bosnia is written in the Cyrillic alphabet Both scripts are used for Serbian in Montenegro Home svet rs TANЈUG Novinska agenciјa https news google com not specific enough to verify Glas Rusiјe Archived from the original on 2013 04 24 Retrieved 2013 04 26 Hitting the headlines in Europe a country by country guide Page 166 Cathie Burton Alun Drake 2004 The former state run paper Politika which kept its retro style until very recently using Serbian Cyrillic rather than the Latin alphabet has been bought by a German company and is modernizing rapidly There are a host of tabloids Agence France Presse April 7 2013 1 Croatians protest against Cyrillic signs in Vukovar Bosnian Croatian Serbian a grammar with sociolinguistic commentary Page 3 Ronelle Alexander 2006 name in original Serbian Cyrillic Serbian Latin Croatian George Џorџ Dzordz George Mary Meri Meri Mary Winston Churchill Vinston Cherchil Vinston Cercil Winston Churchill Charles de Gaulle Sharl de Gol Sarl de Gol Charles de Gaulle Google input tools for Serbian Office 2003 Add in Latin and Cyrillic Transliteration OOoTranslit add on for OpenOffice
