Article 2 of the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo divides the country into the capital city of Kinshasa and 25 named provinces. It also gives the capital the status of a province. Therefore, in many contexts Kinshasa is regarded as the 26th province.
| Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Provinces de la République démocratique du Congo (French) | |
|---|---|
| |
  | |
| Category | 1st-level administrative division of a unitary state |
| Location | Democratic Republic of the Congo |
| Number | 26 provinces (1 is a city-province) |
| Populations | 1,250,000 (Bas-Uele) – 13,916,000 (Kinshasa) |
| Areas | 9,545 km2 (3,685 sq mi) (Kasaï-Oriental) – 199,567 km2 (77,053 sq mi) (Tshopo) |
| Government |
|
| Subdivisions |
|
List
| Map | Province | ISO 3166-2 Code | Capital | Area in km2 (sq mi) | Population (2019) | Population density (per km2in 2019) | Previous province | Time zone |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kinshasa | KN | – | 9,965 (3,848) | 13,916,000 | 1,396.5 | Kinshasa | UTC+1 |
| 2 | Kongo Central | BC | Matadi | 53,920 (20,820) | 6,365,000 | 118 | Bas-Congo | UTC+1 |
| 3 | Kwango | KG | Kenge | 89,974 (34,739) | 2,416,000 | 26.9 | Bandundu | UTC+1 |
| 4 | Kwilu | KL | Bandundu | 78,533 (30,322) | 6,169,000 | 78.6 | Bandundu | UTC+1 |
| 5 | Mai-Ndombe | MN | Inongo | 127,243 (49,129) | 2,082,000 | 16.4 | Bandundu | UTC+1 |
| 6 | Kasaï | KS | Tshikapa | 95,631 (36,923) | 3,165,000 | 33.1 | Kasaï-Occidental | UTC+2 |
| 7 | Kasaï-Central | KC | Kananga | 59,500 (23,000) | 3,743,000 | 62.9 | Kasaï-Occidental | UTC+2 |
| 8 | Kasaï-Oriental | KE | Mbuji-Mayi | 9,545 (3,685) | 3,601,000 | 377.3 | Kasaï-Oriental | UTC+2 |
| 9 | Lomami | LO | Kabinda | 56,426 (21,786) | 2,801,000 | 49.6 | Kasaï-Oriental | UTC+2 |
| 10 | Sankuru | SA | Lusambo | 104,331 (40,282) | 2,417,000 | 23.2 | Kasaï-Oriental | UTC+2 |
| 11 | Maniema | MA | Kindu | 132,250 (51,060) | 2,654,000 | 20.1 | Maniema | UTC+2 |
| 12 | South Kivu | SK | Bukavu | 64,791 (25,016) | 6,565,000 | 101.3 | South Kivu | UTC+2 |
| 13 | North Kivu | NK | Goma | 59,483 (22,967) | 7,574,000 | 127.3 | North Kivu | UTC+2 |
| 14 | Ituri | IT | Bunia | 65,658 (25,351) | 4,008,000 | 61 | Orientale | UTC+2 |
| 15 | Haut-Uele | HU | Isiro | 89,683 (34,627) | 2,046,000 | 22.8 | Orientale | UTC+2 |
| 16 | Tshopo | TO | Kisangani | 199,567 (77,053) | 2,582,000 | 12.9 | Orientale | UTC+2 |
| 17 | Bas-Uele | BU | Buta | 148,331 (57,271) | 1,250,000 | 8.4 | Orientale | UTC+2 |
| 18 | Nord-Ubangi | NU | Gbadolite | 56,644 (21,870) | 1,425,000 | 25.1 | Équateur | UTC+1 |
| 19 | Mongala | MO | Lisala | 58,141 (22,448) | 1,950,000 | 33.5 | Équateur | UTC+1 |
| 20 | Sud-Ubangi | SU | Gemena | 51,648 (19,941) | 2,755,000 | 53.3 | Équateur | UTC+1 |
| 21 | Équateur | EQ | Mbandaka | 103,902 (40,117) | 1,712,000 | 16.5 | Équateur | UTC+1 |
| 22 | Tshuapa | TU | Boende | 132,957 (51,335) | 1,789,000 | 13.5 | Équateur | UTC+1 |
| 23 | Tanganyika | TA | Kalemie | 134,940 (52,100) | 3,570,000 | 24.5 | Katanga | UTC+2 |
| 24 | Haut-Lomami | HL | Kamina | 108,204 (41,778) | 3,444,000 | 31.8 | Katanga | UTC+2 |
| 25 | Lualaba | LU | Kolwezi | 121,308 (46,837) | 2,993,000 | 24.7 | Katanga | UTC+2 |
| 26 | Haut-Katanga | HK | Lubumbashi | 132,425 (51,130) | 5,378,000 | 40.6 | Katanga | UTC+2 |
History
When Belgium annexed the Belgian Congo as a colony in November 1908, it was initially organised into 22 districts. Ten western districts were administered directly by the main colonial government, while the eastern part of the colony was administered under two vice-governments: eight northeastern districts formed Orientale Province, and four southeastern districts formed Katanga. In 1919, the colony was organised into four provinces:
- Congo-Kasaï (five southwestern districts),
- Équateur (five northwestern districts),
- Orientale Province and Katanga (previous vice-governments).
