A material property is an intensive property of a material, i.e., a physical property or chemical property that does not depend on the amount of the material. These quantitative properties may be used as a metric by which the benefits of one material versus another can be compared, thereby aiding in materials selection.
A property having a fixed value for a given material or substance is called material constant or constant of matter. (Material constants should not be confused with physical constants, that have a universal character.)
A material property may also be a function of one or more independent variables, such as temperature. Materials properties often vary to some degree according to the direction in the material in which they are measured, a condition referred to as anisotropy. Materials properties that relate to different physical phenomena often behave linearly (or approximately so) in a given operating range [further explanation needed]. Modeling them as linear functions can significantly simplify the differential constitutive equations that are used to describe the property.
Equations describing relevant materials properties are often used to predict the attributes of a system.
The properties are measured by standardized test methods. Many such methods have been documented by their respective user communities and published through the Internet; see ASTM International.
Acoustical properties
- Acoustical absorption
- Speed of sound
- Sound reflection
- Sound transfer
- Third order elasticity (Acoustoelastic effect)
Atomic properties
- Atomic mass: (applies to each element) the average mass of the atoms of an element, in daltons (Da), a.k.a. atomic mass units (amu).
- Atomic number: (applies to individual atoms or pure elements) the number of protons in each nucleus
- Relative atomic mass, a.k.a. atomic weight: (applies to individual isotopes or specific mixtures of isotopes of a given element) (no units)
- Standard atomic weight: the average relative atomic mass of a typical sample of the element (no units)
Chemical properties
- Corrosion resistance
- Hygroscopy
- pH
- Reactivity
- Specific internal surface area
- Surface energy
- Surface tension
Electrical properties
- Capacitance
- Dielectric constant
- Dielectric strength
- Electrical resistivity and conductivity
- Electric susceptibility
- Electrocaloric coefficient
- Electrostriction
- Magnetoelectric polarizability
- Nernst coefficient (thermoelectric effect)
- Permittivity
- Piezoelectric constants
- Pyroelectricity
- Seebeck coefficient
Magnetic properties
- Curie temperature
- Diamagnetism
- Hall coefficient
- Hysteresis
- Magnetostriction
- Magnetocaloric coefficient
- ()
- Magnetoresistance
- Maximum energy product
- Permeability
- Piezomagnetism
- Spin Hall effect
Manufacturing properties
- Castability: How easily a high-quality casting can be obtained from the material
- Machinability rating
- Machining speeds and feeds
Mechanical properties
- Brittleness: Ability of a material to break or shatter without significant deformation when under stress; opposite of plasticity, examples: glass, concrete, cast iron, ceramics etc.
- Bulk modulus: Ratio of pressure to volumetric compression (GPa) or ratio of the infinitesimal pressure increase to the resulting relative decrease of the volume
- Coefficient of restitution: The ratio of the final to initial relative velocity between two objects after they collide. Range: 0–1, 1 for perfectly elastic collision.
- Compressive strength: Maximum stress a material can withstand before compressive failure (MPa)
- Creep: The slow and gradual deformation of an object with respect to time. If the s in a material exceeds the yield point, the strain caused in the material by the application of load does not disappear totally on the removal of load. The plastic deformation caused to the material is known as creep. At high temperatures, the strain due to creep is quite appreciable.
- Density: Mass per unit volume (kg/m^3)
- Ductility: Ability of a material to deform under tensile load (% elongation). It is the property of a material by which it can be drawn into wires under the action of tensile force. A ductile material must have a high degree of plasticity and strength so that large deformations can take place without failure or rupture of the material. In ductile extension, a material that exhibits a certain amount of elasticity along with a high degree of plasticity.
- Durability: Ability to withstand wear, pressure, or damage; hard-wearing
- Elasticity: Ability of a body to resist a distorting influence or stress and to return to its original size and shape when the stress is removed
- Fatigue limit: Maximum stress a material can withstand under repeated loading (MPa)
- Flexural modulus
- Flexural strength: Maximum bending stress a material can withstand before failure (MPa)
- Fracture toughness: Ability of a material containing a crack to resist fracture (J/m^2)
- Friction coefficient: The amount of force normal to surface which converts to force resisting relative movement of contacting surfaces between material pairs
- Hardness: Ability to withstand surface indentation and scratching (e.g. Brinell hardness number)
- Malleability: Ability of the material to be flattened into thin sheets under applications of heavy compressive forces without cracking by hot or cold working means.This property of a material allows it to expand in all directions without rupture.
