Richard Shiffrin (born March 13, 1942) is an American psychologist, professor of cognitive science in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Indiana University, Bloomington. Shiffrin has contributed a number of theories of attention and memory to the field of psychology. He co-authored the Atkinson–Shiffrin model of memory in 1968 with Richard Atkinson, who was his academic adviser at the time. In 1977, he published a theory of attention with Walter Schneider. With Jeroen G.W. Raaijmakers in 1980, Shiffrin published the Search of Associative Memory (SAM) model, which has served as the standard model of recall for cognitive psychologists well into the 2000s. He extended the SAM model with the Retrieving Effectively From Memory (REM) model in 1997 with Mark Steyvers.
Richard Shiffrin | |
|---|---|
| Born | March 13, 1942 New Haven, Connecticut |
| Alma mater |
|
| Known for | Empirical, theoretical, and computational work in the modeling of human cognition |
| Spouse | Judith Mahy |
| Children | 4 |
| Awards | 1995 Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences 1996 Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1996 Fellow of the American Psychological Society 2002 Rumelhart Prize 2005 Fellow of the American Philosophical Society |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Cognitive science |
| Institutions | Indiana University |
| Thesis | Search and retrieval processes in long-term memory (1968) |
| Doctoral advisor | Richard C. Atkinson |
Biography
Career
Shiffrin proposed a mathematical model of memory with Richard C. Atkinson in 1968 while at Stanford University. This laid out components of short and long-term memory and processes that control the operations of memory. The Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model showed the importance and possibility of modeling the control processes of cognition, and remains one of the most highly cited in the entire field of psychology.
Shiffrin graduated with a Ph.D. in Mathematical Psychology from Stanford in 1968, and joined Indiana University as faculty that same year, where he remains today as a distinguished Professor and Luther Dana Waterman Professor of Psychological and Brain Sciences in the College of Arts and Sciences. Shiffrin also directs the department's Memory and Perception Laboratory.
In the 1980s, Shiffrin's formal theory of memory took a great leap forward with the Search of Associative Memory (SAM) model. This model quantified the nature of retrieval from long-term memory and characterized recall as a memory search with cycles of sampling and recovery. In 1984, another quantum step forward occurred, when the theory was extended to recognition memory, in which a decision is based on summed activation of related memory traces. It was a major accomplishment that the same retrieval activations that had been used in the recall model could be carried forward and used to predict a wide range of recognition phenomena. Another major step, In 1990, Shiffrin published two articles on the list-length effect which clearly established that experience leads to the differentiation, rather than the mere strengthening, of the representations of items in memory. In 1997 Shiffrin extended the SAM model with the Retrieving Effectively From Memory (REM) model.
Shiffrin runs an Annual Summer Interdisciplinary Conference (ASIC) that features talks and posters in the broad frame of Cognitive Science and related areas. Days are free for activities, and talks/posters fall in late afternoon and evening sessions, followed by dinner. The settings are in scenic and dramatic mountain venues with access to summer adventure and mountain sports such as climbing, hiking, biking, canyoning, white water rafting, and via ferrata. Attendees are welcome to bring family and friends and the conference is open to all interested parties. Invitation is not needed to attend.
Awards
- Guggenheim Fellow, 1975–76
- Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
- James McKeen Cattell Sabbatical Fellowship, 1994–95
- Elected to the National Academy of Sciences, 1995
- Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1996
- Fellow of the American Psychological Society, 1996
- Howard Crosby Warren Medal (Society of Experimental Psychologists), 1999
- The David E. Rumelhart Prize for Contributions to the Formal Analysis of Human Cognition, 2002
- Elected to the American Philosophical Society, 2005
- William James Fellow Award (Association for Psychological Science), 2007
- Awarded IU President's Medal for Excellence, 2014
See also
References
- Atkinson, R.C. & Shiffrin, R.M. (1968) Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In K.W. Spence and J.T. Spence (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation, vol. 8. London: Academic Press.