In 1932, the colony was reorganised into six provinces. Initially they were named after their capital cities, but in 1947 regional names were adopted.
The Belgian Congo became an independent country in 1960, named Republic of the Congo. Under the first constitution, the Loi Fondamentale, six provinces were provided for: Equateur, Kasai, Katanga, Kivu, Leopoldville, and Orientale. The provinces were organized with their own elected assemblies and parliamentary governments responsible to them. Provincial authorities had the power to organise the "political structures of the province within the framework of the general principles contained in the Loi Fondamentale", manage provincial police and judicial officials, establish educational systems lower than higher education, tend to agricultural and mining concessions, construct and maintain local railways, roads, and public works, and manage their own finances, though their funding was heavily subsidized by the central government. Social legislation and national minimum wages were to be concurrent powers shared with central authorities. All other duties and responsibilities rested with the central government. As central authority collapsed due to the outbreak of the Congo Crisis following an army mutiny in July, provincial governments were able to leverage the situation to increase their political autonomy.
The disintegration of central authority led to numerous political discussions aimed at reconciliation and territorial reorganization marked by various political leaders arguing for the creation of new provinces from which many of them sought to personally benefit. In August 1962, 16 additional provinces were promulgated. By 1963, the country was organised into 21 provinces (informally called provincettes) plus the capital city of Léopoldville, similar to the original 22 districts under colonial rule. This framework was confirmed in the Luluabourg Constitution, promulgated in 1964.
Following a coup on 24 November 1965, Colonel Joseph Mobutu became president of the country and the constitution was suspended. Measures were instituted to reduce provincial autonomy and increase political centralisation. On 6 April 1966, a presidential decree reduced the number of provinces to 12. On 24 December, Mobutu declared that the number of provinces would be further reduced to eight. Under the constitution of 27 June 1976, provincial assemblies and ministers were eliminated in favor of appointed governors and advisory bodies. The constitution also left the organisation of provinces to be determined by law.
In 1971, the country was renamed Zaire, and three provinces were also renamed. In 1975, the capital city of Kinshasa obtained the status of a province. In 1988, the province of Kivu was split into three. In 1997, the country was renamed Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the three provinces that had been renamed in 1971 either retook their previous name or took another.
Article 2 of the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, adopted in 2006, specifies a territorial organisation into 26 provinces, again resembling the previous provincettes and original colonial districts. The reorganisation was scheduled to take effect within three years of the new constitution's promulgation, however progress was slow. In October 2007 the Minister for Decentralisation, Denis Kalume Numbi, presented a bill for decentralisation in the National Assembly. The subsequent debate turned up a variety of issues that first had to be addressed with changes to related laws. In an October 2010 conclave of the ruling AMP coalition, it was proposed to revise Article 226, which calls for the creation of 26 provinces out of the current 11, in order to allow more time for the transition. On 9 January 2015 the National Assembly passed a law on the new administrative divisions of the country, according to which new provinces should be installed in period of 12 months.
