Lusitania (/ˌluːsɪˈteɪniə/; Classical Latin:[luːsiːˈtaːnia]) was an ancient Iberian Roman province encompassing most of modern-day Portugal (south of the Douro River) and a large portion of western Spain (the present Extremadura and Province of Salamanca). Romans named the region after the Lusitanians, an Indo-European tribe inhabiting the lands.
The Iberian Peninsula in the time of Hadrian (ruled 117–138 AD) showing, in western Iberia, the imperial province of Lusitania (Portugal and Extremadura)
The capital Emerita Augusta was initially part of the Roman Republic province of Hispania Ulterior before becoming a province of its own during the Roman Empire.
After Romans arrived in the territory during the 2nd century BC, a war with Lusitanian tribes ensued between 155 and 139 BC, with the Roman province eventually established in 27 BC.
In modern parlance, Lusitania is often synonymous with Portugal, despite the province's capital being located in modern Mérida, Spain.
Etymology
The etymology of the name of the Lusitani (who gave the Roman province its name) remains unclear. Popular etymology connected the name to a supposed Roman demigod Lusus, whereas some early-modern scholars[which?] suggested that Lus was a form of the Celtic Lugus followed by another (unattested) root *tan-, supposed to mean "tribe", while others derived the name from Lucis, an ancient people mentioned in Avienius' Ora Maritima (4th century AD) and from tan (-stan in Iranian), or from tain, meaning "a region" or implying "a country of waters", a root word that formerly meant a prince or sovereign governor of a region.
Ancient Romans, such as Pliny the Elder (Natural History, 3.5) and Varro (116 – 27 BC, cited by Pliny), speculated that the name Lusitania had Roman origins, as when Pliny says "lusum enim Liberi Patris aut lyssam cum eo bacchantium nomen dedisse Lusitaniae et Pana praefectum eius universae" [Lusitania takes its name from the Lusus associated with Bacchus and the Lyssa of his Bacchantes, and Pan is its governor].
Lusus is usually translated as "game" or "play", while lyssa is a borrowing from the Greek λυσσα, "frenzy" or "rage", and sometimes Rage personified; for later poets, Lusus and Lyssa become flesh-and-blood companions (even children) of Bacchus. Luís de Camões' epic Os Lusíadas (1572), which portrays Lusus as the founder of Lusitania, extends these ideas, which have no connection with modern etymology.
In his work, Geography, the classical geographer Strabo (died ca. 24 AD) suggests a change had occurred in the use of the name "Lusitanian". He mentions a group who had once been called "Lusitanians" living north of the Douro river but were called in his day "Callacans".
Lusitanians
Iberian Peninsula at about 300 BC.
The Lusitani established themselves in the region in the 6th century BC, but historians and archeologists are still undecided about their ethnogenesis. Some modern authors consider them to be an indigenous people who were Celticized culturally and possibly also through intermarriage.
The archeologist Scarlat Lambrino defended the position that the Lusitanians were a tribal group of Celtic origin related to the Lusones (a tribe that inhabited the east of Iberia). Some have claimed that both tribes came from the Swiss mountains.[citation needed] Others argue that the evidence points to the Lusitanians being a native Iberian tribe, resulting from intermarriage between different local tribes. [citation needed]
The first area colonized by the Lusitani was probably the Douro valley and the region of Beira Alta (present day Portugal); in Beira, they stayed until they defeated the Celtici and other tribes, then they expanded to cover a territory that reached Estremadura before the arrival of the Romans.
War against Rome
And yet the country north of the Tagus, Lusitania, is the greatest of the Iberian nations, and is the nation against which the Romans waged war for the longest times
— Strabo
Roman conquest of Hispania
The Lusitani are mentioned for the first time in Livy who describes them as fighting for the Carthaginians in 218 BCE; they are reported as fighting against Rome in 194 BC, sometimes allied with Celtiberian tribes.
In 179 BC, the praetorLucius Postumius Albinus celebrated a triumph over the Lusitani, but in 155 BC, on the command of Punicus (Πουνίκου, perhaps a Carthaginian) first and Caesarus (Καίσαρος) after, the Lusitani reached Gibraltar. Here they were defeated by the praetorLucius Mummius.
