
An enclave is a territory that is entirely surrounded by the territory of only one other state or entity. An enclave can be an independent territory or part of a larger one. Enclaves may also exist within territorial waters.: 60 Enclave is sometimes used improperly to denote a territory that is only partly surrounded by another state. Enclaves that are not part of a larger territory are not exclaves, for example Lesotho (enclaved by South Africa), and San Marino and Vatican City (both enclaved by Italy) are enclaved sovereign states.
- A:
- possesses 5 exclaves (A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5): it is impossible to go from the main part of A to any of these parts going only through territory of A; however:
- A1 and A2 are not enclaves: neither of them is surrounded by a single "foreign" territory;
- A1 is a semi-enclave and a semi-exclave: it has an unsurrounded sea border;
- A2 is an exclave of A: it is separated from A;
- A3 is an enclave: it is totally surrounded by B;
- A4 and A5 are counter-enclaves (also known as second-order enclaves): territories belonging to A that are encroached inside the enclave E;
- contains 1 enclave (E): "foreign" territory totally surrounded by territory of A;
- contains 1 counter-counter-enclave, or third-order enclave (E1).
- possesses 5 exclaves (A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5): it is impossible to go from the main part of A to any of these parts going only through territory of A; however:
- B:
- contains 2 enclaves (A3 and D).
- C:
- continuous territory, contains no enclave or exclave
- D:
- is an enclaved territory: it is territorially continuous, but its territory is totally surrounded by a single "foreign" territory (B).
- E:
- is an enclaved territory: it is inside A;
- contains 2 enclaves (A4 and A5), which are counter-enclaves of A;
- possesses 1 counter-enclave (E1), which is a counter-counter-enclave as viewed by A and contained within A5.
An exclave is a portion of a state or district geographically separated from the main part, by some surrounding alien territory. Many exclaves are also enclaves, but an exclave surrounded by the territory of more than one state is not an enclave. The Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan is an example of an exclave that is not an enclave, as it borders Armenia, Iran, and Turkey.
Semi-enclaves and semi-exclaves are areas that, except for possessing an unsurrounded sea border (a coastline contiguous with international waters), would otherwise be enclaves or exclaves.: 116 : 12–14 Semi-enclaves and enclaves are mutually exclusive. Likewise, semi-exclaves and exclaves are mutually exclusive. Enclaves and semi-enclaves can exist as independent states (Monaco, The Gambia and Brunei are semi-enclaves), while exclaves and semi-exclaves proper always constitute just a part of a sovereign state (like the Kaliningrad Oblast).
A pene-exclave is a part of the territory of one country that can be conveniently approached – in particular, by wheeled traffic – only through the territory of another country.: 283 Pene-exclaves are also called functional exclaves or practical exclaves.: 31 Many pene-exclaves partially border their own territorial waters (i.e., they are not surrounded by other nations' territorial waters), such as Point Roberts, Washington, and Minnesota's Northwest Angle. A pene-exclave can also exist entirely on land, such as when intervening mountains render a territory inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory. A commonly cited example is the Kleinwalsertal, a valley part of Vorarlberg, Austria, that is accessible only from Germany to the north.
Origin and usage
The word enclave is French and first appeared in the mid-15th century as a derivative of the verb enclaver (1283), from the colloquial Latin inclavare (to close with a key). Originally, it was a term of property law that denoted a land or parcel of land surrounded by land owned by a different owner, and that could not be reached for its exploitation in a practical and sufficient manner without crossing the surrounding land. In law, this created a servitude of passage for the benefit of the owner of the surrounded land. The first diplomatic document to contain the word enclave was the Treaty of Madrid, signed in 1526.: 61
Later, the term enclave began to be used also to refer to parcels of countries, counties, fiefs, communes, towns, parishes, etc. that were surrounded by alien territory. This French word eventually entered English and other languages to denote the same concept, although local terms have continued to be used. In India, the word "pocket" is often used as a synonym for enclave (such as "the pockets of Puducherry district"). In British administrative history, subnational enclaves were usually called detachments or detached parts, and national enclaves as detached districts or detached dominions. In British ecclesiastic history, subnational enclaves were known as peculiars (see also royal peculiar).
The word exclave is a logically extended back-formation of enclave.
