Geopositioning is the process of determining or estimating the geographic position of an object or a person. Geopositioning yields a set of geographic coordinates (such as latitude and longitude) in a given map datum. Geographic positions may also be expressed indirectly, as a distance in linear referencing or as a bearing and range from a known landmark. In turn, positions can determine a meaningful location, such as a street address. Geoposition is sometimes referred to as geolocation, and the process of geopositioning may also be described as geo-localization.
Specific instances include:
- animal geotracking, the process of inferring the location of animals over time;
- positioning system, the mechanisms for the determination of geographic positions in general;
- internet geolocation, geolocating a device connected to the internet;
- and mobile phone tracking.
Geofencing
Geofencing involves creating a virtual geographic boundary (a geofence), enabling software to trigger a response when a device enters or leaves a particular area. Geopositioning is a pre-requisite for geofencing.
Background
Geopositioning uses various visual and electronic methods including position lines and position circles, celestial navigation, radio navigation, radio and WiFi positioning systems, and the use of satellite navigation systems.
The calculation requires measurements or observations of distances or angles to reference points whose positions are known. In 2D surveys, observations of three reference points are enough to compute a position in a two-dimensional plane. In practice, observations are subject to errors resulting from various physical and atmospheric factors that influence the measurement of distances and angles.
A practical example of obtaining a position fix would be for a ship to take bearing measurements on three lighthouses positioned along the coast. These measurements could be made visually using a hand bearing compass, or in case of poor visibility, electronically using radar or radio direction finding. Since all physical observations are subject to errors, the resulting position fix is also subject to inaccuracy. Although in theory two lines of position (LOP) are enough to define a point, in practice 'crossing' more LOPs provides greater accuracy and confidence, especially if the lines cross at a good angle to each other. Three LOPs are considered the minimum for a practical navigational fix. The three LOPs when drawn on the chart will in general form a triangle, known as a 'cocked hat'. The navigator will have more confidence in a position fix that is formed by a small cocked hat with angles close to those of an equilateral triangle. The area of doubt surrounding a position fix is called an error ellipse. To minimize the error, electronic navigation systems generally use more than three reference points to compute a position fix to increase the data redundancy. As more redundant reference points are added, the position fix becomes more accurate and the area of the resulting error ellipse decreases.
The process of using 3 reference points to calculate the location is called Trilateration, and when using more than 3 points, multilateration.
Combining multiple observations to compute a position fix is equivalent to solving a system of linear equations. Navigation systems use regression algorithms such as least squares in order to compute a position fix in 3D space. This is most commonly done by combining distance measurements to 4 or more GPS satellites, which orbit the Earth along known paths.
The result of position fixing is called a position fix (PF), or simply a fix, a position derived from measuring in relation to external reference points. In nautical navigation, the term is generally used with manual or visual techniques, such as the use of intersecting visual or radio position lines, rather than the use of more automated and accurate electronic methods like GPS; in aviation, use of electronic navigation aids is more common. A visual fix can be made by using any sighting device with a bearing indicator. Two or more objects of known position are sighted, and the bearings recorded. Bearing lines are then plotted on a chart through the locations of the sighted items. The intersection of these lines is the current position of the vessel.
Usually, a fix is where two or more position lines intersect at any given time. If three position lines can be obtained, the resulting "cocked hat", where the three lines do not intersect at the same point, but create a triangle, gives the navigator an indication of the accuracy. The most accurate fixes occur when the position lines are perpendicular to each other. Fixes are a necessary aspect of navigation by dead reckoning, which relies on estimates of speed and course. The fix confirms the actual position during a journey. A fix can introduce inaccuracies if the reference point is not correctly identified or is inaccurately measured.
Indoor geopositioning
Geopositioning can be referred to both global positioning and outdoor positioning, using for example GPS, and to indoor positioning, for all the situations where satellite GPS is not a viable option and the localization process has to happen indoors. For indoor positioning, tracking and localization there are many technologies that can be used, depending on the specific needs and on the environmental characteristics.
