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    List of European Union member states by political system

    Author: www.NiNa.Az
    Feb 25, 2025 / 16:39

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    List of European Union member states by political system
    List of European Union member states by political system
    List of European Union member states by political system
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    Member states of the European Union use various forms of democracy. The European Union (EU) is a sui generis supranational union of states. At a European Council Summit held in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 21 June and 22 June 1993, the European Union defined the Copenhagen criteria regarding the conditions a candidate country has to fulfill to be considered eligible for accession to the European Union:

    image
    Freedom House ratings for European Union and surrounding states, as of 2024.
      Free
      Partly free
      Not free
    EU member states are marked by a brighter colour.

    Membership criteria require that the candidate country must have achieved:

    • stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities;
    • the existence of a functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union;
    • the ability to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political, economic and monetary union.

    Consequently, all member states have direct elections, nominally democratic states that are considered to be "free" or "partly free" according to the criteria of Freedom House. As of 2020, there is no expert consensus on how to classify Hungary's regime type; Freedom House considers it a hybrid regime. As of 2015, all European Union member states are representative democracies; however, they do not all have the same political system, with most of the differences arising from different historical backgrounds.

    Many of the states in the neighbourhood of the European Union are not considered to be "free" by the same criteria. Most European states neighbouring the European Union are considered to be "free" or "partly free" by Freedom House, with the exceptions of Azerbaijan, Belarus and Russia. On the other hand, almost all of the states in North Africa and Southwest Asia that neighbour the European Union are not considered to be "free", with the exceptions of Israel and Tunisia.

    Monarchism and republicanism

    image
      monarchy
      republic

    At present, there are twelve monarchies in Europe, of which six are members of the European Union: Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden, and six are not: Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Norway, the United Kingdom and the Vatican City. All six monarchies in the European Union are constitutional monarchies. In all six monarchies that are in the EU, the monarch is legally not vested with political power, or the monarch does not utilise the political powers vested in the office by convention. At the dawn of the 20th century, France was the only republic among the future members states of the European Union; the ascent of republicanism to the political mainstream only started at the beginning of the 20th century. In Belgium, the monarchy enjoys a lower degree of support than in other European monarchies, and is often questioned. Popular support for the monarchy has historically been higher in Flanders and lower in Wallonia; however, in recent decades these roles have reversed.

    Form of government

    image
      presidential republic
      Semi-presidential republic
      parliamentary republic
      parliamentary constitutional monarchy

    There are three types of government systems in European politics: in a presidential system, the president is the head of state and the head of government; in a semi-presidential system, the president and the prime minister share a number of competences; finally, in a parliamentary republic, the president is a ceremonial figurehead who has few political competences. As with the definition of constitutional monarchies, sometimes the president does have non-ceremonial competences, but does not use them by constitutional convention; this is the case in Austria, for instance.

    By definition, modern democratic constitutional monarchies are parliamentary, as there is no elected head of state who could assume non-ceremonial competences; of the twenty one republican member states of the European Union, only one is a presidential republic (Cyprus) and four are semi-presidential republics (France, Lithuania, Portugal and Romania). These four (semi-)presidential republics elect their president by direct popular vote. Among the sixteen parliamentary republics, nine do the same (namely Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, Ireland, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia), whereas in the remaining seven (Estonia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia and Malta), the president is elected by parliament or other special representative body such as the German Bundesversammlung.

    Degree of self-governance

    image
      unitary state
      devolved state
      federacy
      federation

    Most of the European Union's member states are unitary states, which means that most of the competences lie with the central government and only minor or local issues are within the authority of regional governments. However, three states are federations (Austria, Belgium and Germany) of states or regions with equal competences, and six other states have either devolved certain powers to special regions or are federacies (or both):

    • federacies:
      • in Denmark, the Faroe Islands and Greenland are autonomous (and neither is part of the European Union);
      • in Finland, Åland has substantial autonomy;
      • in France, the collectivité sui generis New Caledonia (which is not part of the European Union) has a large degree of autonomy;
      • in the Netherlands, the Caribbean island groups of Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten are equal partners to the Netherlands within the Kingdom of the Netherlands;
    • devolved states:
      • in Italy, the government has devolved a number of powers to the twenty regions, of which five have a very large degree of autonomy, namely Aosta Valley, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Sardinia, and Sicily;
      • in Spain, the central government has devolved various powers to the historic nationalities among the autonomous communities, namely Andalusia, the Basque Country, Catalonia and Galicia.