Characteristics
Enclaves exist for a variety of historical, political and geographical reasons. For example, in the feudal system in Europe, the ownership of feudal domains was often transferred or partitioned, either through purchase and sale or through inheritance, and often such domains were or came to be surrounded by other domains. In particular, this state of affairs persisted into the 19th century in the Holy Roman Empire, and these domains (principalities, etc.) exhibited many of the characteristics of sovereign states. Prior to 1866 Prussia alone consisted of more than 270 discontiguous pieces of territory.: 61
Residing in an enclave within another country has often involved difficulties in such areas as passage rights, importing goods, currency, provision of utilities and health services, and host nation cooperation. Thus, over time, enclaves have tended to be eliminated. For example, two-thirds of the then-existing national-level enclaves were extinguished on 1 August 2015, when the governments of India and Bangladesh implemented a Land Boundary Agreement that exchanged 162 first-order enclaves (111 Indian and 51 Bangladeshi). This exchange thus effectively removed another two dozen second-order enclaves and one third-order enclave, eliminating 197 of the India–Bangladesh enclaves in all. The residents in these enclaves had complained of being effectively stateless. Only Bangladesh's Dahagram–Angarpota enclave remained.
Netherlands and Belgium decided to keep the enclave and exclave system in Baarle. As both Netherlands and Belgium are members of the European Union and Schengen Area, people, goods and services flow freely with little or no restrictions.
Enclave versus exclave
For illustration, in the figure (above), A1 is a semi-enclave (attached to C and also bounded by water that only touches C's territorial water). Although A2 is an exclave of A, it cannot be classed as an enclave because it shares borders with B and C. The territory A3 is both an exclave of A and an enclave from the viewpoint of B. The singular territory D, although an enclave, is not an exclave.
True enclaves
An enclave is a part of the territory of a state that is enclosed within the territory of another state. To distinguish the parts of a state entirely enclosed in a single other state, they are called true enclaves.: 10 A true enclave cannot be reached without passing through the territory of a single other state that surrounds it. In 2007, Evgeny Vinokurov called this the restrictive definition of "enclave" given by international law, which thus "comprises only so-called 'true enclaves'".: 10 Two examples are Büsingen am Hochrhein, a true enclave of Germany, and Campione d'Italia, a true enclave of Italy, both of which are surrounded by Switzerland.
The definition of a territory comprises both land territory and territorial waters. In the case of enclaves in territorial waters, they are called maritime (those surrounded by territorial sea) or lacustrine (if in a lake) enclaves.: 10 Most of the true national-level enclaves now existing are in Asia and Europe. While subnational enclaves are numerous the world over, there are only a few national-level true enclaves in Africa, Australia and the Americas (each such enclave being surrounded by the territorial waters of another country).
A historical example is West Berlin before the reunification of Germany. Since 1945, all of Berlin had been ruled de jure by the four Allied powers. However, the East German government and the Soviet Union treated East Berlin as an integral part of East Germany, so West Berlin was a de facto enclave within East Germany. Also, 12 small West Berlin enclaves, such as Steinstücken, were separated from the city, some by only a few meters.
True exclaves
True exclave is an extension of the concept of true enclave. In order to access a true exclave from the mainland, a traveller must go through the territory of at least one other state.
Related constructs and terms
Enclave | Exclave | Semi-enclave | Semi-exclave | Both enclave and exclave | Enclave but not exclave | Exclave but not enclave | Both semi-enclave and semi-exclave | Semi-enclave but not semi-exclave | Semi-exclave but not semi-enclave | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of distinct alien territory bordered | 1 | ≥1 | 1 | ≥1 | 1 | 1 | >1 | 1 | 1 | >1 |
Belongs to a larger territory | Maybe | Yes | Maybe | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
Has unsurrounded sea border(s) | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Semi-enclaves and semi-exclaves
Semi-enclaves and semi-exclaves are areas that, except for possessing an unsurrounded sea border, would otherwise be enclaves or exclaves.: 116 : 12–14 Semi-enclaves can exist as independent states that border only one other state, such as Monaco, the Gambia and Brunei. Vinokurov (2007) declares, "Technically, Portugal, Denmark, and Canada also border only one foreign state, but they are not enclosed in the geographical, political, or economic sense. They have vast access to international waters. At the same time, there are states that, although in possession of sea access, are still enclosed by the territories of a foreign state.": 14 Therefore, a quantitative principle applies: the land boundary must be longer than the coastline. Thus a state is classified as a sovereign semi-enclave if it borders on just one state, and its land boundary is longer than its sea coastline.: 14, 20–22
(Since Vinokurov's writing in 2007, Canada and the Kingdom of Denmark have each gained a second bordering state — each other — with the 2022 division of Hans Island.)
