Orders of magnitude (pressure)

This is a tabulated listing of the orders of magnitude in relation to pressure expressed in pascals. psi values, prefixed with + and -, denote values relative to Earth's sea level standard atmospheric pressure (psig); otherwise, psia is assumed.

Magnitude	Pressure	lbf/in^2 or dB	Item
10^−17 Pa	10 aPa		Pressure in outer space in intergalactic voids
10^−15 Pa	1–10 fPa		Pressure in outer space between stars in the Milky Way
10^−12 Pa	< 1 pPa		Lowest pressure obtained in laboratory conditions
10^−10 Pa
	40 pPa		Atmosphere of the Moon at lunar day, very approximately (4×10^−11 Pa)^[citation needed]
10^−10 Pa	< 100 pPa		Extreme-high vacuum
	100 pPa		Atmosphere of Mercury, very approximately (1×10^−10 Pa)
	300 pPa		Atmosphere of the Moon at lunar night, very approximately (3×10^−10 Pa)
10^−9 Pa	< 1 nPa		Vacuum expected in the beam pipe of the Large Hadron Collider's ATLAS experiment (operates at a pressure of 1 nPa to 10 nPa)
	~1 nPa		Approximate solar wind pressure at Earth's distance from the Sun (variable)^[citation needed]
10^−8 Pa	10 nPa		Pressure inside a vacuum chamber for laser cooling of atoms (magneto-optical trap)
	10–700 nPa		Atmospheric pressure in low Earth orbit, around 500 km altitude
10^−7 Pa	100 nPa		Highest pressure still considered ultra-high vacuum
10^−6 Pa	0.1 - 10 μPa		Pressure inside a cathode ray tube (approximate)
	1 μPa		Reference pressure for sound in water
	1 μPa		Pressure inside a vacuum tube (very approximate)^[citation needed]
10^−5 Pa	10 μPa		Radiation pressure of sunlight on a perfectly reflecting surface at the distance of the Earth.
	20 μPa	0 dB	Reference pressure for sound in air
	±20 μPa	0 dB	Threshold of human hearing
10^−4 Pa
10^−3 Pa	1–100 mPa		Vacuum pressures used for molecular distillation
10^−2 Pa
10^−1 Pa	100 mPa		Upper limit of high vacuum
	~200 mPa		Atmospheric pressure on Pluto (1988 figure; very roughly)
	737.4 mPa		Pressure exerted by a single Letter-sized 20-lb sheet of paper laid flat.
1 Pa	1 Pa		Pressure exerted by a US dollar bill resting flat on a surface
	1 Pa		Upper limit of molecular distillation, where the mean free path of molecules is larger than the equipment size^[citation needed]
10 Pa	10 Pa		Pressure increase per millimeter of a water column at Earth mean sea level
	10 Pa		Pressure due to direct impact of a gentle breeze (~9 mph or 14 km/h)
	86 Pa		Pressure from the weight of a U.S. penny lying flat
10^2 Pa	100 Pa		Pressure due to direct impact of a strong breeze (~28 mph or 45 km/h)
	120 Pa		Pressure from the weight of a U.S. quarter lying flat
	133 Pa		1 torr ≈ 1 mmHg
	±200 Pa	~140 dB	Threshold of pain pressure level for sound where prolonged exposure may lead to hearing loss^[citation needed]
	±300 Pa	±0.043 psi	Lung air pressure difference moving the normal breaths of a person (only 0.3% of standard atmospheric pressure)
	400–900 Pa	0.06–0.13 psi	Atmospheric pressure on Mars, < 1% of atmospheric sea-level pressure on Earth
	610 Pa	0.089 psi	Partial vapor pressure at the triple point of water (611.657 Pa)
10^3 Pa	1–10 kPa		Typical explosion peak overpressure needed to break glass windows (approximate)
	2 kPa		Pressure of popping popcorn (very approximate)