    Parliamentary chambers

    image
      unicameral
      bicameral

    A further distinction is the number of chambers in the national legislature; unicameral systems with one chamber or bicameral ones with a lower house and an upper house. Federations and countries with strong regional differences or regional identities are normally bicameral, to reflect the regions' interests in national bills. The states with the larger populations, from the Netherlands upwards, all have a bicameral system. Although there is a greater mix among the smaller states (some influenced by their federalist structure), the smallest states are on the whole unicameral.

    While there had been legislatures with more than two chambers (tricameral and tetracameral ones), nowadays there are only unicameral and bicameral ones. Additionally, there are also differences in the degree of bicameralism. Whereas Italy is considered as having "perfect bicameralism", with both chambers being equal, most other bicameral systems restrict the upper house's powers to a certain extent. There is a slight trend towards unicameralism; some upper houses have seen their powers reduced or proposals to that end. Belgium's system has been reduced from a perfectly bicameral one to a nowadays de facto unicameral system. In 2009, Romania voted in favour of unicameralism, on a plebiscite, however the country still has a bicameral system, as of 2025. On the other hand, Ireland narrowly voted against abolishing their upper house in 2013, and Italy voted not to reduce its Senate's powers in 2016.

    In the member states of the European Union, if the parliament has only one chamber, it is wholly directly elected in all cases. If there are two chambers, the lower house is directly elected in all cases, while the upper house can be directly elected (e.g. the Senate of Poland); or indirectly elected, for example, by regional legislatures (e.g. the Federal Council of Austria); or non-elected, but representing certain interest groups (e.g. the National Council of Slovenia).

    Listed by form of government

    State Government Self-governance Monarchy/Republic Head of state Head of government
    image Bulgaria parliamentary unitary republic President (Президент) Minister-Chairman (Министър-председател)
    image Croatia President of the Republic (Predsjednik Republike) President of the Government (Predsjednik Vlade)
    image Czech Republic President (Prezident) Chairman of the Government (Předseda vlády)
    image Estonia President (President) Head Minister (Peaminister)
    image Greece President (Πρόεδρος) Prime Minister (Πρωθυπουργός)
    image Hungary President of the Republic (Köztársasági Elnök) Minister-President (Miniszterelnök)
    image Ireland President (Uachtarán) Taoiseach
    image Latvia President (Prezidents) Minister-President (Ministru prezidents)
    image Malta President (President) Prime Minister (Prim Ministru)
    image Slovakia President (Prezident) Chairman of the Government (Predseda vlády)
    image Slovenia President (Predsednik) President of the Government (Predsednik vlade)
    image Luxembourg constitutional monarchy Grand Duke (Grand-duc / Großherzog / Groussherzog) Prime Minister (Premier ministre / Premierminister / Premierminister)
    image Sweden King (Kung) Minister of the State (Statsminister)
    image Austria federal republic Federal President (Bundespräsident) Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler)
    image Germany Federal President (Bundespräsident) Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler)
    image Belgium constitutional popular monarchy King (Koning / Roi / König) Prime Minister / First Minister (Eerste Minister / Premier Ministre / Premierminister)
    image Finland federate republic President (Presidentti / President) Head Minister / Minister of the State (Pääministeri / Statsminister)
    image Denmark constitutional monarchy King (Konge) Minister of State (Statsminister)
    image Netherlands King (Koning) Minister-President (Minister-president)
    image Italy devolved republic President of the Republic (Presidente della Repubblica) President of the Council of Ministers (Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri)
    image Spain constitutional monarchy King (Rey) President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno)
    image France semi-presidential federate republic President (Président) Prime Minister (Premier ministre)
    image Lithuania unitary President (Prezidentas) Minister-President (Ministras Pirmininkas)
    image Poland President (Prezydent) President of the Council of Ministers (Prezes Rady Ministrów)
    image Portugal President (Presidente) Prime Minister (Primeiro-Ministro)
    image Romania President (Preşedinte) Prime Minister (Prim-ministru)
    image Cyprus presidential President (Πρόεδρος / Cumhurbaşkanı)