Vinokurov affirms that "no similar quantitative criterion is needed to define the scope of non-sovereign semi-enclaves/exclaves.": 14, 26
Subnational enclaves and exclaves
Sometimes, administrative divisions of a country, for historical or practical reasons, caused some areas to belong to one division while being attached to another.
"Practical" enclaves, exclaves and inaccessible districts
The term pene-exclave was defined in Robinson (1959) as "parts of the territory of one country that can be approached conveniently – in particular by wheeled traffic – only through the territory of another country.": 283 Thus, a pene-exclave, although having land borders, is not completely surrounded by the other's land or territorial waters.: 60 Catudal (1974): 113 and Vinokurov (2007): 31–33 further elaborate upon examples, including Point Roberts. "Although physical connections by water with Point Roberts are entirely within the sovereignty of the United States, land access is only possible through Canada."
Pene-enclaves are also called functional enclaves or practical enclaves.: 31 They can exhibit continuity of state territory across territorial waters but, nevertheless, a discontinuity on land, such as in the case of Point Roberts.: 47 Along rivers that change course, pene-enclaves can be observed as complexes comprising many small pene-enclaves.: 50 A pene-enclave can also exist entirely on land, such as when intervening mountains render a territory, although geographically attached, inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory. A commonly cited example is the Kleinwalsertal, a valley part of Vorarlberg, Austria, that is only accessible from Germany to the north, being separated from the rest of Austria by high mountains traversed by no roads. Another example is the Spanish village of Os de Civís, accessible from Andorra.
Hence, such areas are enclaves or exclaves for practical purposes, without meeting the strict definition. Many pene-exclaves partially border the sea or another body of water, which comprises their own territorial waters (i.e., they are not surrounded by other nations' territorial waters). They border their own territorial waters in addition to a land border with another country, and hence they are not true exclaves. Still, one cannot travel to them on land without going through another country. Attribution of a pene-enclave status to a territory can sometimes be disputed, depending on whether the territory is considered to be practically inaccessible from the mainland or not.: 33
Land owned by a foreign country
One or more parcels/holdings of land in most countries is owned by other countries. Most instances are exempt from taxes. In the special case of embassies/consulates these enjoy special privileges driven by international consensus particularly the mutual wish to ensure free diplomatic missions, such as being exempt from major hindrances and host-country arrests in ordinary times on the premises. Most non-embassy lands in such ownership are also not enclaves as they fall legally short of extraterritoriality, they are subject to alike court jurisdiction as before their grant/sale in most matters. Nonetheless, for a person's offence against the property itself, equally valid jurisdiction in criminal matters is more likely than elsewhere, assuming the perpetrator is found in the prosecuting authority's homeland. Devoid of permanent residents, formally defined new sovereignty is not warranted or asserted in the examples below. Nonetheless, minor laws, especially on flag flying, are sometimes relaxed to accommodate the needs of the accommodated nation's monument.
Embassies enjoy many different legal statuses approaching quasi-sovereignty, depending on the agreements reached and in practice upheld from time-to-time by host nations. Subject to hosts adhering to basic due process of international law, including giving warnings, the enforced reduction of scope of a foreign embassy has always been a possibility, even to the point of expelling the foreign embassy entirely, usually on a breakdown of relations, in reaction to extreme actions such as espionage, or as another form of sanction. The same seems to be possible in profit-driven moving or drilling under any of the sites below, providing safeguards as the structure or a new replacement site. The same possible curtailments and alterations never apply to proper exclaves.
Notes
- including sea territory, excluding international sea
- called maritime enclave if surrounded by alien territorial sea
- has direct access to international waters; a sovereign semi-en/exclave must have a land boundary longer than its coastline
See also
- Flagpole annexation
- Landlocked country
- Panhandle
- Inner suburb
Lists
- List of countries that border only one other country
- List of enclaves and exclaves
- List of ethnic enclaves in North American cities
- List of former foreign enclaves in China
Citations
- Raton, Pierre (1958). "Les enclaves". Annuaire Français de Droit International. 4: 186. doi:10.3406/afdi.1958.1373.