- Shiffrin, R. M. & Schneider, W. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. Psychological Review, 84, 127–190.
- Raaijmakers, J. G. W. & Shiffrin, R. M. (1980). SAM: A theory of probabilistic search of associative memory. In Bower, G. H. (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, Vol. 14, 207–262. New York: Academic Press.
- "July/August – Association for Psychological Science – APS". www.psychologicalscience.org.
- Shiffrin, R. M. & Steyvers, M. (1997). A model for recognition memory: REM: Retrieving effectively from memory. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 4(2), 145–166.
- Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In K. W. Spence and J. T. Spence (Eds.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory (Vol. 2, pp. 89-195). New York: Aaademic Press.
- Shiffrin, Richard Martin (1968). Search and retrieval processes in long-term memory (Ph.D.). Stanford University. OCLC 654761590 – via ProQuest.
- Raaijmakers, J. G. W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1980). SAM: A theory of probabilistic search of associative memory. In Bower, G. H. (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, Vol. 14, 207-262. New York: Academic Press.
- Gillund, G., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1984). A retrieval model for both recognition and recall. Psychological Review, 91, 1-67.
- Ratcliff, R., Clark, S., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1990). The list-strength effect: I. Data and discussion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 163-178.
- Shiffrin, R. M., Ratcliff, R., & Clark, S. (1990). The list-strength effect: II. Theoretical mechanisms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 179-195.
- Shiffrin, R. M., & Steyvers, M. (1997). A model for recognition memory: REM: Retrieving effectively from memory. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 4 (2), 145-166.
- "Richard M. Shiffrin". www.lrdc.pitt.edu.
- "ASIC 2004". www.cogs.indiana.edu. Archived from the original on 2004-01-21.
- Shiffrin, R.M, Murnane, K., Gronlund, S. and Roth, M.P. On Units of Storage and Retrieval. Chizuko Izawa (Ed.), Current Issues in Cognitive Processes, 1988; Erlbaum.
External links
- Shiffrin's Biography on Association for Psychological Science website
- Shiffrin's homepage on Indiana University website
- Shiffrin's personal homepage
Richard Shiffrin born March 13 1942 is an American psychologist professor of cognitive science in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Indiana University Bloomington Shiffrin has contributed a number of theories of attention and memory to the field of psychology He co authored the Atkinson Shiffrin model of memory in 1968 with Richard Atkinson who was his academic adviser at the time In 1977 he published a theory of attention with Walter Schneider With Jeroen G W Raaijmakers in 1980 Shiffrin published the Search of Associative Memory SAM model which has served as the standard model of recall for cognitive psychologists well into the 2000s He extended the SAM model with the Retrieving Effectively From Memory REM model in 1997 with Mark Steyvers Richard ShiffrinBorn 1942 03 13 March 13 1942 age 82 New Haven ConnecticutAlma materStanford UniversityYale UniversityKnown forEmpirical theoretical and computational work in the modeling of human cognitionSpouseJudith MahyChildren4Awards1995 Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences 1996 Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1996 Fellow of the American Psychological Society 2002 Rumelhart Prize 2005 Fellow of the American Philosophical SocietyScientific careerFieldsCognitive scienceInstitutionsIndiana UniversityThesisSearch and retrieval processes in long term memory 1968 Doctoral advisorRichard C AtkinsonBiographyCareer Shiffrin proposed a mathematical model of memory with Richard C Atkinson in 1968 while at Stanford University This laid out components of short and long term memory and processes that control the operations of memory The Atkinson Shiffrin memory model showed the importance and possibility of modeling the control processes of cognition and remains one of the most highly cited in the entire field of psychology Shiffrin graduated with a Ph D in Mathematical Psychology from Stanford in 1968 and joined Indiana University as faculty that same year where he remains today as a distinguished Professor and Luther Dana Waterman Professor of Psychological and Brain Sciences in the College of Arts and Sciences Shiffrin also directs the department s Memory and Perception Laboratory In the 1980s