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Graziadio Isaia Ascoli (pronounced [ɡrattsja(d)ˈdiːo izaˈiːa ˈaskoli]; 16 July 1829 – 21 January 1907) was an Italian linguist.
Graziadio Ascoli | |
|---|---|
 Graziadio Isaia Ascoli. | |
| Born | 16 July 1829 Gorizia, Austrian Empire |
| Died | 21 January 1907 (aged 77) Milan, Kingdom of Italy |
| Occupation | Linguist |
Life and work
Ascoli was born in an Italian-speaking Jewish family in the multiethnic town of Gorizia, then part of the Austrian Empire (now in Italy). Already as a boy, he learned some of the other languages traditionally spoken in the town: German, Friulian, Slovene, and Venetian.
An autodidact, he published his first important work on the languages of the Orient, Studii orientali e linguistici, in 1854. In 1860, he was appointed a professor of linguistics at the Academy of Science and Letters (Italian: Accademia scientifico-letteraria) in Milan and introduced the study of comparative philology, Romance studies, and Sanskrit.
He made an important contribution to the study of the relationship between Indo-European and Semitic languages and was a pioneer in the study of Romani and Celtic languages.
In Italy, he is above all known for his studies of Italian dialects, which he was first to classify systematically. On the Italian language question (questione della lingua), he did not accept a standard language based on the Florentine dialect as proposed by Alessandro Manzoni, but argued for a leveling of the dialects. In 1873 he founded the journal , which became a source of original scholarship on the Italian language.
He was the founder of the substratum theory, which explains instances of formation and development of languages as a result of interference with previous languages spoken by the populations in question.
in 1889 Ascoli was appointed a member of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy. He was awarded many honorary orders, including the Prussian/German "Pour le Mérite" and the Italian "Ordine civile di Savoia" and "Ordine dei SS. Maurizio e Lazzaro"; he was also a member of many scientific academies, such as the Accademia dei Lincei (since 1875) and the Accademia della Crusca (since 1895).
Political views
This section does not cite any sources. (September 2017) |
Ascoli considered himself foremost a Friulian and a Jew, but also an Italian patriot. One of his most lasting and politically most influential contributions was the coinage of the geographical term Venezia Giulia to denote what was hitherto known as the Austrian Littoral. Ascoli suggested that northeast Italy was composed of three historically, geographically, and culturally interconnected regions, which he called the Three Venices. According to his classification, these three historical-geographical regions were:
- Euganean Venetia (Venezia Euganea), consisting of the Venetia region properly speaking (the current region of Veneto and Friuli);
- Tridentine Venetia (Venezia Tridentina), that is that part of the County of Tyrol that lies south of the Brenner Pass (corresponding to the current Italian region of Trentino-Alto Adige);
- Julian Venetia (Venezia Giulia), which was the area of the Austrian Littoral, plus the Hungarian port of Rijeka (Fiume).
Ascoli coined these names following the internal divisions in the province of Italy during ancient Roman rule, and applied them to the 19th century. His geographical redefinition had a strong political implication: it was aimed at showing that the peripheral areas of the Austrian Empire were in fact gravitating towards Italy. His denomination was soon taken over by Italian irredentists who sought the annexation of the Trentino, the Austrian Littoral, Fiume and Dalmatia to Italy.
In World War I, the terms Venezia Giulia and Venezia Tridentina became the official names for the new territories acquired by Italy from Austria-Hungary with the treaties of Saint Germain and Rapallo. The Kingdom of Italy used Ascoli's terms to replace the previous traditional denominations, Tyrol and Austrian Littoral. The former term fell into disuse after the fall of the Fascist regime. The latter, however, still exists in the name of the Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia. The term "Venezia Euganea," on the other hand, never gained any significant support, although it was sporadically used during the Fascist period.
Bibliography
Works published in Italian:
- G.I. Ascoli, La pasitelegrafia, Trieste, Tipografia del Lloyd Austraco, 1851.
- G.I. Ascoli, "Del nesso ario-semitico. Lettera al professore Adalberto Kuhn di Berlino", Il Politecnico, vol. 21 (1864), pp. 190–216.
- G.I. Ascoli, "Del nesso ario-semitico. lettera seconda al professore Francesco Bopp", Il Politecnico, vol. 22 (1864) pp. 121–151.
- G.I. Ascoli, "Studi ario-semitici", Memorie del Reale Istituto Lombardo, cl. II, vol. 10 (1867), pp. 1–36.
- Pier Gabriele Goidànich: ASCOLI, Graziadio Isaia, in: Enciclopedia Italiana, Roma 1929 (online su treccani.it).
- S. Morgana – A. Bianchi Robbiati (curr.), Graziadio Isaia Ascoli "milanese". Giornate di Studio. 28 Febbraio – 1 Marzo 2007, Milano, LED Edizioni Universitarie, 2009, ISBN 978-88-7916-415-3.
References
- Graziadio Isaia Ascoli – Encyclopædia Britannica
- Archivio glottologico italiano : Ascoli, Graziadio Isaia, 1829–1907 ...
- ASCOLI, Graziadio Isaia, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 722–723.