- Melamid, Alexander (1968). "Enclaves and Exclaves". In Sills, David (ed.). International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Vol. 5. The Macmillan Company & Free Press.
- "Exclave". Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language. 1989. p. 497.
- Rozhkov-Yuryevsky, Yuri (2013). "The concepts of enclave and exclave and their use in the political and geographical characteristic of the Kaliningrad region". Baltic Region. 2 (2): 113–123. doi:10.5922/2079-8555-2013-2-11.
- Vinokurov, Evgeny (2007). The Theory of Enclaves. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
- Robinson, G. W. S. (September 1959). "Exclaves". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 49 (3, [Part 1]): 283–295. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1959.tb01614.x. JSTOR 2561461.
- Le Grand Robert, Dictionnaire de la Langue Française, 2001, vol. III, p. 946.
- Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language. 1989. p. 1304.
Servitude: Law. A right possessed by one person with respect to another's property, consisting either of a right to use the other's property, or a power to prevent certain uses of it.
- "Government Jobs in BSNL : 01 Jobs Opening". jobresultsnic.in. Archived from the original on 2014-12-24. Retrieved 2014-02-24.
- As can be seen on 18th century maps of Germany and other European countries by British cartographers and publishers such as R. Wilkinson.
- "Berlin Exclaves". Archived from the original on 2013-04-29. Retrieved 2013-05-02.
- Vinokurov (2007), p. 29, also refers to semi-exclaves as a type of "mere exclave with sea connection to the mainland."
- Melamid (1968) states, "Contiguous territories of states which for all regular commercial and administrative purposes can be reached only through the territory of other states are called pene-enclaves (pene-exclaves). These have virtually the same characteristics as complete enclaves (exclaves)."
- Catudal, Honoré M. (1974). "Exclaves". Cahiers de Géographie du Québec. 18 (43): 107–136. doi:10.7202/021178ar.
General and cited references
External links
- Rolf Palmberg's Enclaves of the world
- Jan S. Krogh's Geosite
- "Tangled Territories" 2005 review article on exclaves and enclaves in Europe published in Hidden Europe magazine
- Barry Smith's Baarle Site
- Evgeny Vinokurov's Theory of Enclaves – a comprehensive economic and political treatment of enclaves and exclaves
An enclave is a territory that is entirely surrounded by the territory of only one other state or entity An enclave can be an independent territory or part of a larger one Enclaves may also exist within territorial waters 60 Enclave is sometimes used improperly to denote a territory that is only partly surrounded by another state Enclaves that are not part of a larger territory are not exclaves for example Lesotho enclaved by South Africa and San Marino and Vatican City both enclaved by Italy are enclaved sovereign states Explanatory diagram of territorial discontinuities Enclaves and exclavesDifferent territories countries states counties municipalities etc are represented by different colours and letters separated parts of the same territory are represented by the same colour and letter with a different number added to each smaller part of that territory the main part is identified by the letter only A possesses 5 exclaves A1 A2 A3 A4 and A5 it is impossible to go from the main part of A to any of these parts going only through territory of A however A1 and A2 are not enclaves neither of them is surrounded by a single foreign territory A1 is a semi enclave and a semi exclave it has an unsurrounded sea border A2 is an exclave of A it is separated from A A3 is an enclave it is totally surrounded by B A4 and A5 are counter enclaves also known as second order enclaves territories belonging to A that are encroached inside the enclave E contains 1 enclave E foreign territory totally surrounded by territory of A contains 1 counter counter enclave or third order enclave E1 B contains 2 enclaves A3 and D C continuous territory contains no enclave or exclave D is an enclaved territory it is territorially continuous but its territory is totally surrounded by a single foreign territory B E is an enclaved territory it is inside A contains 2 enclaves A4 and A5 which are counter enclaves of A possesses 1 counter enclave E1 which is a counter counter enclave as viewed by A and contained within A5 In topological terms A and E are each sets of unconnected surfaces and B C and D are connected surfaces However C and D are also simply connected surfaces while B is not it has first Betti number 2 the number of holes in B An exclave is a portion of a state or district geographically separated from the main part by some surrounding alien territory Many exclaves are also enclaves but an exclave surrounded by the territory of more than one state is not an enclave The Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan is an example of an exclave that is not an enclave as it borders Armenia Iran and Turkey Semi enclaves and semi exclaves are areas that except for possessing an unsurrounded sea border a coastline contiguous with international waters