    Listed by type of parliament

    Member state System Overall name of legislature
    Lower house (members) Upper house (members)
    image Austria bicameral Austrian Parliament (Österreichisches Parlament),
    convened jointly as Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung)
    National Council (Nationalrat) (183) Federal Council (Bundesrat) (61)
    image Belgium bicameral[I],
    de facto unicameral     		Federal Parliament (Federaal Parlement / Parlement fédéral / Föderales Parlament),
    convened jointly as United Chambers (Verenigde Kamers / Chambres réunies)
    Chamber of Representatives
    (Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers /
    Chambre des Représentants /
    Abgeordnetenkammer)     (150)     		Senate (Senaat / Sénat / Senat) (60)
    image Bulgaria unicameral National Assembly (Народно събрание) (240)
    image Croatia unicameral Croatian Parliament (Hrvatski sabor) (151)
    image Cyprus unicameral House of Representatives (Βουλή των Αντιπροσώπων / Temsilciler Meclisi) (56)[II]
    image Czech Republic bicameral Parliament (Parlament)
    Chamber of Deputies (Poslanecká sněmovna) (200) Senate (Senát) (81)
    image Denmark unicameral The People's Thing (Folketinget) (179)
    image Estonia unicameral State Assembly (Riigikogu) (101)
    image Finland unicameral[III] Diet (Eduskunta / Riksdag) (200)
    image France bicameral Parliament (Parlement), convened jointly as Congress (Congrès)
    National Assembly (Assemblée nationale) (577) Senate (Sénat) (348)
    image Germany bicameral —[IV]
    Federal Diet (Bundestag) (736)[V] Federal Council (Bundesrat) (69)
    image Greece unicameral Parliament of the Greeks (Βουλή των Ελλήνων) (300)
    image Hungary unicameral National Assembly (Országgyűlés) (199)
    image Ireland bicameral National Parliament (Oireachtas)[VI]
    Assembly (Dáil)[VI] (166) Senate (Seanad)[VI] (60)
    image Italy bicameral Parliament (Parlamento)
    Chamber of Deputies (Camera dei Deputati) (400) Senate of the Republic (Senato della Repubblica) (200)[VII]
    image Latvia unicameral Diet (Saeima) (100)
    image Lithuania unicameral Diet (Seimas) (141)
    image Luxembourg unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des Députés / Abgeordnetenkammer / Châmber vun Députéirten) (60)
    image Malta unicameral House of Representatives (Kamra tad-Deputati) (67)[VIII]
    image Netherlands bicameral States–General (Staten–Generaal)
    Second Chamber (Tweede Kamer) (150) First Chamber (Eerste Kamer) (75)
    image Poland bicameral National Assembly (Zgromadzenie Narodowe)[IX]
    Diet (Sejm) (460) Senate (Senat) (100)
    image Portugal unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da República) (230)
    image Romania bicameral Parliament (Parlamentul),

    convened jointly as the Reunited Chambers (Camerele Reunite)

    Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputaţilor) (330) Senate (Senat) (136)
    image Slovakia unicameral National Council (Národná rada) (150)
    image Slovenia bicameral Parliament (Parlament)
    National Assembly (Državni zbor) (90) National Council (Državni svet) (40)
    image Spain bicameral General Courts (Cortes Generales)
    Congress of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados) (350) Senate (Senado) (266)
    image Sweden unicameral National Diet (Riksdagen) (349)
    I^ : Due to Belgium's complex federal structure the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region (Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Parlement / Parlement de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale) (89, regional assembly), Flemish Parliament (Vlaams Parlement) (124, regional and community assembly), the Walloon Parliament (Parlement wallon) (75, regional assembly), the Parliament of the French Community (Parlement de la Communauté française) (94, community assembly) and the Parliament of the German-speaking Community (Parlament der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft) (25, community assembly) have competences in federal legislation that affects their interests.
    II^ : Only 56 out of 80 are occupied, due to the occupation of Cyprus.
    III^ : In legislation which affects the autonomous region of Åland, its Parliament (Lagting) (30) also has legislative competences.
    IV^ : While there is a Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung) similar to the Austrian Federal Assembly, it is not simply a joint session of the Federal Diet and the Federal Council and as such not the overall name of the legislature.
    V^ : Technically, the Federal Diet only has 598 seats; the additional thirty-two members are overhang seats resulting from the 2017 election.
    VI^ : The Irish names are used in the English-language version of the Constitution of Ireland, and generally in English-language speech and writing in Ireland.
    VII^ : In addition to the 315 elected members, there are currently five senators for life (senatore a vita); these include former Italian President, who is ex officio senator for life, as well as senators appointed by the President "for outstanding patriotic merits in the social, scientific, artistic or literary field". There can only be five appointed senators in addition to the ex officio ones at any one time.
    VIII^ : Technically, the House of Representatives only has 65 members; the additional two seats are overhang seats to ensure a majority of MPs for the party which gained the most votes in the 2017 election.
    IX^ : The name Zgromadzenie Narodowe is only used on the rare occasions when both houses sit together.