See also
- Attitude determination
- Direction determination
- Dynamic positioning
- Geo-blocking
- Geocoding
- Geodetic positioning
- GPS tracking unit
- Geotagging
- Geotargeting
- Indoor positioning
- Latitude determination
- Longitude determination
- Location-based service
- Satellite navigation software
- Triangulation
- Vertical position measurement
- W3C Geolocation API
References
- "geopositioning". ISO/TC 211 Geolexica. 2020-06-02. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
- Keating, J.B.; United States. Bureau of Land Management (1993). The Geo-Positioning Selection Guide for Resource Management. BLM technical note. Bureau of Land Management. p. 5. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
- "What is geofencing and how is it used? – TechTarget Definition". WhatIs. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
- B. Hofmann-Wellenhof; K. Legat; M. Wieser (28 June 2011). Navigation: Principles of Positioning and Guidance. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-7091-6078-7.
- Gentile, C.; Alsindi, N.; Raulefs, R.; Teolis, C. (2012). Geolocation Techniques: Principles and Applications. Springer New York. ISBN 978-1-4614-1836-8. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
- Progri, I. (2011). Geolocation of RF Signals: Principles and Simulations. Springer New York. ISBN 978-1-4419-7952-0. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
- Nait-Sidi-Moh, A.; Bakhouya, M.; Gaber, J.; Wack, M. (2013). Geopositioning and Mobility. ISTE. Wiley. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-118-74368-3. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
- Laurie Tetley; David Calcutt (7 June 2007). Electronic Navigation Systems. Routledge. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-1-136-40725-3.
- Zamir, A.R.; Hakeem, A.; Van Gool, L.; Shah, M.; Szeliski, R. (2016). Large-Scale Visual Geo-Localization. Advances in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (in Romanian). Springer International Publishing. ISBN 978-3-319-25781-5. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
- Brena, Ramon F.; García-Vázquez, Juan Pablo; Galván-Tejada, Carlos E.; Muñoz-Rodriguez, David; Vargas-Rosales, Cesar; Fangmeyer, James (2017). "Evolution of Indoor Positioning Technologies: A Survey". Journal of Sensors. 2017: 1–21. doi:10.1155/2017/2630413. hdl:11285/630311. ISSN 1687-725X.
Further reading
- Zekavat, R.; Buehrer, R.M. (2019). Handbook of Position Location: Theory, Practice, and Advances. IEEE Series on Digital & Mobile Communication. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-43460-3. Retrieved 2021-02-19.[permanent dead link]
- Munoz, D.; Lara, F.B.; Vargas, C.; Enriquez-Caldera, R. (2009). Position Location Techniques and Applications. Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-0-08-092193-8. Retrieved 2021-02-19.
External links
Media related to Geolocation at Wikimedia Commons
Geopositioning is the process of determining or estimating the geographic position of an object or a person Geopositioning yields a set of geographic coordinates such as latitude and longitude in a given map datum Geographic positions may also be expressed indirectly as a distance in linear referencing or as a bearing and range from a known landmark In turn positions can determine a meaningful location such as a street address Geoposition is sometimes referred to as geolocation and the process of geopositioning may also be described as geo localization Principles of geolocation using GPS Specific instances include animal geotracking the process of inferring the location of animals over time positioning system the mechanisms for the determination of geographic positions in general internet geolocation geolocating a device connected to the internet and mobile phone tracking GeofencingGeofencing involves creating a virtual geographic boundary a geofence enabling software to trigger a response when a device enters or leaves a particular area Geopositioning is a pre requisite for geofencing BackgroundGeopositioning uses various visual and electronic methods including position lines and position circles celestial navigation radio navigation radio and WiFi positioning systems and the use of satellite navigation systems The calculation requires measurements or observations of distances or angles to reference points whose positions are known In 2D surveys observations of three reference points are enough to compute a position in a two dimensional plane In practice observations are subject to errors resulting from various physical and atmospheric factors that influence the measurement of distances and angles A practical example of obtaining a position fix would be for a ship to take bearing measurements on three lighthouses positioned along the coast These measurements could be made visually using a hand bearing compass or in case of poor visibility electronically using radar or radio direction finding Since all physical observations are subject to errors the resulting position fix is also subject to inaccuracy Although in theory two lines of position LOP are enough to define a point in practice crossing more LOPs provides greater accuracy and confidence especially if the lines cross at a good angle to each other Three LOPs are considered the minimum for a practical