- Mass diffusivity: Ability of one substance to diffuse through another
- Plasticity: Ability of a material to undergo irreversible or permanent deformations without breaking or rupturing; opposite of brittleness
- Poisson's ratio: Ratio of lateral strain to axial strain (no units)
- Resilience: Ability of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically (MPa); combination of strength and elasticity
- Shear modulus: Ratio of shear stress to shear strain (MPa)
- Shear strength: Maximum shear stress a material can withstand
- Slip: A tendency of a material's particles to undergo plastic deformation due to a dislocation motion within the material. Common in Crystals.
- Specific modulus: Modulus per unit volume (MPa/m^3)
- Specific strength: Strength per unit density (Nm/kg)
- Specific weight: Weight per unit volume (N/m^3)
- Surface roughness: The deviations in the direction of the normal vector of a real surface from its ideal form
- Tensile strength: Maximum tensile stress of a material can withstand before failure (MPa)
- Toughness: Ability of a material to absorb energy (or withstand shock) and plastically deform without fracturing (or rupturing); a material's resistance to fracture when stressed; combination of strength and plasticity
- Viscosity: A fluid's resistance to gradual deformation by tensile or shear stress; thickness
- Yield strength: The stress at which a material starts to yield plastically (MPa)
- Young's modulus: Ratio of linear stress to linear strain (MPa) (influences the stiffness and flexibility of an object)
Optical properties
- Absorbance: How strongly a chemical attenuates light
- Birefringence
- Color
- Electro-optic effect
- Luminosity
- Optical activity
- Photoelasticity
- Photosensitivity
- Reflectivity
- Refractive index
- Scattering
- Transmittance
Radiological properties
- Attenuation coefficients
- Half-life
- Neutron cross section
- Specific activity
Thermal properties
- Phase diagram
- Boiling point
- Coefficient of thermal expansion
- Critical temperature
- Curie point
- Ductile-to-brittle transition temperature
- Emissivity
- Eutectic point
- Flammability
- Flash point
- Glass transition temperature
- Heat of vaporization
- Inversion temperature
- Melting point
- Thermal conductivity
- Thermal diffusivity
- Thermal expansion
- Triple point
- Vapor pressure
- Specific heat capacity
See also
- Physical property
- Strength of materials
- Supervenience
- List of thermodynamic properties
References
- "ISO 80000-1:2022 Quantities and units — Part 1: General". iso.org. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- SS Rattan, Strength of Materials (17 June 2016). "Strength of Materials book".
- SS Rattan, Strength of Materials (17 June 2016). "Strength of Materials book".
- Rattan, S S (17 June 2016). "Strength of Materials book".
A material property is an intensive property of a material i e a physical property or chemical property that does not depend on the amount of the material These quantitative properties may be used as a metric by which the benefits of one material versus another can be compared thereby aiding in materials selection A property having a fixed value for a given material or substance is called material constant or constant of matter Material constants should not be confused with physical constants that have a universal character A material property may also be a function of one or more independent variables such as temperature Materials properties often vary to some degree according to the direction in the material in which they are measured a condition referred to as anisotropy Materials properties that relate to different physical phenomena often behave linearly or approximately so in a given operating range further explanation needed Modeling them as linear functions can significantly simplify the differential constitutive equations that are used to describe the property Equations describing relevant materials properties are often used to predict the attributes of a system The properties are measured by standardized test methods Many such methods have been documented by their respective user communities and published through the Internet see ASTM International Acoustical propertiesAcoustical absorption Speed of sound Sound reflection Sound transfer Third order elasticity Acoustoelastic effect Atomic propertiesAtomic mass applies to each element the average mass of the atoms of an element in daltons Da a k a atomic mass units amu Atomic number applies to individual atoms or pure elements the number of protons in each nucleus Relative atomic mass a k a atomic weight applies to individual isotopes or specific mixtures of isotopes of a given element no units Standard atomic weight the average relative atomic mass of a typical sample of the element no units Chemical propertiesCorrosion resistance Hygroscopy pH Reactivity Specific internal surface area Surface energy Surface tensionElectrical propertiesCapacitance Dielectric constant Dielectric strength Electrical resistivity and conductivity Electric susceptibility Electrocaloric coefficient Electrostriction Magnetoelectric polarizability Nernst coefficient thermoelectric effect Permittivity Piezoelectric constants Pyroelectricity Seebeck coefficientMagnetic propertiesCurie temperature Diamagnetism Hall coefficient