From 152 BC onwards, the Roman Republic had difficulties in recruiting soldiers for the wars in Hispania, deemed particularly brutal. In 150 BC, Servius Sulpicius Galba organised a false armistice. While the Lusitani celebrated this new alliance, he massacred them, selling the survivors as slaves; this caused a new rebellion led by Viriathus, who was after many attempts killed by traitors paid by the Romans in 139 BC, after having led a successful guerrilla campaign against Rome and their local allies. Two years after, in 137 BC Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus led a successful campaign against the Lusitani, reaching as far north as the Minho river.
Romans scored other victories with proconsul Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus and Gaius Marius (elected in 113 BC), but still the Lusitani resisted with a long guerilla war; they later joined Sertorius' (a renegade Roman General) troops (around 80 BC) and Julius Caesar conducted a successful campaign against them in 61-60 BC, but they were not finally defeated until the reign of Augustus (around 28–24 BC).
Roman province
Territory
Under Augustus
With Lusitania (and Asturia and Gallaecia), Rome had completed the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, which was then divided by Augustus (25–20 BC or 16–13 BC) into the eastern and northern Hispania Tarraconensis, the southwestern Hispania Baetica and the western . Originally, Lusitania included the territories of Asturia and Gallaecia, but these were later ceded to the jurisdiction of the new and the former remained as Provincia Lusitania et Vettones. Its northern border was along the Douro River, while on its eastern side its border passed through (Salamanca) and (Talavera de la Reina) to the Anas (Guadiana) river.
Between 28 and 24 BC Augustus' military campaigns pacified all Hispania under Roman rule, with the foundation of Roman cities like Asturica Augusta (Astorga) and Bracara Augusta (Braga) to the north, and to the south Emerita Augusta (Mérida) (settled with the emeriti of the Legio V Alaudae and Legio X Geminalegions).
Conventus Iuridicus
Between the time of Augustus and Claudius, the province was divided into three conventus iuridicus, territorial units presided by capital cities with a court of justice and joint Roman/indigenous people assemblies (conventus), that counseled the Governor:
, with capital in Emerita Augusta (Mérida, Spain)
, with capital in Scalabis Iulia (Santarém, Portugal)
, with capital in Pax Iulia (Beja, Portugal)
The conventus ruled of a total of forty-six populis. Five were Roman colonies:Emerita Augusta (Mérida, Spain), Pax Iulia (Beja), Scalabis (Santarém), (Cáceres) and Metellinum (Medellín). Felicitas Iulia Olisipo (Lisbon, which was a Roman law municipality) and three other towns had the old Latin status:Ebora (Évora), Myrtilis Iulia (Mértola) and Salacia (Alcácer do Sal). The other thirty-seven were of class, among which Aeminium (Coimbra), Balsa (Tavira), or Mirobriga (Santiago do Cacém). Other cities include Ossonoba (Faro), (Setúbal), (Leiria) or (Alenquer).
Under Diocletian
Under Diocletian, Lusitania kept its borders and was ruled by a praeses, later by a consularis.
Roman diocese
Finally, in 298 AD, Lusitania was united with the other provinces to form the Diocesis Hispaniarum ("Diocese of the Hispanias").
Lusitania province territory
Roman Hispania under Augustus: Tarraconensis,Baetica and Lusitana
Roman Hispania after Claudius: Conventus juridici (Emeritensis,Scalabitanus and Pacensis)
Roman Hispania under Diocletian: Lusitania found in the west
Roman Empire in 300 AD: Diocesis Hispaniarum in the west
Known governors
1st century BC
Quintus Acutius Faienanus, legatus Augusti pro praetore, 19 – 1 BC.
Quintus Articuleius Regulus, 2 BC – AD 14.