Shiffrin s formal theory of memory took a great leap forward with the Search of Associative Memory SAM model This model quantified the nature of retrieval from long term memory and characterized recall as a memory search with cycles of sampling and recovery In 1984 another quantum step forward occurred when the theory was extended to recognition memory in which a decision is based on summed activation of related memory traces It was a major accomplishment that the same retrieval activations that had been used in the recall model could be carried forward and used to predict a wide range of recognition phenomena Another major step In 1990 Shiffrin published two articles on the list length effect which clearly established that experience leads to the differentiation rather than the mere strengthening of the representations of items in memory In 1997 Shiffrin extended the SAM model with the Retrieving Effectively From Memory REM model Shiffrin runs an Annual Summer Interdisciplinary Conference ASIC that features talks and posters in the broad frame of Cognitive Science and related areas Days are free for activities and talks posters fall in late afternoon and evening sessions followed by dinner The settings are in scenic and dramatic mountain venues with access to summer adventure and mountain sports such as climbing hiking biking canyoning white water rafting and via ferrata Attendees are welcome to bring family and friends and the conference is open to all interested parties Invitation is not needed to attend AwardsGuggenheim Fellow 1975 76 Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science James McKeen Cattell Sabbatical Fellowship 1994 95 Elected to the National Academy of Sciences 1995 Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1996 Fellow of the American Psychological Society 1996 Howard Crosby Warren Medal Society of Experimental Psychologists 1999 The David E Rumelhart Prize for Contributions to the Formal Analysis of Human Cognition 2002 Elected to the American Philosophical Society 2005 William James Fellow Award Association for Psychological Science 2007 Awarded IU President s Medal for Excellence 2014See alsoShort term memoryReferencesAtkinson R C amp Shiffrin R M 1968 Human memory A proposed system and its control processes In K W Spence and J T Spence Eds The psychology of learning and motivation vol 8 London Academic Press Shiffrin R M amp Schneider W 1977 Controlled and automatic human information processing II Perceptual learning automatic attending and a general theory Psychological Review 84 127 190 Raaijmakers J G W amp Shiffrin R M 1980 SAM A theory of probabilistic search of associative memory In Bower G H Ed The Psychology of Learning and Motivation Vol 14 207 262 New York Academic Press July August Association for Psychological Science APS www psychologicalscience org Shiffrin R M amp Steyvers M 1997 A model for recognition memory REM Retrieving effectively from memory Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 4 2 145 166 Atkinson R C amp Shiffrin R M 1968 Human memory A proposed system and its control processes In K W Spence and J T Spence Eds The Psychology of Learning and Motivation Advances in Research and Theory Vol 2 pp 89 195 New York Aaademic Press Shiffrin Richard Martin 1968 Search and retrieval processes in long term memory Ph D Stanford University OCLC 654761590 via ProQuest Raaijmakers J G W amp Shiffrin R M 1980 SAM A theory of probabilistic search of associative memory In Bower G H Ed The Psychology of Learning and Motivation Vol 14 207 262 New York Academic Press Gillund G amp Shiffrin R M 1984 A retrieval model for both recognition and recall Psychological Review 91 1 67 Ratcliff R Clark S amp Shiffrin R M 1990 The list strength effect I Data and discussion Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition 16 163 178 Shiffrin R M Ratcliff R amp Clark S 1990 The list strength effect II Theoretical mechanisms Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition 16 179 195 Shiffrin R M amp Steyvers M 1997 A model for recognition memory REM Retrieving effectively from memory Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 4 2 145 166 Richard M Shiffrin www lrdc pitt edu ASIC 2004 www cogs indiana edu Archived from the original on 2004 01 21 Shiffrin R M Murnane K Gronlund S and Roth M P On Units of Storage and Retrieval Chizuko Izawa Ed Current Issues in Cognitive Processes 1988 Erlbaum External linksShiffrin s Biography on Association for Psychological Science website Shiffrin s homepage on Indiana University website Shiffrin s personal homepage