    See also

    • List of political systems in France

    References

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    This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia s quality standards The specific problem is dead link s and outdated information Please help improve this article if you can June 2014 Learn how and when to remove this message Member states of the European Union use various forms of democracy The European Union EU is a sui generis supranational union of states At a European Council Summit held in Copenhagen Denmark on 21 June and 22 June 1993 the European Union defined the Copenhagen criteria regarding the conditions a candidate country has to fulfill to be considered eligible for accession to the European Union Freedom House ratings for European Union and surrounding states as of 2024 Free Partly free Not free EU member states are marked by a brighter colour Membership criteria require that the candidate country must have achieved stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy the rule of law human rights and respect for and protection of minorities the existence of a functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union the ability to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political economic and monetary union Consequently all member states have direct elections nominally democratic states that are considered to be free or partly free according to the criteria of Freedom House As of 2020 there is no expert consensus on how to classify Hungary s regime type Freedom House considers it a hybrid regime As of 2015 all European Union member states are representative democracies however they do not all have the same political system with most of the differences arising from different historical backgrounds Many of the states in the neighbourhood of the European Union are not considered to be free by the same criteria Most European states neighbouring the European Union are considered to be free or partly free by Freedom House with the exceptions of Azerbaijan Belarus and Russia On the other hand almost all of the states in North Africa and Southwest Asia that neighbour the European Union are not considered to be free with the exceptions of Israel and Tunisia Monarchism and republicanism monarchy republic At present there are twelve monarchies in Europe of which six are members of the European Union Belgium Denmark Luxembourg the Netherlands Spain and Sweden and six are not Andorra Liechtenstein Monaco Norway the United Kingdom and the Vatican City All six monarchies in the European Union are constitutional monarchies In all six monarchies that are in the EU the monarch is legally not vested with political power or the monarch does not utilise the political powers vested in the office by convention At the dawn of the 20th century France was the only republic among the future members states of the European Union the ascent of republicanism to the political mainstream only started at the beginning of the 20th century In Belgium the monarchy enjoys a lower degree of support than in other European monarchies and is often questioned Popular support for the monarchy has historically been higher in Flanders and lower in Wallonia however in recent decades these roles have reversed Form of government presidential republic Semi presidential republic parliamentary republic parliamentary constitutional monarchy There are three types of government systems in European politics in a presidential system the president is the head of state and the head of government in a semi presidential system the president and the prime minister share a number of competences finally in a parliamentary republic the president is a ceremonial figurehead who has few political competences As with the definition of constitutional monarchies sometimes the president does have non ceremonial competences but does not use them by constitutional convention this is the case in Austria for instance By definition modern democratic constitutional monarchies are parliamentary as there is no elected head of state who could assume non ceremonial competences of the twenty one republican member states of the European Union only one is a presidential republic Cyprus and four are semi presidential republics France Lithuania Portugal and Romania These four semi presidential republics elect their president by direct popular vote Among the sixteen parliamentary republics nine do the same namely Austria Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Finland Ireland Poland Slovakia and Slovenia whereas in the remaining seven Estonia Germany Greece Hungary Italy Latvia and Malta the president is elected by parliament or other special representative body such as the German Bundesversammlung Degree of self governance unitary state devolved state federacy federation Most of the European Union s member states are unitary states which means that most of the competences lie with the central government and only minor or local issues are within the authority of regional governments However three states are federations Austria Belgium and Germany of states or regions with equal competences and six other states have either devolved certain powers to special regions or are federacies or both federacies in Denmark the Faroe Islands and Greenland are autonomous and neither is part of the European Union in Finland Aland has substantial autonomy in France the collectivite sui generis New Caledonia which is not part of the European Union has a large degree of autonomy in the Netherlands the Caribbean island groups of Aruba Curacao and Sint Maarten are equal partners to the Netherlands within the Kingdom of the Netherlands