Maps
-
![image]()
Districts of the Belgian Congo in 1914 -
![image]()
Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1997–2015 -
![image]()
Provinces since 2015 (officially formed in 2006)
Approximate correspondence between historical and current provinces
| Belgian Congo | First Republic | Second Republic (Zaire) | Third Republic | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1908 | 1919 | 1932 | 1947 | 1963 | 1966 | 1971 | 1988 | 1997 | 2015 |
| 22 districts | 4 provinces | 6 provinces | 6 provinces | 21 provinces + capital | 8 provinces + capital | 8 regions + capital | 11 regions | 11 provinces | 26 provinces |
| Tanganika-Moero | Katanga | Élisabethville | Katanga | Nord-Katanga | Katanga | Shaba | Katanga | Tanganyika | |
| Haut-Lomami | |||||||||
| Lulua | Lualaba | Lualaba | |||||||
| Haut-Luapula | Katanga-Oriental | Haut-Katanga | |||||||
| Lomami | Lusambo | Kasaï | Lomami | Kasaï-Oriental | Lomami | ||||
| Sankuru | Congo-Kasaï | Sankuru | Sankuru | ||||||
| Kasaï | Sud-Kasaï | Kasaï-Oriental | |||||||
| Luluabourg | Kasaï-Occidental | Kasaï-Central | |||||||
| Unité-Kasaïenne | Kasaï | ||||||||
| Moyen-Congo | Léopoldville | Léopoldville | Kinshasa | ||||||
| Bas-Congo | Congo-Central | Bas-Zaïre | Bas-Congo | Kongo Central | |||||
| Kwango | Kwango | Bandundu | Kwango | ||||||
| Kwilu | Kwilu | ||||||||
| Lac Léopold II | Équateur | Mai-Ndombe | Mai-Ndombe | ||||||
| Équateur | Coquilhatville | Équateur | Cuvette-Centrale | Équateur | Équateur | ||||
| Tshuapa | |||||||||
| Lulonga | Moyen-Congo | Mongala | |||||||
| Bangala | |||||||||
| Ubangi | Ubangi | Nord-Ubangi | |||||||
| Sud-Ubangi | |||||||||
| Bas-Uele | Orientale | Stanleyville | Orientale | Uele | Orientale | Haut-Zaïre | Orientale | Bas-Uele | |
| Haut-Uele | Haut-Uele | ||||||||
| Ituri | Kibali-Ituri | Ituri | |||||||
| Stanleyville | Haut-Congo | Tshopo | |||||||
| Aruwimi | |||||||||
| Maniema | Costermansville | Kivu | Maniema | Kivu | Maniema | ||||
| Lowa | |||||||||
| Kivu | Nord-Kivu | Nord-Kivu | |||||||
| Kivu-Central | Sud-Kivu | ||||||||
See also
- History of the administrative divisions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (in French)
- List of provincial governors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Lists of provincial governors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- List of provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo by Human Development Index
- Districts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Districts of the Belgian Congo
- Territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- ISO 3166-2:CD
References
- "Constitution de la Republique Democratique du Congo" [The Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo] (PDF). LEGANET.CD (in French). 20 January 2011. Article 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 11 Jan 2020.
- "Annuaire statistique RDC 2020" [Statistical Yearbook DRC 2020] (PDF) (in French). National Institute of Statistics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. March 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-12-11. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
- Provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo Archived 2012-02-05 at the Wayback Machine, Statoids, accessed 1 May 2016.
- Willame 1972, p. 42.
- Leibholz 1966, p. 652.
- Lemarchand 1964, p. 216.
- Leibholz 1966, p. 653.
- Leibholz 1966, p. 652–653.
- Willame 1972, pp. 36–44.
- Willame 1972, p. 45.
- Kahombo 2019, p. 189.
- Kahombo 2019, p. 190.
- Willame 1972, pp. 134–135.
- Willame 1972, p. 135.
- Willame 1972, p. 136.
- Kahombo 2019, p. 191.
- Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, article 2 Archived 2011-10-25 at the Wayback Machine, Wikisource. (in French)
- "Provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo (Congo Kinshasa)". Statoids. Archived from the original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2011-11-22.
- "La décentralisation dans l'impasse". Le Potentiel. 23 October 2007. Archived from the original on 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2011-11-21.
- JASON STEARNS (October 12, 2010). "The AMP conclave: Another step towards 2011 elections". Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2011-11-23.
