Human biology is an interdisciplinary area of academic study that examines humans through the influences and interplay of many diverse fields such as genetics, evolution, physiology, anatomy, epidemiology, anthropology, ecology, nutrition, population genetics, and sociocultural influences. It is closely related to the biomedical sciences, biological anthropology and other biological fields tying in various aspects of human functionality. It wasn't until the 20th century when biogerontologist, Raymond Pearl, founder of the journal Human Biology, phrased the term "human biology" in a way to describe a separate subsection apart from biology.
It is also a portmanteau term that describes all biological aspects of the human body, typically using the human body as a type organism for Mammalia, and in that context it is the basis for many undergraduate University degrees and modules.
Most aspects of human biology are identical or very similar to general mammalian biology. In particular, and as examples, humans :
- maintain their body temperature
- have an internal skeleton
- have a circulatory system
- have a nervous system to provide sensory information and operate and coordinate muscular activity.
- have a reproductive system in which they bear live young and produce milk.
- have an endocrine system and produce and eliminate hormones and other bio-chemical signalling agents
- have a respiratory system where air is inhaled into lungs and oxygen is used to produce energy.
- have an immune system to protect against disease
- Excrete waste as urine and feces.
History
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2022) |
The study of integrated human biology started in the 1920s, sparked by Charles Darwin's theories which were re-conceptualized by many scientists. Human attributes, such as child growth and genetics, were put into question and thus human biology was created.
Typical human attributes
The key aspects of human biology are those ways in which humans are substantially different from other mammals.
Humans have a very large brain in a head that is very large for the size of the animal. This large brain has enabled a range of unique attributes including the development of complex languages and the ability to make and use a complex range of tools.
The upright stance and bipedal locomotion is not unique to humans but humans are the only species to rely almost exclusively on this mode of locomotion. This has resulted in significant changes in the structure of the skeleton including the articulation of the pelvis and the femur and in the articulation of the head.
In comparison with most other mammals, humans are very long lived with an average age at death in the developed world of nearly 80 years old. Humans also have the longest childhood of any mammal with sexual maturity taking 12 to 16 years on average to be completed.
Humans lack fur. Although there is a residual covering of fine hair, which may be more developed in some people, and localised hair covering on the head, axillary and pubic regions, in terms of protection from cold, humans are almost naked. The reason for this development is still much debated.
The human eye can see objects in colour but is not well adapted to low light conditions. The sense of smell and of taste are present but are relatively inferior to a wide range of other mammals. Human hearing is efficient but lacks the acuity of some other mammals. Similarly human sense of touch is well developed especially in the hands where dextrous tasks are performed but the sensitivity is still significantly less than in other animals, particularly those equipped with sensory bristles such as cats.
Scientific investigation
Human biology tries to understand and promotes research on humans as living beings as a scientific discipline. It makes use of various scientific methods, such as experiments and observations, to detail the biochemical and biophysical foundations of human life describe and formulate the underlying processes using models. As a basic science, it provides the knowledge base for medicine. A number of sub-disciplines include anatomy, cytology, histology and morphology.
Medicine
The capabilities of the human brain and the human dexterity in making and using tools, has enabled humans to understand their own biology through scientific experiment, including dissection, autopsy, prophylactic medicine which has, in turn, enable humans to extend their life-span by understanding and mitigating the effects of diseases.
Understanding human biology has enabled and fostered a wider understanding of mammalian biology and by extension, the biology of all living organisms.
Nutrition
Human nutrition is typical of mammalian omnivorous nutrition requiring a balanced input of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. However, the human diet has a few very specific requirements. These include two specific amino acids, alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid without which life is not sustainable in the medium to long term. All other fatty acids can be synthesized from dietary fats. Similarly, human life requires a range of vitamins to be present in food and if these are missing or are supplied at unacceptably low levels, metabolic disorders result which can end in death. The human metabolism is similar to most other mammals except for the need to have an intake of Vitamin C to prevent scurvy and other deficiency diseases. Unusually amongst mammals, a human can synthesize Vitamin D3 using natural UV light from the sun on the skin. This capability may be widespread in the mammalian world but few other mammals share the almost naked skin of humans. The darker the human's skin, the less it can manufacture Vitamin D3.