devolved states in Italy the government has devolved a number of powers to the twenty regions of which five have a very large degree of autonomy namely Aosta Valley Trentino Alto Adige Sudtirol Friuli Venezia Giulia Sardinia and Sicily in Spain the central government has devolved various powers to the historic nationalities among the autonomous communities namely Andalusia the Basque Country Catalonia and Galicia Parliamentary chambers unicameral bicameral A further distinction is the number of chambers in the national legislature unicameral systems with one chamber or bicameral ones with a lower house and an upper house Federations and countries with strong regional differences or regional identities are normally bicameral to reflect the regions interests in national bills The states with the larger populations from the Netherlands upwards all have a bicameral system Although there is a greater mix among the smaller states some influenced by their federalist structure the smallest states are on the whole unicameral While there had been legislatures with more than two chambers tricameral and tetracameral ones nowadays there are only unicameral and bicameral ones Additionally there are also differences in the degree of bicameralism Whereas Italy is considered as having perfect bicameralism with both chambers being equal most other bicameral systems restrict the upper house s powers to a certain extent There is a slight trend towards unicameralism some upper houses have seen their powers reduced or proposals to that end Belgium s system has been reduced from a perfectly bicameral one to a nowadays de facto unicameral system In 2009 Romania voted in favour of unicameralism on a plebiscite however the country still has a bicameral system as of 2025 On the other hand Ireland narrowly voted against abolishing their upper house in 2013 and Italy voted not to reduce its Senate s powers in 2016 In the member states of the European Union if the parliament has only one chamber it is wholly directly elected in all cases If there are two chambers the lower house is directly elected in all cases while the upper house can be directly elected e g the Senate of Poland or indirectly elected for example by regional legislatures e g the Federal Council of Austria or non elected but representing certain interest groups e g the National Council of Slovenia Listed by form of governmentState Government Self governance Monarchy Republic Head of state Head of government Bulgaria parliamentary unitary republic President Prezident Minister Chairman Ministr predsedatel Croatia President of the Republic Predsjednik Republike President of the Government Predsjednik Vlade Czech Republic President Prezident Chairman of the Government Predseda vlady Estonia President President Head Minister Peaminister Greece President Proedros Prime Minister Prw8ypoyrgos Hungary President of the Republic Koztarsasagi Elnok Minister President Miniszterelnok Ireland President Uachtaran Taoiseach Latvia President Prezidents Minister President Ministru prezidents Malta President President Prime Minister Prim Ministru Slovakia President Prezident Chairman of the Government Predseda vlady Slovenia President Predsednik President of the Government Predsednik vlade Luxembourg constitutional monarchy Grand Duke Grand duc Grossherzog Groussherzog Prime Minister Premier ministre Premierminister Premierminister Sweden King Kung Minister of the State Statsminister Austria federal republic Federal President Bundesprasident Federal Chancellor Bundeskanzler Germany Federal President Bundesprasident Federal Chancellor Bundeskanzler Belgium constitutional popular monarchy King Koning Roi Konig Prime Minister First Minister Eerste Minister Premier Ministre Premierminister Finland federate republic President Presidentti President Head Minister Minister of the State Paaministeri Statsminister Denmark constitutional monarchy King Konge Minister of State Statsminister Netherlands King Koning Minister President Minister president Italy devolved republic President of the Republic Presidente della Repubblica President of the Council of Ministers Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri Spain constitutional monarchy King Rey President of the Government Presidente del Gobierno France semi presidential federate republic President President Prime Minister Premier ministre Lithuania unitary President Prezidentas Minister President Ministras Pirmininkas Poland President Prezydent President of the Council of Ministers Prezes Rady Ministrow Portugal President Presidente Prime Minister Primeiro Ministro Romania President Presedinte Prime Minister Prim ministru Cyprus presidential President Proedros Cumhurbaskani Listed by type of parliamentMember state System Overall name of legislatureLower house members Upper house members Austria bicameral Austrian Parliament Osterreichisches Parlament convened jointly as Federal Assembly Bundesversammlung National Council Nationalrat 183 Federal Council Bundesrat 61 Belgium bicameral I de facto unicameral Federal Parliament Federaal Parlement Parlement federal Foderales Parlament convened jointly as United Chambers Verenigde Kamers Chambres reunies Chamber of Representatives Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers Chambre des Representants Abgeordnetenkammer 150 Senate Senaat Senat Senat 60 Bulgaria unicameral National Assembly Narodno sbranie 240 Croatia unicameral Croatian Parliament Hrvatski sabor 151 Cyprus unicameral House of Representatives Boylh twn Antiproswpwn Temsilciler Meclisi 56 II Czech Republic bicameral Parliament Parlament Chamber of Deputies Poslanecka snemovna 200 Senate Senat 81 Denmark unicameral The People s Thing