- The National Assembly adopts the laws regarding the limits of the provinces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Archived 2015-01-27 at the Wayback Machine, National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 10 January 2015. (in French)
- Election of governors: definite results expected on 18 April Archived 2016-03-28 at the Wayback Machine, Radio Okapi, 27 March 2016. (in French)
Bibliography
- Gwillim Law (1999). "Democratic Republic of the Congo". Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998. US: McFarland & Company. pp. 92–94. ISBN 0786407298.
- Jean-Claude Bruneau [in French] (2009). "Les nouvelles provinces de la République Démocratique du Congo: construction territoriale et ethnicités". L'Espace politique (in French). 7 (7). doi:10.4000/espacepolitique.1296 – via Revues.org.
- Kahombo, Balingene (2019). "Chapter 7 : Regionalism under the Congolese Constitution of 18 February 2006". Decentralization and Constitutionalism in Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 183–211. ISBN 9780192585035.
- Leibholz, Gerhard, ed. (1966). "Constitutionalism and Constitutions in the Congo". Jahrbuch des Offentlichen Rechts der Gegenwart. Neue Folge. Vol. 15. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 9783166159522.
- Lemarchand, René (1964). Political Awakening in the Belgian Congo. University of California Press.
- Willame, Jean-Claude (1972). Patrimonialism and Political Change in the Congo. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0793-0.
Article 2 of the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo divides the country into the capital city of Kinshasa and 25 named provinces It also gives the capital the status of a province Therefore in many contexts Kinshasa is regarded as the 26th province Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Provinces de la Republique democratique du Congo French Also known as Mikoa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo Swahili Bituka bya Kongo Kinsasa Lingala Category1st level administrative division of a unitary stateLocationDemocratic Republic of the CongoNumber26 provinces 1 is a city province Populations1 250 000 Bas Uele 13 916 000 Kinshasa Areas9 545 km2 3 685 sq mi Kasai Oriental 199 567 km2 77 053 sq mi Tshopo GovernmentProvincial governmentSubdivisionsTerritory and City Commune in Kinshasa ListMap Province ISO 3166 2 Code Capital Area in km2 sq mi Population 2019 Population density per km2in 2019 Previous province Time zone1 Kinshasa KN 9 965 3 848 13 916 000 1 396 5 Kinshasa UTC 12 Kongo Central BC Matadi 53 920 20 820 6 365 000 118 Bas Congo UTC 13 Kwango KG Kenge 89 974 34 739 2 416 000 26 9 Bandundu UTC 14 Kwilu KL Bandundu 78 533 30 322 6 169 000 78 6 Bandundu UTC 15 Mai Ndombe MN Inongo 127 243 49 129 2 082 000 16 4 Bandundu UTC 16 Kasai KS Tshikapa 95 631 36 923 3 165 000 33 1 Kasai Occidental UTC 27 Kasai Central KC Kananga 59 500 23 000 3 743 000 62 9 Kasai Occidental UTC 28 Kasai Oriental KE Mbuji Mayi 9 545 3 685 3 601 000 377 3 Kasai Oriental UTC 29 Lomami LO Kabinda 56 426 21 786 2 801 000 49 6 Kasai Oriental UTC 210 Sankuru SA Lusambo 104 331 40 282 2 417 000 23 2 Kasai Oriental UTC 211 Maniema MA Kindu 132 250 51 060 2 654 000 20 1 Maniema UTC 212 South Kivu SK Bukavu 64 791 25 016 6 565 000 101 3 South Kivu UTC 213 North Kivu NK Goma 59 483 22 967 7 574 000 127 3 North Kivu UTC 214 Ituri IT Bunia 65 658 25 351 4 008 000 61 Orientale UTC 215 Haut Uele HU Isiro 89 683 34 627 2 046 000 22 8 Orientale UTC 216 Tshopo TO Kisangani 199 567 77 053 2 582 000 12 9 Orientale UTC 217 Bas Uele BU Buta 148 331 57 271 1 250 000 8 4 Orientale UTC 218 Nord Ubangi NU Gbadolite 56 644 21 870 1 425 000 25 1 Equateur UTC 119 Mongala MO Lisala 58 141 22 448 1 950 000 33 5 Equateur UTC 120 Sud Ubangi SU Gemena 51 648 19 941 2 755 000 53 3 Equateur UTC 121 Equateur EQ Mbandaka 103 902 40 117 1 712 000 16 5 Equateur UTC 122 Tshuapa TU Boende 132 957 51 335 1 789 000 13 5 Equateur UTC 123 Tanganyika TA Kalemie 134 940 52 100 3 570 000 24 5 Katanga UTC 224 Haut Lomami HL Kamina 108 204 41 778 3 444 000 31 8 Katanga UTC 225 Lualaba LU Kolwezi 121 308 46 837 2 993 000 24 7 Katanga UTC 226 Haut Katanga HK Lubumbashi 132 425 51 130 5 378 000 40 6 Katanga UTC 2HistoryWhen Belgium annexed the Belgian Congo as a colony in November 1908 it was initially organised into 22 districts Ten western districts were administered directly by the main colonial government while the eastern part of the colony was administered under two