would otherwise be enclaves or exclaves 116 12 14 Semi enclaves and enclaves are mutually exclusive Likewise semi exclaves and exclaves are mutually exclusive Enclaves and semi enclaves can exist as independent states Monaco The Gambia and Brunei are semi enclaves while exclaves and semi exclaves proper always constitute just a part of a sovereign state like the Kaliningrad Oblast A pene exclave is a part of the territory of one country that can be conveniently approached in particular by wheeled traffic only through the territory of another country 283 Pene exclaves are also called functional exclaves or practical exclaves 31 Many pene exclaves partially border their own territorial waters i e they are not surrounded by other nations territorial waters such as Point Roberts Washington and Minnesota s Northwest Angle A pene exclave can also exist entirely on land such as when intervening mountains render a territory inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory A commonly cited example is the Kleinwalsertal a valley part of Vorarlberg Austria that is accessible only from Germany to the north Origin and usageThe word enclave is French and first appeared in the mid 15th century as a derivative of the verb enclaver 1283 from the colloquial Latin inclavare to close with a key Originally it was a term of property law that denoted a land or parcel of land surrounded by land owned by a different owner and that could not be reached for its exploitation in a practical and sufficient manner without crossing the surrounding land In law this created a servitude of passage for the benefit of the owner of the surrounded land The first diplomatic document to contain the word enclave was the Treaty of Madrid signed in 1526 61 Later the term enclave began to be used also to refer to parcels of countries counties fiefs communes towns parishes etc that were surrounded by alien territory This French word eventually entered English and other languages to denote the same concept although local terms have continued to be used In India the word pocket is often used as a synonym for enclave such as the pockets of Puducherry district In British administrative history subnational enclaves were usually called detachments or detached parts and national enclaves as detached districts or detached dominions In British ecclesiastic history subnational enclaves were known as peculiars see also royal peculiar The word exclave is a logically extended back formation of enclave CharacteristicsEnclaves exist for a variety of historical political and geographical reasons For example in the feudal system in Europe the ownership of feudal domains was often transferred or partitioned either through purchase and sale or through inheritance and often such domains were or came to be surrounded by other domains In particular this state of affairs persisted into the 19th century in the Holy Roman Empire and these domains principalities etc exhibited many of the characteristics of sovereign states Prior to 1866 Prussia alone consisted of more than 270 discontiguous pieces of territory 61 Residing in an enclave within another country has often involved difficulties in such areas as passage rights importing goods currency provision of utilities and health services and host nation cooperation Thus over time enclaves have tended to be eliminated For example two thirds of the then existing national level enclaves were extinguished on 1 August 2015 when the governments of India and Bangladesh implemented a Land Boundary Agreement that exchanged 162 first order enclaves 111 Indian and 51 Bangladeshi This exchange thus effectively removed another two dozen second order enclaves and one third order enclave eliminating 197 of the India Bangladesh enclaves in all The residents in these enclaves had complained of being effectively stateless Only Bangladesh s Dahagram Angarpota enclave remained Netherlands and Belgium decided to keep the enclave and exclave system in Baarle As both Netherlands and Belgium are members of the European Union and Schengen Area people goods and services flow freely with little or no restrictions Enclave versus exclaveFor illustration in the figure above A1 is a semi enclave attached to C and also bounded by water that only touches C s territorial water Although A2 is an exclave of A it cannot be classed as an enclave because it shares borders with B and C The territory A3 is both an exclave of A and an enclave from the viewpoint of B The singular territory D although an enclave is not an exclave True enclavesAn enclave is a part of the territory of a state that is enclosed within the territory of another state To distinguish the parts of a state entirely enclosed in a single other state they are called true enclaves 10 A true enclave cannot be reached without passing through the territory of a single other state that surrounds it In 2007 Evgeny Vinokurov called this the restrictive definition of enclave given by international law which thus comprises only so called true enclaves 10 Two examples are Busingen am Hochrhein a true enclave of Germany and Campione d Italia a true enclave of Italy both of which are surrounded