Other organisms
Human biology also encompasses all those organisms that live on or in the human body. Such organisms range from parasitic insects such as fleas and ticks, parasitic helminths such as liver flukes through to bacterial and viral pathogens. Many of the organisms associated with human biology are the specialised biome in the large intestine and the biotic flora of the skin and pharyngeal and nasal region. Many of these biotic assemblages help protect humans from harm and assist in digestion, and are now known to have complex effects on mood, and well-being.
Social behaviour
Humans in all civilizations are social animals and use their language skills and tool making skills to communicate.
These communication skills enable civilizations to grow and allow for the production of art, literature and music, and for the development of technology. All of these are wholly dependent on the human biological specialisms.
The deployment of these skills has allowed the human race to dominate the terrestrial biome to the detriment of most of the other species.
References
- Sara Stinson, Barry Bogin, Dennis O'Rourke. Human Biology: An Evolutionary and Biocultural Perspective. Publisher John Wiley & Sons, 2012. ISBN 1118108043. Page 4-5.
- Kuykendall, Kevin; Elton, Sarah (July 2014). "The Human Biology of the Past". Annals of Human Biology. 41 (4): 283–286. doi:10.3109/03014460.2014.924252. ISSN 0301-4460.
- "Human Biology - Definition, History and Major". Biology Dictionary. 2017-05-26. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
- "BSc Human Biology". Birmingham University. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
- "SK299 Human biology". The Open University. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
- "The traits that make human beings unique". BBC. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
- "What makes humans special?". London School of Economics and Political Science. 3 March 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
- "We are humans". Australian Museum. 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
- Harcourt-Smith, W.H.E. (2010). "The First Hominins and the Origins of Bipedalism". Evo Edu Outreach 3. 3 (3): 333–340. doi:10.1007/s12052-010-0257-6. S2CID 1015247.
- "The tricks that help some animals live for centuries". BBC. 31 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
- "Life expectancy for men and women". WorldData.info. 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
- Vitousek, P. M. (25 July 1997). "Human Domination of Earth's Ecosystems". Science. 277 (5325): 494–499. doi:10.1126/science.277.5325.494. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
External links
- Human Biology Association
- Biology Dictionary
Human biology is an interdisciplinary area of academic study that examines humans through the influences and interplay of many diverse fields such as genetics evolution physiology anatomy epidemiology anthropology ecology nutrition population genetics and sociocultural influences It is closely related to the biomedical sciences biological anthropology and other biological fields tying in various aspects of human functionality It wasn t until the 20th century when biogerontologist Raymond Pearl founder of the journal Human Biology phrased the term human biology in a way to describe a separate subsection apart from biology It is also a portmanteau term that describes all biological aspects of the human body typically using the human body as a type organism for Mammalia and in that context it is the basis for many undergraduate University degrees and modules Most aspects of human biology are identical or very similar to general mammalian biology In particular and as examples humans maintain their body temperature have an internal skeleton have a circulatory system have a nervous system to provide sensory information and operate and coordinate muscular activity have a reproductive system in which they bear live young and produce milk have an endocrine system and produce and eliminate hormones and other bio chemical signalling agents have a respiratory system where air is inhaled into lungs and oxygen is used to produce energy have an immune system to protect against disease Excrete waste as urine and feces HistoryThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it December 2022 The study of integrated human biology started in the 1920s sparked by Charles Darwin s theories which were re conceptualized by many scientists Human attributes such as child growth and genetics were put into question and thus human biology was created Typical human attributesThe key aspects of human biology are those ways in which humans are substantially different from other mammals Humans have a very large brain in a head that is very large for the size of the animal This large brain has enabled a range of unique attributes including the development of complex languages and the ability to make and use a complex range of tools The upright stance and bipedal locomotion is not unique to humans but humans are the only species to rely almost exclusively on this mode of locomotion This has resulted in significant changes in the structure of the skeleton including the articulation of the pelvis and the femur and in the articulation of the head In comparison with most other mammals humans are very long lived with an average age at death in the