1st century
Gaius Ummidius Durmius Quadratus, c. 37
Lucius Caecilius Rufus, early 1st century
Lucius Calventius Vetus Carminius, legatus Augusti pro praetore, 44 – 45
[Marcus?] [Porcius?] Cato, c. 46
Marcus Salvius Otho Caesar Augustus, governor of Lusitania between 58 and 68.Marcus Salvius Otho Caesar Augustus, 58 – 68
Gaius Catellius Celer, 75/76 – 77/78
Quintus Acutius Faienanus, 78 – 119
2nd century
? Gaius Calpurnius Flaccus, 119/120 – 120/121
Gaius Oppius Sabinus Julius Nepos Manius Vibius Sollemnis Severus, 128 – 130
Lucius Roscius Maecius Celer Postumus Mamilianus Vergilius Staberianus, under Hadrian
Cryptoporticus of the ancient forum of Aeminium (Coimbra)
Ruins of Conimbriga
Roman bridge of (Salamanca)
Roman walls of (Coria)
Forum gate of Capara (Cáparra)
Roman walls of Olisipo (Lisboa)
Roman arch of Egitandiorum (Idanha-a-Velha)
Notable Lusitanians
Viriathus
Gaius Appuleius Diocles
Pope Damasus I
Legacy of the name
As with the Roman names of many European countries, Lusitania was and is often used as an alternative name for Portugal, especially in formal or literary and poetic contexts. The 16th-century colony that would eventually become Brazil was initially founded as "New Lusitania". In common use are such terms as Lusophone, meaning Portuguese-speaking, and Lusitanic, referring to the Community of Portuguese Language Countries—once Portugal's colonies and presently independent countries still sharing some common heritage. Prior to his invasion in 1807, Napoleon Bonaparte proposed the establishment of a French-backed puppet Kingdom of Northern Lusitania as one of the successor states to Portugal under the assumption that such a campaign would result in an easy French victory.
The province was also the namesake of the North Atlantic Ocean liner RMS Lusitania infamous for being torpedoed by a German U-boat in 1915. The ship's owners, the Cunard Line, commonly named their vessels after Roman provinces with the Lusitania so being called after the Roman Iberian province to the north of the Strait of Gibraltar while her sister ship RMS Mauretania was named after the Roman North African province on the south side of the strait.
See also
Ancient Rome portal
Portugal portal
Spain portal
Lusitanian mythology
Lusitanian language
National Archaeology Museum (Portugal)
Ophiussa
History of Portugal
Timeline of Portuguese history
History of Spain
Timeline of Spanish history
Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
Romanization of Hispania
Balsa (Roman town)
References
Garcia, José Manuel (1989). História de Portugal: Uma Visão Global. Lisboa: Editorial Presença. pp. 32, 33, 38. ISBN9722309897.
Alan W. Ertl (2008). Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration. Universal-Publishers. ISBN9781599429830. Retrieved 2012-08-12.
Room, Adrian (2006). Placenames of the World. McFarland Inc. p. 228. ISBN9780786422487.
"Chapter XII, Section I: The History of the Celtes". An Universal History from the Earliest Account of Time. Vol. VI. London: T. Osborne, A. Millar, and J. Osborn. 1747. p. 22. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
Piers, Henry (1786) [1682]. "No. IV: A Dissertation concerning the ancient Irish Laws, &c., Part II". In Vallancey, Charles (ed.). Collectanea de Rebus Hibernicis. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Dublin: Luke White. p. 279. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
O'Brien, John (1768). "Ta'n & Tàin". Focalóir gaoidhilge-sax-bhéarla, or An Irish-English dictionary. Nicolas-Francis Valleyre. p. 464. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
"Strabo, Geography, Book III, Chapter 4, paragraph 20". Archived from the original on 2023-11-03. Retrieved 2021-02-19.
"Ethnographic Map of Pre-Roman Iberia (circa 200 b". Arkeotavira.com. Archived from the original on 2011-02-26. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
"Strabo.Geography". Penelope.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-09-12. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
Suetonius, Cae, 18; Appian, BH, 102; Plut, Cae., 12; Dio, 37 & 52, 153-154, Valleius Patraculus, II, 52-5; Antonio Santosuosso, Storming the Heavans: Soldiers, Emperors, and Civilians in the Roman Empire (London: Pilmico/Random House, 2011), p. 57-58; Casey Simpson, "Caesar or Rex?" (Honors thesis, Ball State University, 2004); Stephen Dando-Collins, Legions of Rome (New York: Thomas Dunne/St. Martin's, 2010), pp. 28, 61-63; CAH, both editions
"The Ancient Lusitanian World". Archived from the original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
García y Bellido, Antonio (1958). Las colonias romanas de la provincia Lusitania. Gabinete de Antigüedades de la Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 2023-06-01. Retrieved 2023-06-01.
Bowman, Alan K; Champlin, Edward; Lintott, Andrew (1996-02-08). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN9780521264303.
Géza Alföldy, Fasti Hispanienses, Steiner, Wiesbaden (1969).
Thomas Elliott (2004). Epigraphic Evidence for Boundary Disputes in the Roman Empire (PhD). University of North Carolina. pp. 63f.
