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Imaging is the representation or reproduction of an object's form; especially a visual representation (i.e., the formation of an image).
Imaging technology is the application of materials and methods to create, preserve, or duplicate images.
Imaging science is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the generation, collection, duplication, analysis, modification, and visualization of images, including imaging things that the human eye cannot detect. As an evolving field it includes research and researchers from physics, mathematics, electrical engineering, computer vision, computer science, and perceptual psychology.
Imagers are imaging sensors.
Imaging chain
The foundation of imaging science as a discipline is the "imaging chain" – a conceptual model describing all of the factors which must be considered when developing a system for creating visual renderings (images). In general, the links of the imaging chain include:
- The human visual system. Designers must also consider the psychophysical processes which take place in human beings as they make sense of information received through the visual system.
- The subject of the image. When developing an imaging system, designers must consider the observables associated with the subjects which will be imaged. These observables generally take the form of emitted or reflected energy, such as electromagnetic energy or mechanical energy.
- The capture device. Once the observables associated with the subject are characterized, designers can then identify and integrate the technologies needed to capture those observables. For example, in the case of consumer digital cameras, those technologies include optics for collecting energy in the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, and electronic detectors for converting the electromagnetic energy into an electronic signal.
- The processor. For all digital imaging systems, the electronic signals produced by the capture device must be manipulated by an algorithm which formats the signals so they can be displayed as an image. In practice, there are often multiple processors involved in the creation of a digital image.
- The display. The display takes the electronic signals which have been manipulated by the processor and renders them on some visual medium. Examples include paper (for printed, or "hard copy" images), television, computer monitor, or projector.
Note that some imaging scientists will include additional "links" in their description of the imaging chain. For example, some will include the "source" of the energy which "illuminates" or interacts with the subject of the image. Others will include storage and/or transmission systems.
Subfields
Subfields within imaging science include: image processing, computer vision, 3D computer graphics, animations, atmospheric optics, astronomical imaging, biological imaging, digital image restoration, digital imaging, color science, digital photography, holography, magnetic resonance imaging, medical imaging, microdensitometry, optics, photography, remote sensing, radar imaging, radiometry, silver halide, ultrasound imaging, photoacoustic imaging, thermal imaging, visual perception, and various printing technologies.
Methodologies
- Acoustic imaging
- Coherent imaging uses an active coherent illumination source, such as in radar, synthetic aperture radar (SAR), medical ultrasound and optical coherence tomography; non-coherent imaging systems include fluorescent microscopes, optical microscopes, and telescopes.
- Chemical imaging, the simultaneous measurement of spectra and pictures
- Digital imaging, creating digital images, generally by scanning or through digital photography
- Disk image, a file which contains the exact content of a data storage medium
- Document imaging, replicating documents commonly used in business
- Geophysical imaging
- Industrial process imaging
- Medical imaging, creating images of the human body or parts of it, to diagnose or examine disease
- Medical optical imaging
- Magnetic resonance imaging
- , imaging modality to image the electrical conductivity of biological tissues
- Molecular imaging
- Radar imaging, or imaging radar, for obtaining an image of an object, not just its location and speed
- Range imaging, for obtaining images with depth information
- Reprography, reproduction of graphics through electrical and mechanical means
- Cinematography
- Photography, the process of creating still images
- Xerography, the method of photocopying
- Speckle imaging, a method of shift-and-add for astronomical imaging
- Stereo imaging, an aspect of sound recording and reproduction concerning spatial locations of the performers
- Thermography, infrared imaging
- Tactile imaging, also known as elastography
Examples
Imaging technology materials and methods include:
- Computer graphics
- Virtual camera system used in computer and video games and virtual cinematography
- Microfilm and Micrographics
- Visual arts
- Etching
- Drawing and Technical drawing
- Film
- Painting
- Photography
- Multiple-camera setup enables stereoscopy and stereophotogrammetry
- Light-field camera (basically refocusable photography)
- Printmaking
- Sculpture
- Infrared
- Radar imagery
- Ultrasound
- Multi-spectral image
- Electro-optical sensor
- Charge-coupled device
- Ground-penetrating radar
- Electron microscope
- Imagery analysis
- Medical radiography
- Industrial radiography
- LIDAR
- Image scanner
- Structured-light 3D scanner
See also
- Image development (disambiguation)
- Image processing
- Nonimaging optics
- Society for Imaging Science and Technology
- The Imaging Science Journal
References
- Joseph P. Hornak, Encyclopedia of Imaging Science and Technology (John Wiley & Sons, 2002) ISBN 9780471332763
- Kaboutari, Keivan; Önder Tetik, Ahmet; Ghalichi, Elyar; Soner Gözü, Mehmet; Zengin, Reyhan; Güneri Gençer, Nevzat (2019). "Data acquisition system for MAET with magnetic field measurements". Physics in Medicine & Biology. 64 (11): 115016. Bibcode:2019PMB....64k5016K. doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ab1809. PMID 30970342. S2CID 108294047.
Further reading
- and Kyle J. Myers, Foundations of Image Science (John Wiley & Sons, 2004) ISBN 0471153001
- Ronald N. Bracewell, Fourier Analysis and Imaging (Kluwer Academic, 2003) ISBN 0306481871
- Roger L. Easton, Jr., Fourier Methods in Imaging (John Wiley & Sons, 2010) ISBN 9780470689837 DOI 10.1002/9780470660102
- Robert D. Fiete, Modeling the Imaging Chain of Digital Cameras (SPIE Press, 2010) ISBN 9780819483393
External links
- Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science at RIT Research center that offers B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in Imaging Science.
- The University of Arizona College of Optical Sciences offers an image science track for the M.S and Ph.D. degree in optical sciences.
- Science de l'image et des médias numériques Bachelor of image science and digital media unique in Canada.