by Switzerland The definition of a territory comprises both land territory and territorial waters In the case of enclaves in territorial waters they are called maritime those surrounded by territorial sea or lacustrine if in a lake enclaves 10 Most of the true national level enclaves now existing are in Asia and Europe While subnational enclaves are numerous the world over there are only a few national level true enclaves in Africa Australia and the Americas each such enclave being surrounded by the territorial waters of another country A historical example is West Berlin before the reunification of Germany Since 1945 all of Berlin had been ruled de jure by the four Allied powers However the East German government and the Soviet Union treated East Berlin as an integral part of East Germany so West Berlin was a de facto enclave within East Germany Also 12 small West Berlin enclaves such as Steinstucken were separated from the city some by only a few meters True exclavesNakhchivan Autonomous Republic True exclave is an extension of the concept of true enclave In order to access a true exclave from the mainland a traveller must go through the territory of at least one other state Related constructs and termsEnclave Exclave Semi enclave Semi exclave Both enclave and exclave Enclave but not exclave Exclave but not enclave Both semi enclave and semi exclave Semi enclave but not semi exclave Semi exclave but not semi enclaveNumber of distinct alien territory bordered 1 1 1 1 1 1 gt 1 1 1 gt 1Belongs to a larger territory Maybe Yes Maybe Yes Yes No Yes Yes No YesHas unsurrounded sea border s No No Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes YesSemi enclaves and semi exclaves Semi enclaves and semi exclaves are areas that except for possessing an unsurrounded sea border would otherwise be enclaves or exclaves 116 12 14 Semi enclaves can exist as independent states that border only one other state such as Monaco the Gambia and Brunei Vinokurov 2007 declares Technically Portugal Denmark and Canada also border only one foreign state but they are not enclosed in the geographical political or economic sense They have vast access to international waters At the same time there are states that although in possession of sea access are still enclosed by the territories of a foreign state 14 Therefore a quantitative principle applies the land boundary must be longer than the coastline Thus a state is classified as a sovereign semi enclave if it borders on just one state and its land boundary is longer than its sea coastline 14 20 22 Since Vinokurov s writing in 2007 Canada and the Kingdom of Denmark have each gained a second bordering state each other with the 2022 division of Hans Island Vinokurov affirms that no similar quantitative criterion is needed to define the scope of non sovereign semi enclaves exclaves 14 26 Subnational enclaves and exclaves Sometimes administrative divisions of a country for historical or practical reasons caused some areas to belong to one division while being attached to another Practical enclaves exclaves and inaccessible districts The term pene exclave was defined in Robinson 1959 as parts of the territory of one country that can be approached conveniently in particular by wheeled traffic only through the territory of another country 283 Thus a pene exclave although having land borders is not completely surrounded by the other s land or territorial waters 60 Catudal 1974 113 and Vinokurov 2007 31 33 further elaborate upon examples including Point Roberts Although physical connections by water with Point Roberts are entirely within the sovereignty of the United States land access is only possible through Canada Pene enclaves are also called functional enclaves or practical enclaves 31 They can exhibit continuity of state territory across territorial waters but nevertheless a discontinuity on land such as in the case of Point Roberts 47 Along rivers that change course pene enclaves can be observed as complexes comprising many small pene enclaves 50 A pene enclave can also exist entirely on land such as when intervening mountains render a territory although geographically attached inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory A commonly cited example is the Kleinwalsertal a valley part of Vorarlberg Austria that is only accessible from Germany to the north being separated from the rest of Austria by high mountains traversed by no roads Another example is the Spanish village of Os de Civis accessible from Andorra Hence such areas are enclaves or exclaves for practical purposes without meeting the strict definition Many pene exclaves partially border the sea or another body of water which comprises their own territorial waters i e they are not surrounded by other nations territorial waters They border their own territorial waters in addition to a land border with another country and hence they are not true exclaves Still one cannot travel to them on land without going through another country Attribution of a pene enclave status to a territory can sometimes be disputed depending on whether the territory is considered to be practically inaccessible from the mainland