CIL II, 172 = ILS 190
Abascal, J. M. "Lucius Caecilius Rufus". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 2023-04-06. Retrieved 2023-06-01.
Der Neue Pauly, Stuttgart 1999, T. 2, c. 951-992
Abascal, J. M. "Lucius Calventius Vetus Carminius". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 2023-04-05. Retrieved 2023-06-01.
Abascal, J. M. "[Marcus?] Porcius?] Cato". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 2023-04-05. Retrieved 2023-06-01.
Suetonius (25 October 2007). The Twelve Caesars. Penguin. pp. 255–262. ISBN978-0-14-045516-8.
Abascal, J. M. "Otón". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 2023-06-08. Retrieved 2023-06-01.
Unless otherwise noted, the governors from 75 to the end of Hadrian's reign are taken from Werner Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", Chiron, 12 (1982), pp. 281-362; 13 (1983), pp. 147-237.
Abascal, J. M. "Quintus Acutius Faienanus". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 2023-04-05. Retrieved 2023-06-01.
Abascal, J. M. "Caius Oppius Sabinus". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 2023-04-06. Retrieved 2023-06-01.
Géza Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen (Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 1977), p. 256
Abascal, J. M. "Quadratus". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 2023-04-05. Retrieved 2023-06-01.
Abascal, J. M. "Sextus Tigidius Perennis". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 2023-03-27. Retrieved 2023-06-01.
Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare, p. 290
Paul Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander (Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 1989), p. 289
Abascal, J. M. "Decimus Iunius Coelianus". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 2023-06-03. Retrieved 2023-06-01.
Paul Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander (Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 1989), p. 289.
Abascal, J. M. "Rutilus Pudens Crispinus". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2023-06-01.
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lusitania.
Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Lusitania.
Lusitania, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Archived 2021-02-25 at the Wayback Machine
Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)
Southern Star Article: Crewman's strange foreboding of disaster
Lusitania ˌ l uː s ɪ ˈ t eɪ n i e Classical Latin luːsiːˈtaːnia was an ancient Iberian Roman province encompassing most of modern day Portugal south of the Douro River and a large portion of western Spain the present Extremadura and Province of Salamanca Romans named the region after the Lusitanians an Indo European tribe inhabiting the lands Provincia LusitanaProvince of the Roman Empire27 BC AD 409 410CapitalEmerita Augusta Merida Historical eraRoman Empire Established27 BC DisestablishedAD 409 410Preceded by Succeeded byLusitanians AlansKingdom of the SuebiToday part ofPortugal SpainMap all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as KML GPX all coordinates GPX primary coordinates GPX secondary coordinates The Iberian Peninsula in the time of Hadrian ruled 117 138 AD showing in western Iberia the imperial province of Lusitania Portugal and Extremadura The capital Emerita Augusta was initially part of the Roman Republic province of Hispania Ulterior before becoming a province of its own during the Roman Empire After Romans arrived in the territory during the 2nd century BC a war with Lusitanian tribes ensued between 155 and 139 BC with the Roman province eventually established in 27 BC In modern parlance Lusitania is often synonymous with Portugal despite the province s capital being located in modern Merida Spain EtymologyThe etymology of the name of the Lusitani who gave the Roman province its name remains unclear Popular etymology connected the name to a supposed Roman demigod Lusus whereas some early modern scholars which suggested that Lus was a form of the Celtic Lugus followed by another unattested root tan supposed to mean tribe while others derived the name from Lucis an ancient people mentioned in Avienius Ora Maritima 4th century AD and from tan stan in Iranian or from tain meaning a region or implying a country of waters a root word that formerly