developed world of nearly 80 years old Humans also have the longest childhood of any mammal with sexual maturity taking 12 to 16 years on average to be completed Humans lack fur Although there is a residual covering of fine hair which may be more developed in some people and localised hair covering on the head axillary and pubic regions in terms of protection from cold humans are almost naked The reason for this development is still much debated The human eye can see objects in colour but is not well adapted to low light conditions The sense of smell and of taste are present but are relatively inferior to a wide range of other mammals Human hearing is efficient but lacks the acuity of some other mammals Similarly human sense of touch is well developed especially in the hands where dextrous tasks are performed but the sensitivity is still significantly less than in other animals particularly those equipped with sensory bristles such as cats Scientific investigationHuman biology tries to understand and promotes research on humans as living beings as a scientific discipline It makes use of various scientific methods such as experiments and observations to detail the biochemical and biophysical foundations of human life describe and formulate the underlying processes using models As a basic science it provides the knowledge base for medicine A number of sub disciplines include anatomy cytology histology and morphology MedicineThe capabilities of the human brain and the human dexterity in making and using tools has enabled humans to understand their own biology through scientific experiment including dissection autopsy prophylactic medicine which has in turn enable humans to extend their life span by understanding and mitigating the effects of diseases Understanding human biology has enabled and fostered a wider understanding of mammalian biology and by extension the biology of all living organisms NutritionHuman nutrition is typical of mammalian omnivorous nutrition requiring a balanced input of carbohydrates fats proteins vitamins and minerals However the human diet has a few very specific requirements These include two specific amino acids alpha linolenic acid and linoleic acid without which life is not sustainable in the medium to long term All other fatty acids can be synthesized from dietary fats Similarly human life requires a range of vitamins to be present in food and if these are missing or are supplied at unacceptably low levels metabolic disorders result which can end in death The human metabolism is similar to most other mammals except for the need to have an intake of Vitamin C to prevent scurvy and other deficiency diseases Unusually amongst mammals a human can synthesize Vitamin D3 using natural UV light from the sun on the skin This capability may be widespread in the mammalian world but few other mammals share the almost naked skin of humans The darker the human s skin the less it can manufacture Vitamin D3 Other organismsHuman biology also encompasses all those organisms that live on or in the human body Such organisms range from parasitic insects such as fleas and ticks parasitic helminths such as liver flukes through to bacterial and viral pathogens Many of the organisms associated with human biology are the specialised biome in the large intestine and the biotic flora of the skin and pharyngeal and nasal region Many of these biotic assemblages help protect humans from harm and assist in digestion and are now known to have complex effects on mood and well being Social behaviourHumans in all civilizations are social animals and use their language skills and tool making skills to communicate These communication skills enable civilizations to grow and allow for the production of art literature and music and for the development of technology All of these are wholly dependent on the human biological specialisms The deployment of these skills has allowed the human race to dominate the terrestrial biome to the detriment of most of the other species ReferencesSara Stinson Barry Bogin Dennis O Rourke Human Biology An Evolutionary and Biocultural Perspective Publisher John Wiley amp Sons 2012 ISBN 1118108043 Page 4 5 Kuykendall Kevin Elton Sarah July 2014 The Human Biology of the Past Annals of Human Biology 41 4 283 286 doi 10 3109 03014460 2014 924252 ISSN 0301 4460 Human Biology Definition History and Major Biology Dictionary 2017 05 26 Retrieved 2019 03 22 BSc Human Biology Birmingham University Archived from the original on 27 January 2022 Retrieved 27 February 2021 SK299 Human biology The Open University Retrieved 27 February 2021 The traits that make human beings unique BBC Retrieved 27 February 2020 What makes humans special London School of Economics and Political Science 3 March 2016 Retrieved 27 February 2021 We are humans Australian Museum 2021 Retrieved 27 February 2021 Harcourt Smith W H E 2010 The First Hominins and the Origins of Bipedalism Evo Edu Outreach 3 3 3 333 340 doi 10 1007 s12052 010 0257 6 S2CID 1015247 The tricks that help some animals live for centuries BBC 31 March 2017 Retrieved 28 February 2021 Life expectancy for men and women WorldData info 2018 Retrieved 28 February 2021 Vitousek P M 25 July 1997 Human Domination of Earth s Ecosystems Science 277 5325 494 499 doi 10 1126 science 277 5325 494 Retrieved 28 February 2021 External linksHuman Biology Association Biology Dictionary