- "Members of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy". Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
- [1], La pasitelegrafia – Graziadio Isaia Ascoli – Google Books
- [2], La pasitelegrafia by Graziadio Isaia Ascoli | LibraryThing
External links
Works by or about Graziadio Isaia Ascoli at Wikisource
This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Graziadio Isaia Ascoli news newspapers books scholar JSTOR May 2015 Learn how and when to remove this message Graziadio Isaia Ascoli pronounced ɡrattsja d ˈdiːo izaˈiːa ˈaskoli 16 July 1829 21 January 1907 was an Italian linguist Graziadio AscoliGraziadio Isaia Ascoli Born 1829 07 16 16 July 1829 Gorizia Austrian EmpireDied21 January 1907 1907 01 21 aged 77 Milan Kingdom of ItalyOccupationLinguistLife and workAscoli was born in an Italian speaking Jewish family in the multiethnic town of Gorizia then part of the Austrian Empire now in Italy Already as a boy he learned some of the other languages traditionally spoken in the town German Friulian Slovene and Venetian An autodidact he published his first important work on the languages of the Orient Studii orientali e linguistici in 1854 In 1860 he was appointed a professor of linguistics at the Academy of Science and Letters Italian Accademia scientifico letteraria in Milan and introduced the study of comparative philology Romance studies and Sanskrit He made an important contribution to the study of the relationship between Indo European and Semitic languages and was a pioneer in the study of Romani and Celtic languages In Italy he is above all known for his studies of Italian dialects which he was first to classify systematically On the Italian language question questione della lingua he did not accept a standard language based on the Florentine dialect as proposed by Alessandro Manzoni but argued for a leveling of the dialects In 1873 he founded the journal it which became a source of original scholarship on the Italian language He was the founder of the substratum theory which explains instances of formation and development of languages as a result of interference with previous languages spoken by the populations in question in 1889 Ascoli was appointed a member of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy He was awarded many honorary orders including the Prussian German Pour le Merite and the Italian Ordine civile di Savoia and Ordine dei SS Maurizio e Lazzaro he was also a member of many scientific academies such as the Accademia dei Lincei since 1875 and the Accademia della Crusca since 1895 Political viewsThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed September 2017 Learn how and when to remove this message Ascoli considered himself foremost a Friulian and a Jew but also an Italian patriot One of his most lasting and politically most influential contributions was the coinage of the geographical term Venezia Giulia to denote what was hitherto known as the Austrian Littoral Ascoli suggested that northeast Italy was composed of three historically geographically and culturally interconnected regions which he called the Three Venices According to his classification these three historical geographical regions were Euganean Venetia Venezia Euganea consisting of the Venetia region properly speaking the current region of Veneto and Friuli Tridentine Venetia Venezia Tridentina that is that part of the County of Tyrol that lies south of the Brenner Pass corresponding to the current Italian region of Trentino Alto Adige Julian Venetia Venezia Giulia which was the area of the Austrian Littoral plus the Hungarian port of Rijeka Fiume Ascoli coined these names following the internal divisions in the province of Italy during ancient Roman rule and applied them to the 19th century His geographical redefinition had a strong political implication it was aimed at showing that the peripheral areas of the Austrian Empire were in fact gravitating towards Italy His denomination was soon taken over by Italian irredentists who sought the annexation of the Trentino the Austrian Littoral Fiume and Dalmatia to Italy In World War I the terms Venezia Giulia and Venezia Tridentina became the official names for the new territories acquired by Italy from Austria Hungary with the treaties of Saint Germain and Rapallo The Kingdom of Italy used Ascoli s terms to replace the previous traditional denominations Tyrol and Austrian Littoral The former term fell into disuse after the fall of the Fascist regime The latter however still exists in the name of the Italian region Friuli Venezia Giulia The term Venezia Euganea on the other hand never gained any significant support although it was sporadically used during the Fascist period BibliographyWorks published in Italian G I Ascoli La pasitelegrafia Trieste Tipografia del Lloyd Austraco 1851 G I Ascoli Del nesso ario semitico Lettera al professore Adalberto Kuhn di Berlino Il Politecnico vol 21 1864 pp 190 216 G I Ascoli Del nesso ario semitico lettera seconda al professore Francesco Bopp Il Politecnico vol 22 1864 pp 121 151 G I Ascoli Studi ario semitici Memorie del Reale Istituto Lombardo cl II vol 10 1867 pp 1 36 Pier Gabriele Goidanich ASCOLI Graziadio Isaia in Enciclopedia Italiana Roma 1929 online su treccani it S Morgana A Bianchi Robbiati curr Graziadio Isaia Ascoli milanese Giornate di Studio 28 Febbraio 1 Marzo 2007 Milano LED Edizioni Universitarie 2009 ISBN 978 88 7916 415 3 ReferencesGraziadio Isaia Ascoli Encyclopaedia Britannica Archivio glottologico italiano Ascoli Graziadio Isaia 1829 1907 ASCOLI Graziadio Isaia Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Ascoli Graziadio Isaia Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 2 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 722 723 Members of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy Archived from the original on 7 June 2021 Retrieved 5 September 2017 1 La pasitelegrafia Graziadio Isaia Ascoli Google Books 2 La pasitelegrafia by Graziadio Isaia Ascoli LibraryThingExternal linksWorks by or about Graziadio Isaia Ascoli at Wikisource