meant a prince or sovereign governor of a region Ancient Romans such as Pliny the Elder Natural History 3 5 and Varro 116 27 BC cited by Pliny speculated that the name Lusitania had Roman origins as when Pliny says lusum enim Liberi Patris aut lyssam cum eo bacchantium nomen dedisse Lusitaniae et Pana praefectum eius universae Lusitania takes its name from the Lusus associated with Bacchus and the Lyssa of his Bacchantes and Pan is its governor Lusus is usually translated as game or play while lyssa is a borrowing from the Greek lyssa frenzy or rage and sometimes Rage personified for later poets Lusus and Lyssa become flesh and blood companions even children of Bacchus Luis de Camoes epic Os Lusiadas 1572 which portrays Lusus as the founder of Lusitania extends these ideas which have no connection with modern etymology In his work Geography the classical geographer Strabo died ca 24 AD suggests a change had occurred in the use of the name Lusitanian He mentions a group who had once been called Lusitanians living north of the Douro river but were called in his day Callacans LusitaniansIberian Peninsula at about 300 BC The Lusitani established themselves in the region in the 6th century BC but historians and archeologists are still undecided about their ethnogenesis Some modern authors consider them to be an indigenous people who were Celticized culturally and possibly also through intermarriage The archeologist Scarlat Lambrino defended the position that the Lusitanians were a tribal group of Celtic origin related to the Lusones a tribe that inhabited the east of Iberia Some have claimed that both tribes came from the Swiss mountains citation needed Others argue that the evidence points to the Lusitanians being a native Iberian tribe resulting from intermarriage between different local tribes citation needed The first area colonized by the Lusitani was probably the Douro valley and the region of Beira Alta present day Portugal in Beira they stayed until they defeated the Celtici and other tribes then they expanded to cover a territory that reached Estremadura before the arrival of the Romans War against RomeAnd yet the country north of the Tagus Lusitania is the greatest of the Iberian nations and is the nation against which the Romans waged war for the longest times Strabo Roman conquest of Hispania The Lusitani are mentioned for the first time in Livy who describes them as fighting for the Carthaginians in 218 BCE they are reported as fighting against Rome in 194 BC sometimes allied with Celtiberian tribes In 179 BC the praetor Lucius Postumius Albinus celebrated a triumph over the Lusitani but in 155 BC on the command of Punicus Poynikoy perhaps a Carthaginian first and Caesarus Kaisaros after the Lusitani reached Gibraltar Here they were defeated by the praetor Lucius Mummius From 152 BC onwards the Roman Republic had difficulties in recruiting soldiers for the wars in Hispania deemed particularly brutal In 150 BC Servius Sulpicius Galba organised a false armistice While the Lusitani celebrated this new alliance he massacred them selling the survivors as slaves this caused a new rebellion led by Viriathus who was after many attempts killed by traitors paid by the Romans in 139 BC after having led a successful guerrilla campaign against Rome and their local allies Two years after in 137 BC Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus led a successful campaign against the Lusitani reaching as far north as the Minho river Romans scored other victories with proconsul Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus and Gaius Marius elected in 113 BC but still the Lusitani resisted with a long guerilla war they later joined Sertorius a renegade Roman General troops around 80 BC and Julius Caesar conducted a successful campaign against them in 61 60 BC but they were not finally defeated until the reign of Augustus around 28 24 BC Roman provinceTerritory Under Augustus With Lusitania and Asturia and Gallaecia Rome had completed the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula which was then divided by Augustus 25 20 BC or 16 13 BC into the eastern and northern Hispania Tarraconensis the southwestern Hispania Baetica and the western Originally Lusitania included the territories of Asturia and Gallaecia but these were later ceded to the