navigational fix The three LOPs when drawn on the chart will in general form a triangle known as a cocked hat The navigator will have more confidence in a position fix that is formed by a small cocked hat with angles close to those of an equilateral triangle The area of doubt surrounding a position fix is called an error ellipse To minimize the error electronic navigation systems generally use more than three reference points to compute a position fix to increase the data redundancy As more redundant reference points are added the position fix becomes more accurate and the area of the resulting error ellipse decreases The process of using 3 reference points to calculate the location is called Trilateration and when using more than 3 points multilateration Combining multiple observations to compute a position fix is equivalent to solving a system of linear equations Navigation systems use regression algorithms such as least squares in order to compute a position fix in 3D space This is most commonly done by combining distance measurements to 4 or more GPS satellites which orbit the Earth along known paths Visual fix by three bearings plotted on a nautical chart The result of position fixing is called a position fix PF or simply a fix a position derived from measuring in relation to external reference points In nautical navigation the term is generally used with manual or visual techniques such as the use of intersecting visual or radio position lines rather than the use of more automated and accurate electronic methods like GPS in aviation use of electronic navigation aids is more common A visual fix can be made by using any sighting device with a bearing indicator Two or more objects of known position are sighted and the bearings recorded Bearing lines are then plotted on a chart through the locations of the sighted items The intersection of these lines is the current position of the vessel Usually a fix is where two or more position lines intersect at any given time If three position lines can be obtained the resulting cocked hat where the three lines do not intersect at the same point but create a triangle gives the navigator an indication of the accuracy The most accurate fixes occur when the position lines are perpendicular to each other Fixes are a necessary aspect of navigation by dead reckoning which relies on estimates of speed and course The fix confirms the actual position during a journey A fix can introduce inaccuracies if the reference point is not correctly identified or is inaccurately measured Indoor geopositioning Geopositioning can be referred to both global positioning and outdoor positioning using for example GPS and to indoor positioning for all the situations where satellite GPS is not a viable option and the localization process has to happen indoors For indoor positioning tracking and localization there are many technologies that can be used depending on the specific needs and on the environmental characteristics See alsoAttitude determination Direction determination Dynamic positioning Geo blocking Geocoding Geodetic positioning GPS tracking unit Geotagging Geotargeting Indoor positioning Latitude determination Longitude determination Location based service Satellite navigation software Triangulation Vertical position measurement W3C Geolocation APIReferences geopositioning ISO TC 211 Geolexica 2020 06 02 Retrieved 2020 08 31 Keating J B United States Bureau of Land Management 1993 The Geo Positioning Selection Guide for Resource Management BLM technical note Bureau of Land Management p 5 Retrieved 2020 08 31 What is geofencing and how is it used TechTarget Definition WhatIs Retrieved 2024 09 10 B Hofmann Wellenhof K Legat M Wieser 28 June 2011 Navigation Principles of Positioning and Guidance Springer Science amp Business Media ISBN 978 3 7091 6078 7 Gentile C Alsindi N Raulefs R Teolis C 2012 Geolocation Techniques Principles and Applications Springer New York ISBN 978 1 4614 1836 8 Retrieved 2020 08 31 Progri I 2011 Geolocation of RF Signals Principles and Simulations Springer New York ISBN 978 1 4419 7952 0 Retrieved 2020 08 31 Nait Sidi Moh A Bakhouya M Gaber J Wack M 2013 Geopositioning and Mobility ISTE Wiley p 71 ISBN 978 1 118 74368 3 Retrieved 2020 08 31 Laurie Tetley David Calcutt 7 June 2007 Electronic Navigation Systems Routledge pp 9 ISBN 978 1 136 40725 3 Zamir A R Hakeem A Van Gool L Shah M Szeliski R 2016 Large Scale Visual Geo Localization Advances in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition in Romanian Springer International Publishing ISBN 978 3 319 25781 5 Retrieved 2020 08 31 Brena Ramon F Garcia Vazquez Juan Pablo Galvan Tejada Carlos E Munoz Rodriguez David Vargas Rosales Cesar Fangmeyer James 2017 Evolution of Indoor Positioning Technologies A Survey Journal of Sensors 2017 1 21 doi 10 1155 2017 2630413 hdl 11285 630311 ISSN 1687 725X Further readingZekavat R Buehrer R M 2019 Handbook of Position Location Theory Practice and Advances IEEE Series on Digital amp Mobile Communication Wiley ISBN 978 1 119 43460 3 Retrieved 2021 02 19 permanent dead link Munoz D Lara F B Vargas C Enriquez Caldera R 2009 Position Location Techniques and Applications Elsevier Science ISBN 978 0 08 092193 8 Retrieved 2021 02 19 External linksMedia related to Geolocation at Wikimedia Commons