vice governments eight northeastern districts formed Orientale Province and four southeastern districts formed Katanga In 1919 the colony was organised into four provinces Congo Kasai five southwestern districts Equateur five northwestern districts Orientale Province and Katanga previous vice governments In 1932 the colony was reorganised into six provinces Initially they were named after their capital cities but in 1947 regional names were adopted The Belgian Congo became an independent country in 1960 named Republic of the Congo Under the first constitution the Loi Fondamentale six provinces were provided for Equateur Kasai Katanga Kivu Leopoldville and Orientale The provinces were organized with their own elected assemblies and parliamentary governments responsible to them Provincial authorities had the power to organise the political structures of the province within the framework of the general principles contained in the Loi Fondamentale manage provincial police and judicial officials establish educational systems lower than higher education tend to agricultural and mining concessions construct and maintain local railways roads and public works and manage their own finances though their funding was heavily subsidized by the central government Social legislation and national minimum wages were to be concurrent powers shared with central authorities All other duties and responsibilities rested with the central government As central authority collapsed due to the outbreak of the Congo Crisis following an army mutiny in July provincial governments were able to leverage the situation to increase their political autonomy The disintegration of central authority led to numerous political discussions aimed at reconciliation and territorial reorganization marked by various political leaders arguing for the creation of new provinces from which many of them sought to personally benefit In August 1962 16 additional provinces were promulgated By 1963 the country was organised into 21 provinces informally called provincettes plus the capital city of Leopoldville similar to the original 22 districts under colonial rule This framework was confirmed in the Luluabourg Constitution promulgated in 1964 Following a coup on 24 November 1965 Colonel Joseph Mobutu became president of the country and the constitution was suspended Measures were instituted to reduce provincial autonomy and increase political centralisation On 6 April 1966 a presidential decree reduced the number of provinces to 12 On 24 December Mobutu declared that the number of provinces would be further reduced to eight Under the constitution of 27 June 1976 provincial assemblies and ministers were eliminated in favor of appointed governors and advisory bodies The constitution also left the organisation of provinces to be determined by law In 1971 the country was renamed Zaire and three provinces were also renamed In 1975 the capital city of Kinshasa obtained the status of a province In 1988 the province of Kivu was split into three In 1997 the country was renamed Democratic Republic of the Congo and the three provinces that had been renamed in 1971 either retook their previous name or took another Article 2 of the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo adopted in 2006 specifies a territorial organisation into 26 provinces again resembling the previous provincettes and original colonial districts The reorganisation was scheduled to take effect within three years of the new constitution s promulgation however progress was slow In October 2007 the Minister for Decentralisation Denis Kalume Numbi presented a bill for decentralisation in the National Assembly The subsequent debate turned up a variety of issues that first had to be addressed with changes to related laws In an October 2010 conclave of the ruling AMP coalition it was proposed to revise Article 226 which calls for the creation of 26 provinces out of the current 11 in order to allow more time for the transition On 9 January 2015 the National Assembly passed a law on the new administrative divisions of the country according to which new provinces should be installed in period of 12 months Maps Districts of the Belgian Congo in 1914 Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 1997 2015 Provinces since 2015 officially formed in 2006 Approximate correspondence between historical and current provinces Approximate correspondence between historical and current provinces Belgian Congo First Republic Second Republic