jurisdiction of the new and the former remained as Provincia Lusitania et Vettones Its northern border was along the Douro River while on its eastern side its border passed through Salamanca and Talavera de la Reina to the Anas Guadiana river Between 28 and 24 BC Augustus military campaigns pacified all Hispania under Roman rule with the foundation of Roman cities like Asturica Augusta Astorga and Bracara Augusta Braga to the north and to the south Emerita Augusta Merida settled with the emeriti of the Legio V Alaudae and Legio X Gemina legions Conventus Iuridicus Between the time of Augustus and Claudius the province was divided into three conventus iuridicus territorial units presided by capital cities with a court of justice and joint Roman indigenous people assemblies conventus that counseled the Governor with capital in Emerita Augusta Merida Spain with capital in Scalabis Iulia Santarem Portugal with capital in Pax Iulia Beja Portugal The conventus ruled of a total of forty six populis Five were Roman colonies Emerita Augusta Merida Spain Pax Iulia Beja Scalabis Santarem Caceres and Metellinum Medellin Felicitas Iulia Olisipo Lisbon which was a Roman law municipality and three other towns had the old Latin status Ebora Evora Myrtilis Iulia Mertola and Salacia Alcacer do Sal The other thirty seven were of class among which Aeminium Coimbra Balsa Tavira or Mirobriga Santiago do Cacem Other cities include Ossonoba Faro Setubal Leiria or Alenquer Under Diocletian Under Diocletian Lusitania kept its borders and was ruled by a praeses later by a consularis Roman diocese Finally in 298 AD Lusitania was united with the other provinces to form the Diocesis Hispaniarum Diocese of the Hispanias Lusitania province territory Roman Hispania under Augustus Tarraconensis Baetica and Lusitana Roman Hispania after Claudius Conventus juridici Emeritensis Scalabitanus and Pacensis Roman Hispania under Diocletian Lusitania found in the west Roman Empire in 300 AD Diocesis Hispaniarum in the westKnown governors 1st century BC Quintus Acutius Faienanus legatus Augusti pro praetore 19 1 BC Quintus Articuleius Regulus 2 BC AD 14 1st century Gaius Ummidius Durmius Quadratus c 37 Lucius Caecilius Rufus early 1st century Lucius Calventius Vetus Carminius legatus Augusti pro praetore 44 45 Marcus Porcius Cato c 46 Marcus Salvius Otho Caesar Augustus governor of Lusitania between 58 and 68 Marcus Salvius Otho Caesar Augustus 58 68 Gaius Catellius Celer 75 76 77 78 Quintus Acutius Faienanus 78 1192nd century Gaius Calpurnius Flaccus 119 120 120 121 Gaius Oppius Sabinus Julius Nepos Manius Vibius Sollemnis Severus 128 130 Lucius Roscius Maecius Celer Postumus Mamilianus Vergilius Staberianus under Hadrian Gaius Javolenus Calvinus 138 140 Aulus Avillius Urina tius Quadratus c 151 c 154 Sextus Tigidius Perennis before 185 Cornelius Repentinus c 185 c 188 Publius Septimius Geta c 188 c 191 Gaius Caesonius Macer Rufinianus 193 194 197 Gaius Junius Faustinus Pl a cidus Postumianus c 197 c 2003rd century Decimus Iun ius Coelianus c 201 209 Sextus Furnius Julianus c 211 Rutilius Pudens Crispinus c 225 c 227 Aemilius Aemilianus late 3rd century Datianus 286 2934th century Iulius Saturninus c 337 c 340 Vettius Agorius Praetextatus 361 362Coloniae and Municipia Augusta EmeritaMetellinumNorba CaesarinaPax JuliaScalabisCaesarobrigaAeminiumConimbrigaSalmanticaCauriumTurgaliumCaparaOlisipoEgitaniaRegina TurdulorumLacobrigaAugustobrigaclass notpageimage Map of Coloniae and Municipia Colonia Augusta Emerita Merida provincial capital 38 55 N 6 20 W 38 917 N 6 333 W 38 917 6 333 Colonia Augusta Emerita Colonia Metellinum Medellin 38 57 47 N 5 57 28 W 38 96306 N 5 95778 W 38 96306 5 95778 Colonia Metellinum Colonia Caceres 39 29 N 6 22 W 39 483 N 6 367 W 39 483 6 367 Colonia Norba Caesarina Colonia Civitas Pacensis Beja 38 01 04 N 7 51 55 W 38 0178 N 7 8653 W 38 0178 7 8653 Colonia Civitas Pacensis Colonia Scalabis Praesidium Iulium Santarem 39 14 02 N 08 41 10 W 39 23389 N 8 68611 W 39 23389 8 68611 Colonia Scalabis Praesidium Iulium Municipium Talavera de la Reina 39 57 30 N 4 49 58 W 39 95833 N 4 83278 W 39 95833 4 83278 Municipium Caesarobriga Municipium Talavera la Vieja 39 48 18 N 5 24 25 W 39 80500 N 5 40694 W 39 80500 5 40694 Municipium Augustobriga Municipium Aeminium Coimbra 40 12 40 N 8 25 45 W 