	2.6 kPa	0.38 psi	Pressure at which water boils at room temperature (22 °C) (20 mmHg)
	5 kPa	0.8 psi	Blood pressure fluctuation (40 mmHg) between heartbeats for a typical healthy adult
	6.3 kPa	0.9 psi	Pressure where water boils at normal human body temperature (37 °C), the pressure below which humans absolutely cannot survive (Armstrong limit)
	+9.8 kPa	+1.4 psi	Lung pressure that a typical person can exert (74 mmHg)
10^4 Pa	10 kPa	1.5 psi	Pressure increase per meter of a water column
	10 kPa	1.5 psi	Decrease in air pressure when going from Earth sea level to 1000 m elevation^[citation needed]
	+13 kPa	+1.9 psi	High air pressure for human lung, measured for trumpet player making staccato high notes
	< +16 kPa	+2.3 psi	Systolic blood pressure in a healthy adult while at rest (< 120 mmHg) (gauge pressure)
	+19.3 kPa	+2.8 psi	High end of lung pressure, exertable without injury by a healthy person for brief times^[citation needed]
	+34 kPa	+5 psi	Level of long-duration blast overpressure (from a large-scale explosion) that would cause most buildings to collapse
	34 kPa		Atmospheric pressure at the summit of Mount Everest
	+70 kPa	+10 psi	Pressure for paint exiting an HVLP (low-pressure) paint spray gun
	70 kPa		Pressure inside an incandescent light bulb
	75 kPa		Minimum airplane cabin pressure and lowest pressure for normal breathing (at 2440 m) and also the limit stated by the Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR)
	80 kPa	12 psi	Pressure inside vacuum cleaner at sea level on Earth (80% of standard atmospheric pressure)^[citation needed]
	87 kPa	13 psi	Record low atmospheric pressure for typhoon/hurricane (Typhoon Tip in 1979) (only 86% of standard atmospheric pressure)
10^5 Pa	100 kPa	15 psi	1 bar (14.5 psi), approximately equal to the weight of one kilogram (1 kilopond) acting on one square centimeter
	101.325 kPa	15 psi	Standard atmospheric pressure for Earth sea level (14.7 psi)
	150 to > 550 kPa	25 to > 80 psi	Impact pressure of a fist punch (approximate)^[citation needed]
	+180 to +250 kPa	+26 to +36 psi	Air pressure in an automobile tire relative to atmosphere (gauge pressure)^[citation needed]
	+210 to +900 kPa	+30 to +130 psi	Air pressure in a bicycle tire relative to atmosphere (gauge pressure)
	300 kPa	50 psi	Water pressure of a garden hose
	300 to 700 kPa	50–100 psi	Typical water pressure of a municipal water supply in the US
	358 to 524 kPa	52-76 psi	Threshold of pain for objects outside the human body hitting it
	400 to 600 kPa	60–90 psi	Carbon dioxide pressure in a champagne bottle
	520 kPa	75 psi	Partial vapour pressure at the triple point of carbon dioxide
	+690 to +830 kPa	+100 to +120 psi	Air pressure in a heavy truck/bus tire relative to atmosphere (gauge pressure)^[citation needed]
	800 kPa	120 psi	Vapor pressure of water in a kernel of popcorn when the kernel ruptures
10^6 Pa	0.8–2 MPa	120–290 psi	Pressure used in boilers of steam locomotives^[citation needed]
	1.1 MPa	162 psi	Pressure of an average human bite^[citation needed]
	2.8–8.3 MPa	400–1,200 psi	Pressure of carbon dioxide propellant in a paintball gun
	5 MPa	700 psi	Water pressure of the output of a coin-operated car wash spray nozzle
	5 MPa	700 psi	Military submarine max. rated pressure (est.) of Seawolf-class nuclear submarine, at depth of 500 m
