A core competency is a concept in management theory introduced by C. K. Prahalad and Gary Hamel. It can be defined as "a harmonized combination of multiple resources and skills that distinguish a firm in the marketplace" and therefore are the foundation of companies' competitiveness.
Core competencies fulfill three criteria:
- Provides potential access to a wide variety of markets.
- Should make a significant contribution to the perceived customer benefits of the end product.
- Difficult to imitate by competitors.
For example, a company's core competencies may include precision mechanics, fine optics, and micro-electronics. These help it build cameras, but may also be useful in making other products that require these competencies.
Background
A core competency results from a specific set of skills or production techniques that deliver additional value to the customer. These enable an organization to access a wide variety of markets.
In a 1990 article titled "The Core Competence of the Corporation", C. K. Prahalad and Gary Hamel illustrated that core competencies lead to the development of core products, which can further be used to build many other products for end users. Core competencies are developed through the process of continuous improvements over the period of time rather than a single large change. To succeed in an emerging global market, it is more important and required to build core competencies rather than to do vertical integration. For example, NEC utilized its portfolio of core competencies to dominate the semiconductor, telecommunications, and consumer electronics market.
The use and understanding of the concept of core competences can be very important to enterprises. They can use core competences in order to excel at the contrivance of core products. Enterprises could also use core competences to raise the values of customers and stakeholders.
Alexander and Martin (2013) state that the competitiveness of a company is based on the ability to develop core competences. A core competence is, for example, a specialised knowledge, technique, or skill. The core capability is the management ability to develop, out of the core competences, core products and new business. Competence building is, therefore, an outcome of strategic architecture which must be enforced by top management in order to exploit its full capacity.[citation needed]
Importantly, according to C. K. Prahalad and Gary Hamel (1990) definition, core competencies are the "collective learning across the corporation". They can, therefore, not be applied to the SBU (strategic business unit) and represent resource combination steered from the corporate level. Because the term "core competence" is often confused with "something a company is particularly good at", some caution should be taken not to dilute the original meaning.
In Competing for the Future, the authors C. K. Prahalad and Gary Hamel show how executives can develop the industry foresight necessary to adapt to industry changes and discover ways of controlling resources that will enable the company to attain goals despite any constraints. Executives should develop a point of view on which core competencies can be built for the future to revitalize the process of new business creation. Developing an independent point of view of tomorrow's opportunities and building capabilities that exploit them is the key to future industry leadership.[vague]
For an organization to be competitive, it needs not only tangible resources but intangible resources like core competences that are difficult and challenging to achieve. It is critical to manage and enhance the competences in response to industry changes in the future. For example, Microsoft has expertise in many IT based innovations where, for a variety of reasons, it is difficult for competitors to replicate or compete with Microsoft's core competences.
In a race to achieve cost cutting, quality, and productivity, most executives do not spend their time developing a corporate view of the future because this exercise demands high intellectual energy and commitment. The difficult questions may challenge their own ability to view the future opportunities but an attempt to find their answers will lead towards organizational benefits.
Core competencies and product development
Core competencies are related to a firm's product portfolio via core products. Prahalad and Hamel (1990) defined core competencies as the engines for the development of core products and services. Competencies are the roots of which the corporation grows, like a tree whose fruit are end products.
Core products contribute "to the competitiveness of a wide range of end products. They are the physical embodiment of core competencies." Approaches for identifying product portfolios with respect to core competencies and vice versa have been developed in recent years. One approach for identifying core competencies with respect to a product portfolio has been proposed by Danilovic & Leisner (2007). They use design structure matrices for mapping competencies to specific products in the product portfolio. Using their approach, clusters of competencies can be aggregated to core competencies. Bonjour & Micaelli (2010) introduced a similar method for assessing how far a company has achieved its development of core competencies. More recently Hein et al. link core competencies to Christensen's concept of capabilities, which is defined as resources, processes, and priorities. Furthermore, they present a method to evaluate different product architectures with respect to their contribution to the development of core competencies.
See also
- Resource-based view
- Core business
- Competitive advantage
References
- Prahalad, C.K. and Hamel, G. (1990) "The core competence of the corporation Archived 2014-07-14 at the Wayback Machine", Harvard Business Review (v. 68, no. 3) pp. 79–91.