Zaire Third Republic1908 1919 1932 1947 1963 1966 1971 1988 1997 201522 districts 4 provinces 6 provinces 6 provinces 21 provinces capital 8 provinces capital 8 regions capital 11 regions 11 provinces 26 provincesTanganika Moero Katanga Elisabethville Katanga Nord Katanga Katanga Shaba Katanga TanganyikaHaut LomamiLulua Lualaba LualabaHaut Luapula Katanga Oriental Haut KatangaLomami Lusambo Kasai Lomami Kasai Oriental LomamiSankuru Congo Kasai Sankuru SankuruKasai Sud Kasai Kasai OrientalLuluabourg Kasai Occidental Kasai CentralUnite Kasaienne KasaiMoyen Congo Leopoldville Leopoldville KinshasaBas Congo Congo Central Bas Zaire Bas Congo Kongo CentralKwango Kwango Bandundu KwangoKwilu KwiluLac Leopold II Equateur Mai Ndombe Mai NdombeEquateur Coquilhatville Equateur Cuvette Centrale Equateur EquateurTshuapaLulonga Moyen Congo MongalaBangalaUbangi Ubangi Nord UbangiSud UbangiBas Uele Orientale Stanleyville Orientale Uele Orientale Haut Zaire Orientale Bas UeleHaut Uele Haut UeleIturi Kibali Ituri IturiStanleyville Haut Congo TshopoAruwimiManiema Costermansville Kivu Maniema Kivu ManiemaLowaKivu Nord Kivu Nord KivuKivu Central Sud KivuSee alsoHistory of the administrative divisions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in French List of provincial governors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Lists of provincial governors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo List of provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo by Human Development Index Districts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Districts of the Belgian Congo Territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo ISO 3166 2 CDReferences Constitution de la Republique Democratique du Congo The Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo PDF LEGANET CD in French 20 January 2011 Article 2 Archived PDF from the original on 21 February 2019 Retrieved 11 Jan 2020 Annuaire statistique RDC 2020 Statistical Yearbook DRC 2020 PDF in French National Institute of Statistics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo March 2021 Archived PDF from the original on 2022 12 11 Retrieved 2022 12 11 Provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo Archived 2012 02 05 at the Wayback Machine Statoids accessed 1 May 2016 Willame 1972 p 42 Leibholz 1966 p 652 Lemarchand 1964 p 216 Leibholz 1966 p 653 Leibholz 1966 p 652 653 Willame 1972 pp 36 44 Willame 1972 p 45 Kahombo 2019 p 189 Kahombo 2019 p 190 Willame 1972 pp 134 135 Willame 1972 p 135 Willame 1972 p 136 Kahombo 2019 p 191 Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo article 2 Archived 2011 10 25 at the Wayback Machine Wikisource in French Provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo Congo Kinshasa Statoids Archived from the original on 2012 02 05 Retrieved 2011 11 22 La decentralisation dans l impasse Le Potentiel 23 October 2007 Archived from the original on 2012 04 06 Retrieved 2011 11 21 JASON STEARNS October 12 2010 The AMP conclave Another step towards 2011 elections Archived from the original on 2011 07 26 Retrieved 2011 11 23 The National Assembly adopts the laws regarding the limits of the provinces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Archived 2015 01 27 at the Wayback Machine National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 10 January 2015 in French Election of governors definite results expected on 18 April Archived 2016 03 28 at the Wayback Machine Radio Okapi 27 March 2016 in French BibliographyGwillim Law 1999 Democratic Republic of the Congo Administrative Subdivisions of Countries A Comprehensive World Reference 1900 through 1998 US McFarland amp Company pp 92 94 ISBN 0786407298 Jean Claude Bruneau in French 2009 Les nouvelles provinces de la Republique Democratique du Congo construction territoriale et ethnicites L Espace politique in French 7 7 doi 10 4000 espacepolitique 1296 via Revues org Kahombo Balingene 2019 Chapter 7 Regionalism under the Congolese Constitution of 18 February 2006 Decentralization and Constitutionalism in Africa Oxford University Press pp 183 211 ISBN 9780192585035 Leibholz Gerhard ed 1966 Constitutionalism and Constitutions in the Congo Jahrbuch des Offentlichen Rechts der Gegenwart Neue Folge Vol 15 Mohr Siebeck ISBN 9783166159522 Lemarchand Rene 1964 Political Awakening in the Belgian Congo University of California Press Willame Jean Claude 1972 Patrimonialism and Political Change in the Congo Stanford Stanford University Press ISBN 978 0 8047 0793 0