	10-21 MPa	1,500–3,000 psi	Chamber pressure of a high-powered (non-carbon dioxide) air gun
	6.9–27 MPa	1,000–4,000 psi	Water spray pressure used by pressure washers
	9.2 MPa	1,300 psi	Atmosphere of Venus
10^7 Pa	> 10 MPa	> 1,500 psi	Pressure exerted by a 45 kg person wearing stiletto heels when a heel hits the floor
	15.5 Mpa	2,250 psi	Primary coolant loop of a pressurized water reactor
	20 MPa	2,900 psi	Typical pressure used for hydrogenolysis reactions
	21 MPa	3,000 psi	Pressure of a typical aluminium scuba tank of pressurized air (210 bar)
	21 MPa	3,000 psi	Ballistic pressure exerted as high-power bullet strikes a solid bulletproof object^[citation needed]
	22 MPa	3,200 psi	Critical pressure of water
	28 MPa	4,100 psi	Overpressure caused by the bomb explosion during the Oklahoma City bombing
	40 MPa	5,800 psi	Water pressure at the depth of the wreck of the Titanic
	69 MPa	10,000 psi	Water pressure withstood by the DSV Shinkai 6500 in visiting ocean depths of > 6500 meters
	70 to 280 MPa	10,000 to 40,000 psi	Maximal chamber pressure during a pistol firing
10^8 Pa	110 MPa	16,000 psi	Pressure at bottom of Mariana Trench, about 11 km below ocean surface (1100 bar)
	100 to 300 MPa	15,000 to 44,000 psi	Pressure inside reactor for the synthesis of high-pressure polyethylene (HPPE)
	250 MPa	36,000 psi	Record diesel engine common rail fuel system pressure
	400 MPa	58,000 psi	Chamber pressure of late 1910s .50 Browning machine gun discharge^[citation needed]
	240–620 MPa	35,000–90,000 psi	Water pressure used in a water jet cutter
10^9 Pa	1 GPa		Extremely high-pressure chemical reactors (10 kbar)^[citation needed]
	1.5 GPa		Diamond melts using a 3 kJ laser without turning into graphite first
	1.5 GPa	220,000 psi	tensile strength of Inconel 625 according to Aircraft metal strength tables and the Mil-Hdbk-5
	5.8 GPa	840,000 psi	Ultimate tensile strength of the polymer Zylon
10^10 Pa	10 GPa		Pressure at which octaoxygen forms at room temperature (100,000 bar)
	18 GPa		Pressure needed for the first commercially successful synthesis of diamond
	24 to 110 GPa		Stability range of enstatite in its perovskite-structured polymorph, possibly the most common mineral inside the Earth^[citation needed]
	40 GPa		Quantum-mechanical electron degeneracy pressure in a block of copper
	48 GPa		Detonation pressure of pure CL-20, the most powerful high explosive in mass production
	69 GPa	10,000,000 psi	Highest water jet pressure attained in research lab
	96 GPa		Pressure at which metallic oxygen forms (960,000 bar)
10^11 Pa	100 GPa		Theoretical tensile strength of a carbon nanotube (CNT)
	130 GPa		Ultimate tensile strength of monolayer graphene
	360 GPa		Pressure inside Earth's inner core (3.64 million bar)
	495 GPa		Lower bound at which metallic hydrogen theoretically forms
	> 600 GPa		Pressure attainable with a diamond anvil cell
10^12 Pa	5 TPa		Pressure generated by the National Ignition Facility fusion reactor
10^13 Pa	10 TPa		solid matter changes to the metastable inner-shell molecular state
	32.9 TPa		Pressure at which metallic helium theoretically forms
10^14 Pa	100 TPa		Pressure generated by the extremely high-pressure laser implosion plasmas generator.