40 21111 N 8 42917 W 40 21111 8 42917 Municipium Aeminium Municipium Conimbriga Condeixa a Nova 40 5 58 N 8 29 26 W 40 09944 N 8 49056 W 40 09944 8 49056 Municipium Conimbriga Municipium Salamanca 40 57 54 N 05 39 51 W 40 96500 N 5 66417 W 40 96500 5 66417 Municipium Salmantica Municipium Coria 39 58 55 N 6 32 14 W 39 981944 N 6 537222 W 39 981944 6 537222 Municipium Caurium Municipium Turgalium Trujillo 39 27 55 N 5 52 44 W 39 46528 N 5 87889 W 39 46528 5 87889 Municipium Turgalium Municipium Capara Caparra 40 10 00 N 6 06 04 W 40 1666 N 6 1010 W 40 1666 6 1010 Municipium Capara Municipium Olisipo Lisboa 38 42 44 N 9 08 02 W 38 7122204 N 9 1339731 W 38 7122204 9 1339731 Municipium Olisipo Municipium Egitandiorum Idanha a Velha 39 59 49 N 7 08 38 W 39 997 N 7 144 W 39 997 7 144 Municipium Egitandiorum Municipium Casas de Reina 38 12 8 N 5 58 11 W 38 20222 N 5 96972 W 38 20222 5 96972 Municipium Regina Turdulorum Municipium Lacobriga Lagos Portugal 37 6 10 N 8 40 22 W 37 10278 N 8 67278 W 37 10278 8 67278 Municipium Lacobriga Coloniae and Municipia image gallery Roman Theatre of Augusta Emerita Merida Roman Theatre of Metellinum Medellin Pax Iulia Beja Cryptoporticus of the ancient forum of Aeminium Coimbra Ruins of Conimbriga Roman bridge of Salamanca Roman walls of Coria Forum gate of Capara Caparra Roman walls of Olisipo Lisboa Roman arch of Egitandiorum Idanha a Velha Notable LusitaniansViriathus Gaius Appuleius Diocles Pope Damasus ILegacy of the nameAs with the Roman names of many European countries Lusitania was and is often used as an alternative name for Portugal especially in formal or literary and poetic contexts The 16th century colony that would eventually become Brazil was initially founded as New Lusitania In common use are such terms as Lusophone meaning Portuguese speaking and Lusitanic referring to the Community of Portuguese Language Countries once Portugal s colonies and presently independent countries still sharing some common heritage Prior to his invasion in 1807 Napoleon Bonaparte proposed the establishment of a French backed puppet Kingdom of Northern Lusitania as one of the successor states to Portugal under the assumption that such a campaign would result in an easy French victory The province was also the namesake of the North Atlantic Ocean liner RMS Lusitania infamous for being torpedoed by a German U boat in 1915 The ship s owners the Cunard Line commonly named their vessels after Roman provinces with the Lusitania so being called after the Roman Iberian province to the north of the Strait of Gibraltar while her sister ship RMS Mauretania was named after the Roman North African province on the south side of the strait See alsoAncient Rome portalPortugal portalSpain portalLusitanian mythology Lusitanian language National Archaeology Museum Portugal Ophiussa History of Portugal Timeline of Portuguese history History of Spain Timeline of Spanish history Pre Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula Romanization of Hispania Balsa Roman town ReferencesGarcia Jose Manuel 1989 Historia de Portugal Uma Visao Global Lisboa Editorial Presenca pp 32 33 38 ISBN 9722309897 Alan W Ertl 2008 Toward an Understanding of Europe A Political Economic Precis of Continental Integration Universal Publishers ISBN 9781599429830 Retrieved 2012 08 12 Room Adrian 2006 Placenames of the World McFarland Inc p 228 ISBN 9780786422487 Chapter XII Section I The History of the Celtes An Universal History from the Earliest Account of Time Vol VI London T Osborne A Millar and J Osborn 1747 p 22 Retrieved 18 October 2015 Piers Henry 1786 1682 No IV A Dissertation concerning the ancient Irish Laws amp c Part II In Vallancey Charles ed Collectanea de Rebus Hibernicis Vol 1 2nd ed Dublin Luke White p 279 Retrieved 18 October 2015 O Brien John 1768 Ta n amp Tain Focaloir gaoidhilge sax bhearla or An Irish English dictionary Nicolas Francis Valleyre p 464 Retrieved 18 October 2015 Strabo Geography Book III Chapter 4 paragraph 20 Archived from the original on 2023 11 03 Retrieved 2021 02 19 Ethnographic Map of Pre Roman Iberia circa 200 b Arkeotavira com Archived from the original on 2011 02 26 Retrieved 2010 08 03 Strabo Geography Penelope uchicago edu Archived from the original on 2019 09 12 Retrieved 2010 08 03 Suetonius Cae 18 Appian BH 102 Plut Cae 12 