Folketinget 179 Estonia unicameral State Assembly Riigikogu 101 Finland unicameral III Diet Eduskunta Riksdag 200 France bicameral Parliament Parlement convened jointly as Congress Congres National Assembly Assemblee nationale 577 Senate Senat 348 Germany bicameral IV Federal Diet Bundestag 736 V Federal Council Bundesrat 69 Greece unicameral Parliament of the Greeks Boylh twn Ellhnwn 300 Hungary unicameral National Assembly Orszaggyules 199 Ireland bicameral National Parliament Oireachtas VI Assembly Dail VI 166 Senate Seanad VI 60 Italy bicameral Parliament Parlamento Chamber of Deputies Camera dei Deputati 400 Senate of the Republic Senato della Repubblica 200 VII Latvia unicameral Diet Saeima 100 Lithuania unicameral Diet Seimas 141 Luxembourg unicameral Chamber of Deputies Chambre des Deputes Abgeordnetenkammer Chamber vun Deputeirten 60 Malta unicameral House of Representatives Kamra tad Deputati 67 VIII Netherlands bicameral States General Staten Generaal Second Chamber Tweede Kamer 150 First Chamber Eerste Kamer 75 Poland bicameral National Assembly Zgromadzenie Narodowe IX Diet Sejm 460 Senate Senat 100 Portugal unicameral Assembly of the Republic Assembleia da Republica 230 Romania bicameral Parliament Parlamentul convened jointly as the Reunited Chambers Camerele Reunite Chamber of Deputies Camera Deputaţilor 330 Senate Senat 136 Slovakia unicameral National Council Narodna rada 150 Slovenia bicameral Parliament Parlament National Assembly Drzavni zbor 90 National Council Drzavni svet 40 Spain bicameral General Courts Cortes Generales Congress of Deputies Congreso de los Diputados 350 Senate Senado 266 Sweden unicameral National Diet Riksdagen 349 I Due to Belgium s complex federal structure the Parliament of the Brussels Capital Region Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Parlement Parlement de la Region de Bruxelles Capitale 89 regional assembly Flemish Parliament Vlaams Parlement 124 regional and community assembly the Walloon Parliament Parlement wallon 75 regional assembly the Parliament of the French Community Parlement de la Communaute francaise 94 community assembly and the Parliament of the German speaking Community Parlament der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft 25 community assembly have competences in federal legislation that affects their interests II Only 56 out of 80 are occupied due to the occupation of Cyprus III In legislation which affects the autonomous region of Aland its Parliament Lagting 30 also has legislative competences IV While there is a Federal Assembly Bundesversammlung similar to the Austrian Federal Assembly it is not simply a joint session of the Federal Diet and the Federal Council and as such not the overall name of the legislature V Technically the Federal Diet only has 598 seats the additional thirty two members are overhang seats resulting from the 2017 election VI The Irish names are used in the English language version of the Constitution of Ireland and generally in English language speech and writing in Ireland VII In addition to the 315 elected members there are currently five senators for life senatore a vita these include former Italian President who is ex officio senator for life as well as senators appointed by the President for outstanding patriotic merits in the social scientific artistic or literary field There can only be five appointed senators in addition to the ex officio ones at any one time VIII Technically the House of Representatives only has 65 members the additional two seats are overhang seats to ensure a majority of MPs for the party which gained the most votes in the 2017 election IX The name Zgromadzenie Narodowe is only used on the rare occasions when both houses sit together See alsoList of political systems in FranceReferences Freedom in the World 2024 Freedom House Retrieved 12 October 2024 European Commission 6 May 2006 1993 The History of the European Union Archived from the original on 24 July 2006 Retrieved 30 June 2006 European Commission 27 March 2006 Accession criteria Understanding enlargement Archived from the original on 28 August 2006 Retrieved 27 June 2006 European Commission Accession criteria Copenhagen criteria Retrieved 5 March 2016 Korosenyi Andras Illes Gabor Gyulai Attila 15 April 2020 The Orban Regime Plebiscitary Leader Democracy in the Making Routledge p 16 ISBN 978 0 429 62441 4 This colourful and wide picture of labelling shows not only the inventive imagination of scholars but also the lack of scholarly consensus on how to characterise the contemporary regime that has emerged in Hungary Drinoczi Timea Bien Kacala Agnieszka 2021 Illiberal Constitutionalism in Poland and Hungary The Deterioration of Democracy Misuse of Human Rights and Abuse of the Rule of Law Routledge pp 18 21 ISBN 978 1 032 00730 4 Political scientists call the Hungarian political system a hybrid regime standing between democracy and authoritarianism a diffusely defective democracy and a plebiscitary leader democracy Lately Freedom House has labelled Hungary as a transitional or hybrid regime based on its democracy score Boda Zsolt Szucs Zoltan Gabor 2021 When Illiberalism Meets Neoliberalism State and the Social Sciences in Present Hungary Political Science in the Shadow of the State Research Relevance Deference Springer International Publishing pp 203 230 208 ISBN 978 3 030 75918 6 By now there is widespread agreement on the fact that Hungary is not a democracy anymore as reflected in the conclusions of V Dem Freedom House and a range of global democracy barometers Freedom House 6 February 2019 2019 Freedom in the World Retrieved 6 February 2019 Prince Philippe 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