	208.4 TPa		Pressure at which metallic neon theoretically forms (the highest metallization pressure for any element)
	540 TPa		Pressure inside an "Ivy Mike"-like nuclear bomb detonation (5.3 billion bar)
10^15 Pa	6.5 PPa		Pressure inside a W80 nuclear warhead detonation (64 billion bar)
10^16 Pa	25 PPa		Pressure inside Sun's core (250 billion bar)
10^23 Pa	100 EPa - 100 YPa		Pressure inside the core of a white dwarf at the Chandrasekhar limit
10^32 Pa	3.2-160 QPa		Pressure range inside a neutron star
10^35 Pa			Approximate pressure at the center of a proton
...	...	...	...
10^113 Pa	4.6×10^113 Pa	6.7×10^109 psi	The Planck pressure (4.63×10^108 bar)

References

1. Li, Yulin. "The ins and out of man-made and natural vacuums". Ask A Scientist!. Cornell Center for Materials Research. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2012. 10^-19 torr
2. Calculated: 10⁻¹⁹ torr × 133 Pa/torr = 10⁻¹⁷ Pa
3. Calculated: 10⁻¹⁷ torr × 133 Pa/torr = 10⁻¹⁵ Pa
4. Thompson, W. (1977). "Characteristics of a cryogenic extreme high-vacuum chamber". Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology. 14 (1): 643–645. Bibcode:1977JVST...14..643T. doi:10.1116/1.569168.
5. "The lunar environment". Lunar sourcebook. Cambridge University Press. 1991. ISBN 978-0-521-33444-0. The undisturbed gas concentration is only about 2x10^5 molecules/cm^3 during the lunar night, falling to perhaps 10^4 molecules/cm^3 during the lunar day.
6. Stultzman, Marcy; Adderley, Philip; Poelker, Matt (14 November 2006). "Extreme High Vacuum: The Need, Production and Measurement" (PDF). AVS 53rd International Symposium. Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab). Retrieved 20 September 2022.
7. "Mercury Fact Sheet". NASA. Archived from the original on 2008-07-24. ~10^-15 bar
8. "Moon Fact Sheet".
9. "Bringing the vacuum to its lowest value". ATLAS e-News. CERN. 28 July 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2012. we expect pressures below 10^-9 Pa
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13. "Low Earth Orbit Spacecraft Charging Design Handbook". NASA. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2012. ambient pressure is in the range of 10^-10 to 5x10^-8 Torr.
14. Calculated: 10⁻¹⁰ Torr × 133.3 Pa/Torr = 1.3×10⁻⁸ Pa. 5×10⁻⁸ Torr × 133.3 Pa/Torr = 6.7×10⁻⁶ Pa.
15. American Vacuum Society. "Glossary". AVS Reference Guide. Archived from the original on 2006-03-04. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
16. Calculated unit conversion: 1e-9 torr * 101325/760 Pa/torr = 1.33e-7 Pa
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23. Calculated unit conversion: 1e-3 torr * 101325/760 Pa/torr = 0.133 Pa
24. "Pluto expanding atmosphere". Observatoire de Paris, LESIA. Retrieved 29 December 2011. deepest layers reach pressures of no more than a few microbars
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28. "Wind speed and wind pressure". KNMI HYDRA Project. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
29. Exact calculation: P = 1/2 * density of air * (wind speed)^2. wind speed = 9 mph * 0.447 (m/s)/mph = 4.02 m/s. P = 1/2 * (1.25 kg/m^3) * (4.0 m/s)^2 = 10.1 Pa.
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31. Exact calculation: P = 1/2 * density of air * (wind speed)^2. wind speed = 28.3 mph * 0.447 (m/s)/mph = 12.7 m/s. P = 1/2 * (1.25 kg/m^3) * (12.7 m/s)^2 = 101 Pa.
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33. Calculated: pressure = mass * g / (pi * diameter^2 / 4) = (5.670e-3 kg) * (9.807 m/s^2) / (3.142 * (19.05e-3 m)^2 / 4) = 120.3 Pa
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36. Calculated: 3 cm H2O * 98.0 Pa/cm H2O = 294 Pa = 3e2 Pa
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45. Calculated as the difference between a typical systolic pressure of < 120mm Hg and diastolic pressure of < 80mm Hg.