- Image Sciences Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands Utrecht University Institute for Image Sciences - focuses on fundamental and applied research in specifically medical image processing and acquisition.
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science - dedicated to using imaging to improve health-care and for advancing knowledge in the biological sciences.
This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Imaging news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this message Imaging is the representation or reproduction of an object s form especially a visual representation i e the formation of an image Comparison of two imaging modalities optical tomography A C and computed tomography B D as applied to a Lego minifigure Imaging technology is the application of materials and methods to create preserve or duplicate images Imaging science is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the generation collection duplication analysis modification and visualization of images including imaging things that the human eye cannot detect As an evolving field it includes research and researchers from physics mathematics electrical engineering computer vision computer science and perceptual psychology Imagers are imaging sensors Imaging chainThe foundation of imaging science as a discipline is the imaging chain a conceptual model describing all of the factors which must be considered when developing a system for creating visual renderings images In general the links of the imaging chain include The human visual system Designers must also consider the psychophysical processes which take place in human beings as they make sense of information received through the visual system The subject of the image When developing an imaging system designers must consider the observables associated with the subjects which will be imaged These observables generally take the form of emitted or reflected energy such as electromagnetic energy or mechanical energy The capture device Once the observables associated with the subject are characterized designers can then identify and integrate the technologies needed to capture those observables For example in the case of consumer digital cameras those technologies include optics for collecting energy in the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum and electronic detectors for converting the electromagnetic energy into an electronic signal The processor For all digital imaging systems the electronic signals produced by the capture device must be manipulated by an algorithm which formats the signals so they can be displayed as an image In practice there are often multiple processors involved in the creation of a digital image The display The display takes the electronic signals which have been manipulated by the processor and renders them on some visual medium Examples include paper for printed or hard copy images television computer monitor or projector Note that some imaging scientists will include additional links in their description of the imaging chain For example some will include the source of the energy which illuminates or interacts with the subject of the image Others will include storage and or transmission systems SubfieldsSubfields within imaging science include image processing computer vision 3D computer graphics animations atmospheric optics astronomical imaging biological imaging digital image restoration digital imaging color science digital photography holography magnetic resonance imaging medical imaging microdensitometry optics photography remote sensing radar imaging radiometry silver halide ultrasound imaging photoacoustic imaging thermal imaging visual perception and various printing technologies MethodologiesAcoustic imaging Coherent imaging uses an active coherent illumination source such as in radar synthetic aperture radar SAR medical ultrasound and optical coherence tomography non coherent imaging systems include fluorescent microscopes optical microscopes and telescopes Chemical imaging the simultaneous measurement of spectra and pictures Digital imaging creating digital images generally by scanning or through digital photography Disk image a file which contains the exact content of a data storage medium Document imaging replicating documents commonly used in business Geophysical imaging Industrial process imaging Medical imaging creating images of the human body or parts of it to diagnose or examine disease Medical optical imaging Magnetic resonance imaging imaging modality to image the electrical conductivity of biological tissues Molecular imaging Radar imaging or imaging radar for obtaining an image of an object not just its location and speed Range imaging for obtaining images with depth information Reprography reproduction of graphics through electrical and mechanical means Cinematography Photography the process of creating still images Xerography the method of photocopying Speckle imaging a method of shift and add for astronomical imaging Stereo imaging an aspect of sound recording and reproduction concerning spatial locations of the performers Thermography infrared imaging Tactile imaging also known as elastographyExamplesFalse color image from a thermographic camera Imaging technology materials and methods include Computer graphics Virtual camera system used in computer and video games and virtual cinematography Microfilm and Micrographics Visual arts Etching Drawing and Technical drawing Film Painting Photography Multiple camera setup enables stereoscopy and stereophotogrammetry Light field camera basically refocusable photography Printmaking Sculpture Infrared Radar imagery Ultrasound Multi spectral image Electro optical sensor Charge coupled device Ground penetrating radar Electron microscope Imagery analysis Medical radiography Industrial radiography LIDAR Image scanner Structured light 3D scannerSee alsoImage development disambiguation Image processing Nonimaging optics Society for Imaging Science and Technology The Imaging Science JournalReferencesJoseph P Hornak Encyclopedia of Imaging Science and Technology John Wiley amp Sons 2002 ISBN 9780471332763 Kaboutari Keivan Onder Tetik Ahmet Ghalichi Elyar Soner Gozu Mehmet Zengin Reyhan Guneri Gencer Nevzat 2019 Data acquisition system for MAET with magnetic field measurements Physics in Medicine amp Biology 64 11 115016 Bibcode 2019PMB 64k5016K doi 10 1088 1361 6560 ab1809 PMID 30970342 S2CID 108294047 Further readingand Kyle J Myers Foundations of Image Science John Wiley amp Sons 2004 ISBN 0471153001 Ronald N Bracewell Fourier Analysis and Imaging Kluwer Academic 2003 ISBN 0306481871 Roger L Easton Jr Fourier Methods in Imaging John Wiley amp Sons 2010 ISBN 9780470689837 DOI 10 1002 9780470660102 Robert D Fiete Modeling the Imaging Chain of Digital Cameras SPIE Press 2010 ISBN 9780819483393External linksLook up imaging in Wiktionary the free dictionary Chester F Carlson Center for Imaging Science at RIT Research center that offers B S M S and Ph D degrees in Imaging Science The University of Arizona College of Optical Sciences offers an image science track for the M S and Ph D degree in optical sciences Science de l image et des medias numeriques Bachelor of image science and digital media unique in Canada Image Sciences Institute Utrecht Netherlands Utrecht University Institute for Image Sciences focuses on fundamental and applied research in specifically medical image processing and acquisition Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science dedicated to using imaging to improve health care and for advancing knowledge in the biological sciences