or not 33 Land owned by a foreign country Land for the Captain Cook Monument was deeded outright to the British government by the independent nation of Hawaii in 1877 One or more parcels holdings of land in most countries is owned by other countries Most instances are exempt from taxes In the special case of embassies consulates these enjoy special privileges driven by international consensus particularly the mutual wish to ensure free diplomatic missions such as being exempt from major hindrances and host country arrests in ordinary times on the premises Most non embassy lands in such ownership are also not enclaves as they fall legally short of extraterritoriality they are subject to alike court jurisdiction as before their grant sale in most matters Nonetheless for a person s offence against the property itself equally valid jurisdiction in criminal matters is more likely than elsewhere assuming the perpetrator is found in the prosecuting authority s homeland Devoid of permanent residents formally defined new sovereignty is not warranted or asserted in the examples below Nonetheless minor laws especially on flag flying are sometimes relaxed to accommodate the needs of the accommodated nation s monument Embassies enjoy many different legal statuses approaching quasi sovereignty depending on the agreements reached and in practice upheld from time to time by host nations Subject to hosts adhering to basic due process of international law including giving warnings the enforced reduction of scope of a foreign embassy has always been a possibility even to the point of expelling the foreign embassy entirely usually on a breakdown of relations in reaction to extreme actions such as espionage or as another form of sanction The same seems to be possible in profit driven moving or drilling under any of the sites below providing safeguards as the structure or a new replacement site The same possible curtailments and alterations never apply to proper exclaves Notesincluding sea territory excluding international sea called maritime enclave if surrounded by alien territorial sea has direct access to international waters a sovereign semi en exclave must have a land boundary longer than its coastlineSee alsoFlagpole annexation Landlocked country Panhandle Inner suburbLists List of countries that border only one other country List of enclaves and exclaves List of ethnic enclaves in North American cities List of former foreign enclaves in ChinaCitationsRaton Pierre 1958 Les enclaves Annuaire Francais de Droit International 4 186 doi 10 3406 afdi 1958 1373 Melamid Alexander 1968 Enclaves and Exclaves In Sills David ed International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences Vol 5 The Macmillan Company amp Free Press Exclave Webster s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language 1989 p 497 Rozhkov Yuryevsky Yuri 2013 The concepts of enclave and exclave and their use in the political and geographical characteristic of the Kaliningrad region Baltic Region 2 2 113 123 doi 10 5922 2079 8555 2013 2 11 Vinokurov Evgeny 2007 The Theory of Enclaves Lanham MD Lexington Books Robinson G W S September 1959 Exclaves Annals of the Association of American Geographers 49 3 Part 1 283 295 doi 10 1111 j 1467 8306 1959 tb01614 x JSTOR 2561461 Le Grand Robert Dictionnaire de la Langue Francaise 2001 vol III p 946 Webster s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language 1989 p 1304 Servitude Law A right possessed by one person with respect to another s property consisting either of a right to use the other s property or a power to prevent certain uses of it Government Jobs in BSNL 01 Jobs Opening jobresultsnic in Archived from the original on 2014 12 24 Retrieved 2014 02 24 As can be seen on 18th century maps of Germany and other European countries by British cartographers and publishers such as R Wilkinson Berlin Exclaves Archived from the original on 2013 04 29 Retrieved 2013 05 02 Vinokurov 2007 p 29 also refers to semi exclaves as a type of mere exclave with sea connection to the mainland Melamid 1968 states Contiguous territories of states which for all regular commercial and administrative purposes can be reached only through the territory of other states are called pene enclaves pene exclaves These have virtually the same characteristics as complete enclaves exclaves Catudal Honore M 1974 Exclaves Cahiers de Geographie du Quebec 18 43 107 136 doi 10 7202 021178ar General and cited referencesRobinson G W S September 1959 Exclaves Annals of the Association of American Geographers 49 3 Part 1 283 295 doi 10 1111 j 1467 8306 1959 tb01614 x JSTOR 2561461 Vinokurov Evgeny 2007 A Theory of Enclaves Lexington Books ISBN 978 0 7391 2403 1 External linksLook up enclave in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Enclave Wikimedia Commons has media related to Exclaves and enclaves Rolf Palmberg s Enclaves of the world Jan S Krogh s Geosite Tangled Territories 2005 review article on exclaves and enclaves in Europe published in Hidden Europe magazine Barry Smith s Baarle Site Evgeny Vinokurov s Theory of Enclaves a comprehensive economic and political treatment of enclaves and exclaves