A lexeme (/ˈlɛksiːm/ ) is a unit of lexical meaning that underlies a set of words that are related through inflection. It is a basic abstract unit of meaning, a unit of morphological analysis in linguistics that roughly corresponds to a set of forms taken by a single root word. For example, in the English language, run, runs, ran and running are forms of the same lexeme, which can be represented as RUN.
One form, the lemma (or citation form), is chosen by convention as the canonical form of a lexeme. The lemma is the form used in dictionaries as an entry's headword. Other forms of a lexeme are often listed later in the entry if they are uncommon or irregularly inflected.
Description
The notion of the lexeme is central to morphology, the basis for defining other concepts in that field. For example, the difference between inflection and derivation can be stated in terms of lexemes:
- Inflectional rules relate a lexeme to its forms.
- Derivational rules relate a lexeme to another lexeme.
A lexeme belongs to a particular syntactic category, has a certain meaning (semantic value), and in inflecting languages, has a corresponding inflectional paradigm. That is, a lexeme in many languages will have many different forms. For example, the lexeme RUN has a present third person singular form runs, a present non-third-person singular form run (which also functions as the past participle and non-finite form), a past form ran, and a present participle running. (It does not include runner, runners, runnable etc.) The use of the forms of a lexeme is governed by rules of grammar. In the case of English verbs such as RUN, they include subject–verb agreement and compound tense rules, which determine the form of a verb that can be used in a given sentence.
In many formal theories of language, lexemes have subcategorization frames to account for the number and types of complements. They occur within sentences and other syntactic structures.
Decomposition
A language's lexemes are often composed of smaller units with individual meaning called morphemes, according to root morpheme + derivational morphemes + affix (not necessarily in that order), where:
- The root morpheme is the primary lexical unit of a word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced to smaller constituents.
- The derivational morphemes carry only derivational information.
- The affix is composed of all inflectional morphemes, and carries only inflectional information.
The compound root morpheme + derivational morphemes is often called the stem. The decomposition stem + desinence can then be used to study inflection.
See also
- Ending (linguistics)
- Inflection
- Lemma
- Lexicon
- Lexical item
- Lexical word vs. grammatical word
- Marker (linguistics)
- Multiword expression
- Null morpheme
- Root (linguistics)
- Stem
- Syntagma (linguistics)
- Word family
Notes
- RUN is here intended to display in small caps. Software limitations may result in its display either in full-sized capitals (RUN) or in full-sized capitals of a smaller font. Either is regarded as an acceptable substitute for genuine small caps.
References
- The Cambridge Encyclopedia of The English Language. David Crystal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 118. ISBN 0521401798.
- Bonami O, Boyé G, Dal G, Giraudo H, Namer F (2018). Bonami O, Boyé G, Dal G, Giraudo H, Namer F (eds.). The lexeme in descriptive and theoretical morphology (pdf). Berlin: Language Science Press. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1402520. ISBN 978-3-96110-110-8.
- "SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms: What is a Root?". Sil.org. 3 December 2015. Retrieved 2021-05-14.
- "SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms: What is a Derivational Affix?". Sil.org. 3 December 2015. Retrieved 2021-05-14.
- "SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms: What is an Inflectional Affix?". Sil.org. 3 December 2015. Retrieved 2021-05-14.
- "SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms: What is a Stem?". Sil.org. 3 December 2015. Retrieved 2021-05-14.
External links
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The dictionary definition of lexeme at Wiktionary
A lexeme ˈ l ɛ k s iː m is a unit of lexical meaning that underlies a set of words that are related through inflection It is a basic abstract unit of meaning a unit of morphological analysis in linguistics that roughly corresponds to a set of forms taken by a single root word For example in the English language run runs ran and running are forms of the same lexeme which can be represented as RUN One form the lemma or citation form is chosen by convention as the canonical form of a lexeme The lemma is the form used in dictionaries as an entry s headword Other forms of a lexeme are often listed later in the entry if they are uncommon or irregularly inflected DescriptionThe notion of the lexeme is central to morphology the basis for defining other concepts in that field For example the difference between inflection and derivation can be stated in terms of lexemes Inflectional rules relate a lexeme to its forms Derivational rules relate a lexeme to another lexeme A lexeme belongs to a particular syntactic category has a certain meaning semantic value and in inflecting languages has a corresponding inflectional paradigm That is a lexeme in many languages will have many different forms For example the lexeme RUN has a present third person singular form runs a present non third person singular form run which also functions as the past participle and non finite form a past form ran and a present participle running It does not include runner runners runnable etc The use of the forms of a lexeme is governed by rules of grammar In the case of English verbs such as RUN they include subject verb agreement and compound tense rules which determine the form of a verb that can be used in a given sentence In many formal theories of language lexemes have subcategorization frames to account for the number and types of complements They occur within sentences and other syntactic structures DecompositionA language s lexemes are often composed of smaller units with individual meaning called morphemes according to root morpheme derivational morphemes affix not necessarily in that order where The root morpheme is the primary lexical unit of a word which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced to smaller constituents The derivational morphemes carry only derivational information The affix is composed of all inflectional morphemes and carries only inflectional information The compound root morpheme derivational morphemes is often called the stem The decomposition stem desinence can then be used to study inflection See alsoLinguistics portalLanguage portalEnding linguistics Inflection Lemma Lexicon Lexical item Lexical word vs grammatical word Marker linguistics Multiword expression Null morpheme Root linguistics Stem Syntagma linguistics Word familyNotesRUN is here intended to display in small caps Software limitations may result in its display either in full sized capitals RUN or in full sized capitals of a smaller font Either is regarded as an acceptable substitute for genuine small caps ReferencesThe Cambridge Encyclopedia of The English Language David Crystal Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1995 p 118 ISBN 0521401798 Bonami O Boye G Dal G Giraudo H Namer F 2018 Bonami O Boye G Dal G Giraudo H Namer F eds The lexeme in descriptive and theoretical morphology pdf Berlin Language Science Press doi 10 5281 zenodo 1402520 ISBN 978 3 96110 110 8 SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms What is a Root Sil org 3 December 2015 Retrieved 2021 05 14 SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms What is a Derivational Affix Sil org 3 December 2015 Retrieved 2021 05 14 SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms What is an Inflectional Affix Sil org 3 December 2015 Retrieved 2021 05 14 SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms What is a Stem Sil org 3 December 2015 Retrieved 2021 05 14 External linksThe dictionary definition of lexeme at Wiktionary