Dio 37 amp 52 153 154 Valleius Patraculus II 52 5 Antonio Santosuosso Storming the Heavans Soldiers Emperors and Civilians in the Roman Empire London Pilmico Random House 2011 p 57 58 Casey Simpson Caesar or Rex Honors thesis Ball State University 2004 Stephen Dando Collins Legions of Rome New York Thomas Dunne St Martin s 2010 pp 28 61 63 CAH both editions The Ancient Lusitanian World Archived from the original on 8 July 2019 Retrieved 25 June 2019 Garcia y Bellido Antonio 1958 Las colonias romanas de la provincia Lusitania Gabinete de Antiguedades de la Real Academia de la Historia Archived from the original on 2023 06 01 Retrieved 2023 06 01 Bowman Alan K Champlin Edward Lintott Andrew 1996 02 08 The Cambridge Ancient History Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521264303 Geza Alfoldy Fasti Hispanienses Steiner Wiesbaden 1969 Thomas Elliott 2004 Epigraphic Evidence for Boundary Disputes in the Roman Empire PhD University of North Carolina pp 63f CIL II 172 ILS 190 Abascal J M Lucius Caecilius Rufus Diccionario Biografico electronico Real Academia de la Historia Archived from the original on 2023 04 06 Retrieved 2023 06 01 Der Neue Pauly Stuttgart 1999 T 2 c 951 992 Abascal J M Lucius Calventius Vetus Carminius Diccionario Biografico electronico Real Academia de la Historia Archived from the original on 2023 04 05 Retrieved 2023 06 01 Abascal J M Marcus Porcius Cato Diccionario Biografico electronico Real Academia de la Historia Archived from the original on 2023 04 05 Retrieved 2023 06 01 Suetonius 25 October 2007 The Twelve Caesars Penguin pp 255 262 ISBN 978 0 14 045516 8 Abascal J M Oton Diccionario Biografico electronico Real Academia de la Historia Archived from the original on 2023 06 08 Retrieved 2023 06 01 Unless otherwise noted the governors from 75 to the end of Hadrian s reign are taken from Werner Eck Jahres und Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69 70 bis 138 139 Chiron 12 1982 pp 281 362 13 1983 pp 147 237 Abascal J M Quintus Acutius Faienanus Diccionario Biografico electronico Real Academia de la Historia Archived from the original on 2023 04 05 Retrieved 2023 06 01 Abascal J M Caius Oppius Sabinus Diccionario Biografico electronico Real Academia de la Historia Archived from the original on 2023 04 06 Retrieved 2023 06 01 Geza Alfoldy Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen Bonn Rudolf Habelt Verlag 1977 p 256 Abascal J M Quadratus Diccionario Biografico electronico Real Academia de la Historia Archived from the original on 2023 04 05 Retrieved 2023 06 01 Abascal J M Sextus Tigidius Perennis Diccionario Biografico electronico Real Academia de la Historia Archived from the original on 2023 03 27 Retrieved 2023 06 01 Leunissen Konsuln und Konsulare p 290 Paul Leunissen Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander Amsterdam J C Gieben 1989 p 289 Abascal J M Decimus Iunius Coelianus Diccionario Biografico electronico Real Academia de la Historia Archived from the original on 2023 06 03 Retrieved 2023 06 01 Paul Leunissen Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander Amsterdam J C Gieben 1989 p 289 Abascal J M Rutilus Pudens Crispinus Diccionario Biografico electronico Real Academia de la Historia Archived from the original on 2023 09 26 Retrieved 2023 06 01 Abascal J M Aemilius Aemilianus Diccionario Biografico electronico Real Academia de la Historia Archived from the original on 2023 04 06 Retrieved 2023 06 01 Abascal J M Datianus Diccionario Biografico electronico Real Academia de la Historia Archived from the original on 2023 04 06 Retrieved 2023 06 01 Abascal J M Iulius Saturninus Diccionario Biografico electronico Real Academia de la Historia Archived from the original on 2023 04 06 Retrieved 2023 06 01 Abascal J M Vettius Agorius Praetextatus Diccionario Biografico electronico Real Academia de la Historia Archived from the original on 2023 06 01 Retrieved 2023 06 01 External linksWikimedia Commons has media related to Lusitania Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Lusitania Lusitania Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Archived 2021 02 25 at the Wayback Machine Detailed map of the Pre Roman Peoples of Iberia around 200 BC Southern Star Article Crewman s strange foreboding of disaster 38 46 08 N 7 13 05 W 38 7689 N 7 2181 W 38 7689 7 2181