Hysteresis Magnetostriction Magnetocaloric coefficient Magnetoresistance Maximum energy product Permeability Piezomagnetism Spin Hall effectManufacturing propertiesCastability How easily a high quality casting can be obtained from the material Machinability rating Machining speeds and feedsMechanical propertiesBrittleness Ability of a material to break or shatter without significant deformation when under stress opposite of plasticity examples glass concrete cast iron ceramics etc Bulk modulus Ratio of pressure to volumetric compression GPa or ratio of the infinitesimal pressure increase to the resulting relative decrease of the volume Coefficient of restitution The ratio of the final to initial relative velocity between two objects after they collide Range 0 1 1 for perfectly elastic collision Compressive strength Maximum stress a material can withstand before compressive failure MPa Creep The slow and gradual deformation of an object with respect to time If the s in a material exceeds the yield point the strain caused in the material by the application of load does not disappear totally on the removal of load The plastic deformation caused to the material is known as creep At high temperatures the strain due to creep is quite appreciable Density Mass per unit volume kg m 3 Ductility Ability of a material to deform under tensile load elongation It is the property of a material by which it can be drawn into wires under the action of tensile force A ductile material must have a high degree of plasticity and strength so that large deformations can take place without failure or rupture of the material In ductile extension a material that exhibits a certain amount of elasticity along with a high degree of plasticity Durability Ability to withstand wear pressure or damage hard wearing Elasticity Ability of a body to resist a distorting influence or stress and to return to its original size and shape when the stress is removed Fatigue limit Maximum stress a material can withstand under repeated loading MPa Flexural modulus Flexural strength Maximum bending stress a material can withstand before failure MPa Fracture toughness Ability of a material containing a crack to resist fracture J m 2 Friction coefficient The amount of force normal to surface which converts to force resisting relative movement of contacting surfaces between material pairs Hardness Ability to withstand surface indentation and scratching e g Brinell hardness number Malleability Ability of the material to be flattened into thin sheets under applications of heavy compressive forces without cracking by hot or cold working means This property of a material allows it to expand in all directions without rupture Mass diffusivity Ability of one substance to diffuse through another Plasticity Ability of a material to undergo irreversible or permanent deformations without breaking or rupturing opposite of brittleness Poisson s ratio Ratio of lateral strain to axial strain no units Resilience Ability of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically MPa combination of strength and elasticity Shear modulus Ratio of shear stress to shear strain MPa Shear strength Maximum shear stress a material can withstand Slip A tendency of a material s particles to undergo plastic deformation due to a dislocation motion within the material Common in Crystals Specific modulus Modulus per unit volume MPa m 3 Specific strength Strength per unit density Nm kg Specific weight Weight per unit volume N m 3 Surface roughness The deviations in the direction of the normal vector of a real surface from its ideal form Tensile strength Maximum tensile stress of a material can withstand before failure MPa Toughness Ability of a material to absorb energy or withstand shock and plastically deform without fracturing or rupturing a material s resistance to fracture when stressed combination of strength and plasticity Viscosity A fluid s resistance to gradual deformation by tensile or shear stress thickness Yield strength The stress at which a material starts to yield plastically MPa Young s modulus Ratio of linear stress to linear strain MPa influences the stiffness and flexibility of an object Optical propertiesAbsorbance How strongly a chemical attenuates light Birefringence Color Electro optic effect Luminosity Optical activity Photoelasticity Photosensitivity Reflectivity Refractive index Scattering TransmittanceRadiological propertiesAttenuation coefficients Half life Neutron cross section Specific activityThermal propertiesPhase diagram Boiling point Coefficient of thermal expansion Critical temperature Curie point Ductile to brittle transition temperature Emissivity Eutectic point Flammability Flash point Glass transition temperature Heat of vaporization Inversion temperature Melting point Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusivity Thermal expansion Triple point Vapor pressure Specific heat capacitySee alsoPhysical property Strength of materials Supervenience List of thermodynamic propertiesReferences ISO 80000 1 2022 Quantities and units Part 1 General iso org Retrieved 2023 08 31 SS Rattan Strength of Materials 17 June 2016 Strength of Materials book SS Rattan Strength of Materials 17 June 2016 Strength of Materials book Rattan S S 17 June 2016 Strength of Materials book