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56. Typical force may total 150 to 500 pounds-force (670 to 2,220 N), applied to area of ~6 square inches (39 cm²). Actual impact pressure depends on strike to bone, soft tissue, padded surface, or brick wall. Also depends upon deflection or resistance of object struck. Heavyweight boxing champions have been shown to strike with over 1,000 pounds-force (4,400 N) of force, which would imply ~170 psi (> 1100 kPa) over same area.
57. "This Is Your...Tire's Air". Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 25 Jun 2013. Road tires typically require 80 to 130 psi, mountain tires 30 to 50 psi and hybrid tires 50 to 70 psi.
58. "Frequently Asked Questions". Power Washers. Generac Power Systems. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2012. A typical garden hose dispenses water at about 50 PSI, and a coin-operated car wash provides about 700 PSI.
59. "How Water Towers Work". HowStuffWorks. April 2000. Retrieved 3 January 2012. A typical municipal water supply runs at between 50 and 100 PSI
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64. Choi, Young. "Beginner's guide to paintball tanks". PaintBall.com. Archived from the original on 2009-02-19. Co2 pressure output can range from 400 psi up to 1200 psi
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66. Calculated: assume depth of 2x800 ft = 1600 ft. 1600 ft * 0.3048 m/ft = 488 m. Pressure at 488 m = density * g * depth * area = 1025 kg/m^3 * 9.81 m/s^2 * 488 m * 1 m^2 = 4.90e6 Pa. 4.90e6 Pa * 1.45e-4 psi/Pa = 711 psi.
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89. "Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM) (Dziewonski & Anderson, 1981)". Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012. 363.850 GPa
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91. Monserrat, Bartomeu; Drummond, N. D.; Pickard, Chris J.; Needs, R. J. (2014). "Electron-Phonon Coupling and the Metallization of Solid Helium at Terapascal Pressures". Physical Review Letters. 112 (5): 055504. arXiv:1311.1005. Bibcode:2014PhRvL.112e5504M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.055504. PMID 24580611. S2CID 29848984.
92. "Extremely high-pressure generation and compression with laser implosion plasmas".
93. Tang, Jun; Ao, Bingyun; Huang, Li; Ye, Xiaoqiu; Gu, Yunjun; Chen, Qifeng (2019). "Metallization and positive pressure dependency of bandgap in solid neon". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 150 (11): 111103. Bibcode:2019JChPh.150k1103T. doi:10.1063/1.5089489. PMID 30901987.
94. "4.4 Elements of Thermonuclear Weapon Design". Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved 3 January 2012. Mike... Ivy... radiation pressures are 73 and 1400 megabars ... respectively ... Mike ... 5.3 x 10^9 bars ... Ivy ... 6.4 x 10^10 bars
95. Calculated: ablation pressure = 5.3e9 bar * 1.01325e5 Pa/bar = 5.44e14 Pa
96. Calculated: ablation pressure = 6.4e10 bar * 1.01325e5 Pa/bar = 6.48e14 Pa
97. Williams, David R. (September 1, 2004). "Sun Fact Sheet". NASA. Retrieved 2008-01-23.
98. Camenzind, Max (2007). Compact objects in astrophysics. Astronomy and Astrophysics Library. Bibcode:2007coaw.book.....C. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-49912-1. ISBN 978-3-540-25770-7. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
99. Ozel, Feryal; Freire, Paulo (2016). "Masses, Radii, and the Equation of State of Neutron Stars". Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 54 (1): 401–440. arXiv:1603.02698. Bibcode:2016ARA&A..54..401O. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081915-023322. S2CID 119226325.
100. V. D. Burkert; L. Elouadrhiri; F. X. Girod (16 May 2018). "The pressure distribution inside the proton". Nature. 557 (7705): 396–399. Bibcode:2018Natur.557..396B. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0060-z. OSTI 1438388. PMID 29769668. S2CID 21724781.