- Schilling, M. A. (2013). Strategic management of technological innovation, p.117 International Edition, McGraw-Hill Education.
- Yang, C. (2015). "The integrated model of core competence and core capability". Total Quality Management. 26 (1–2): 173–189. doi:10.1080/14783363.2013.820024. S2CID 154842270.
- Alexander, A.; Martin, D. (2013). "Intermediaries for open innovation: A competence-based comparison of knowledge transfer offices practices". Technological Forecasting & Social Change. 80: 38–49. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2012.07.013.
- "Distinctive Competencies: How to Use Your Capabilities". Inevitable Steps. June 10, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
- Prahalad, C.; Hamel, G. (1990). "The core competence of the corporation". Harvard Business Review. 68: 79–91.
- Prahalad, C. K., & Hamel, G. (1990). The Core Competence of the Corporation. Harvard Business Review, 68(3), 79-91. p.84
- Danilovic, M., & Leisner, P. (2007). "Analyzing core competence and core products for developing agile and adaptable corporation." In Proceedings of the 9th Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) International Conference, 16–18 October 2007, Munich, Germany.
- Bonjour, E., & Micaelli, J. P. (2010). "Design core competence diagnosis: a case from the automotive industry". Engineering Management, IEEE Transactions on, 57(2), 323-337.
- Hein, A.M., Metsker, Y., Sturm, J.C., "Towards a Capability Framework for Systems Architecting and Technology Strategy". Proceedings of the 16th International DSM Conference 2014, Paris, France.
- Christensen, C. M., & Kaufman, S. P., 2006. Assessing Your Organization’s Capabilities: Resources, Processes, and Priorities. Burgelman, R. A.; Christensen, C. M.; Wheelwright, S. C. (Eds.), Strategic Management of Technology and Innovation. McGraw Hill, pp.153-163.
Further reading
- Prahalad, C.K. and Hamel, G. (1990). "The core competence of the corporation", Harvard Business Review (v. 68, no. 3) pp. 79–91.
- Galunic, D.C. and Rodan, S. (1998). Resource recombinations in the firm: knowledge structures and the potential for Schumpeterian innovation. Strategic Management Journal 19. p. 1193–1201.
- Leonard-Barton, D. (1992). Core capabilities and core rigidities: A paradox in managing new product development. Strategic Management Journal 13-S1. p. 111–125.
- Slywotzky, Adrian (1995). Value Migration: How to Think Several Moves Ahead of the Competition
A core competency is a concept in management theory introduced by C K Prahalad and Gary Hamel It can be defined as a harmonized combination of multiple resources and skills that distinguish a firm in the marketplace and therefore are the foundation of companies competitiveness Core competencies fulfill three criteria Provides potential access to a wide variety of markets Should make a significant contribution to the perceived customer benefits of the end product Difficult to imitate by competitors For example a company s core competencies may include precision mechanics fine optics and micro electronics These help it build cameras but may also be useful in making other products that require these competencies BackgroundA core competency results from a specific set of skills or production techniques that deliver additional value to the customer These enable an organization to access a wide variety of markets In a 1990 article titled The Core Competence of the Corporation C K Prahalad and Gary Hamel illustrated that core competencies lead to the development of core products which can further be used to build many other products for end users Core competencies are developed through the process of continuous improvements over the period of time rather than a single large change To succeed in an emerging global market it is more important and required to build core competencies rather than to do vertical integration For example NEC utilized its portfolio of core competencies to dominate the semiconductor telecommunications and consumer electronics market The use and understanding of the concept of core competences can be very important to enterprises They can use core competences in order to excel at the contrivance of core products Enterprises could also use core competences to raise the values of customers and stakeholders Alexander and Martin 2013 state that the competitiveness of a company is based on the ability to develop core competences A core competence is for example a specialised knowledge technique or skill The core capability is the management ability to develop out of the core competences core products and new business Competence building is therefore an outcome of strategic architecture which must be enforced by top management in order to exploit its full capacity citation needed Importantly according to C K Prahalad and Gary Hamel 1990 definition core competencies are the collective learning across the corporation They can therefore not be applied to the SBU strategic business unit and represent resource combination steered from the corporate level Because the term core competence is often confused with something a company is particularly good at some caution should be taken not to dilute the original meaning In Competing for the Future the authors C K Prahalad and Gary Hamel show how executives can develop the industry foresight necessary to adapt to industry changes and discover ways of controlling resources that will enable the company to attain goals despite any constraints Executives should develop a point of view on which core competencies can be built for the future to revitalize the process of new business creation Developing an independent point of view of tomorrow s opportunities and building capabilities that exploit them is the key to future industry leadership vague For an organization to be competitive it needs not only tangible resources but intangible resources like core competences that are difficult and challenging to achieve It is critical to manage and enhance the competences in response to industry changes in the future For example Microsoft has expertise in many IT based innovations where for a variety of reasons it is difficult for competitors to replicate or compete with Microsoft s core competences In a race to achieve cost cutting quality and productivity most executives do not spend their time developing a corporate view of the future because this exercise demands high intellectual energy and commitment The difficult questions may challenge their own ability to view the future opportunities but an attempt to find their answers will lead towards organizational benefits Core competencies and product developmentCore competencies are related to a firm s product portfolio via core products Prahalad and Hamel 1990 defined core competencies as the engines for the development of core products and services Competencies are the roots of which the corporation grows like a tree whose fruit are end products Core products contribute to the competitiveness of a wide range of end products They are the physical embodiment of core competencies Approaches for identifying product portfolios with respect to core competencies and vice versa have been developed in recent years One approach for identifying core competencies with respect to a product portfolio has been proposed by Danilovic amp Leisner 2007 They use design structure matrices for mapping competencies to specific products in the product portfolio Using their approach clusters of competencies can be aggregated to core competencies Bonjour amp Micaelli 2010 introduced a similar method for assessing how far a company has achieved its development of core competencies More recently Hein et al link core competencies to Christensen s concept of capabilities which is defined as resources processes and priorities Furthermore they present a method to evaluate different product architectures with respect to their contribution to the development of core competencies See alsoResource based view Core business Competitive advantageReferencesPrahalad C K and Hamel G 1990 The core competence of the corporation Archived 2014 07 14 at the Wayback Machine Harvard Business Review v 68 no 3 pp 79 91 Schilling M A 2013 Strategic management of technological innovation p 117 International Edition McGraw Hill Education Yang C 2015 The integrated model of core competence and core capability Total Quality Management 26 1 2 173 189 doi 10 1080 14783363 2013 820024 S2CID 154842270 Alexander A Martin D 2013 Intermediaries for open innovation A competence based comparison of knowledge transfer offices practices Technological Forecasting amp Social Change 80 38 49 doi 10 1016 j techfore 2012 07 013 Distinctive Competencies How to Use Your Capabilities Inevitable Steps June 10 2015 Retrieved January 31 2016 Prahalad C Hamel G 1990 The core competence of the corporation Harvard Business Review 68 79 91 Prahalad C K amp Hamel G 1990 The Core Competence of the Corporation Harvard Business Review 68 3 79 91 p 84 Danilovic M amp Leisner P 2007 Analyzing core competence and core products for developing agile and adaptable corporation In Proceedings of the 9th Dependency Structure Matrix DSM International Conference 16 18 October 2007 Munich Germany Bonjour E amp Micaelli J P 2010 Design core competence diagnosis a case from the automotive industry Engineering Management IEEE Transactions on 57 2 323 337 Hein A M Metsker Y Sturm J C Towards a Capability Framework for Systems Architecting and Technology Strategy Proceedings of the 16th International DSM Conference 2014 Paris France Christensen C M amp Kaufman S P 2006 Assessing Your Organization s Capabilities Resources Processes and Priorities Burgelman R A Christensen C M Wheelwright S C Eds Strategic Management of Technology and Innovation McGraw Hill pp 153 163 Further readingPrahalad C K and Hamel G 1990 The core competence of the corporation Harvard Business Review v 68 no 3 pp 79 91 Galunic D C and Rodan S 1998 Resource recombinations in the firm knowledge structures and the potential for Schumpeterian innovation Strategic Management Journal 19 p 1193 1201 Leonard Barton D 1992 Core capabilities and core rigidities A paradox in managing new product development Strategic Management Journal 13 S1 p 111 125 Slywotzky Adrian 1995 Value Migration How to Think Several Moves Ahead of the Competition
