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The Chalcolithic or Copper Age is the transitional period between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age. It is taken to begin around the mid-5th millennium BC, and ends with the beginning of the Bronze Age proper, in the late 4th to 3rd millennium BC, depending on the region.
The Chalcolithic is part of prehistory, but based on archaeological evidence, the emergence of the first state societies can be inferred, notably in the Fertile Crescent (notably Sumer) Predynastic Egypt, and Proto-Minoan Crete, with late Neolithic societies of comparable complexity emerging in the Indus Valley (Mehrgarh), China, and along the north-western shores of the Black Sea.
The development of states—large-scale, populous, politically centralized, and socially stratified polities/societies governed by powerful rulers—marks one of the major milestones in the evolution of human societies. Archaeologists often distinguish between primary (or pristine) states and secondary states. Primary states evolved independently through largely internal developmental processes rather than through the influence of any other pre-existing state.
The earliest known primary states appeared in Anatolia c. 5200 BC, in Mesopotamia c. 3700 BC,[citation needed], in Greece c. 3500 BC, in Egypt c. 3300 BC,[citation needed] in the Indus Valley c. 3300 BC,[citation needed] and in China c. 1600 BC.[citation needed]
List of known polities
This section does not cite any sources. (October 2018) |
| City | period |
|---|---|
| Anau | 4000 BC to 1000 BC |
| Anshan | 4000 BC to 1000 BC |
| Bad-tibira | 5000 BC to 2300 BC |
| Çatalhöyük | 6700 BC to 5700 BC |
| 5200 BC to 4750 BC | |
| Ebla | 3500 BC to 1600 BC |
| Eridu | 5400 BC to 2050 BC |
| Girsu | 5000 to 2100 BC |
| Heliopolis (Lower Egypt) | 3500 BC to ~1000BC |
| Isin | 3500 to 2100 BC |
| Jericho | 9600 BC to 1400 BC |
| Kish | 4000 to 2300 BC |
| Knossos | 7000 to 1900 BC |
| Lagash | 4000 to 2250 BC |
| Laish | 4500 to 1350 BC |
| Mari | 2900 to 1759 BC |
| Mehrgarh | 5500 to 2500 BC |
| Nekhen (Upper Egypt) | 3500 BC to ~150BC |
| Nippur | 5000 to 2450 BC |
| Susa | 4200 to 2330 BC |
| Rakhigarhi | 6500 BC to 1900 BC |
| Ugarit | 6000 BC to 1190 BC |
| Ur | 4000 to 2000 BC |
| Uruk | 4000 to 3100 BC |
See also
- 4th millennium BC
- Cradle of civilization
- List of Bronze Age states
- List of Iron Age states
References
- The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) ISBN 0-19-861263-X, p. 301: "Chalcolithic /,kælkəl'lɪθɪk/ adjective Archaeology of, relating to, or denoting a period in the 4th and 3rd millennium BCE, chiefly in the Near East and SE Europe, during which some weapons and tools were made of copper. This period was still largely Neolithic in character. Also called Eneolithic... Also called Copper Age - Origin early 20th cent.: from Greek khalkos 'copper' + lithos 'stone' + -ic".
- Pavlů, Ivan; Gülçur, Sevil; Jačkova, I.; Buzek, F. (2009). "Pavlů, I., Gülçur, S., Jačkova, I., & Buzek, F. (2009). 13C and 15N Isotopic Data on Grinding Stones from the Güvercinkayası Site, Turkey. Anatolia antiqua. Eski Anadolu, 17(1), 19-30". Anatolia Antiqua. Eski Anadolu. 17 (1): 19–30. doi:10.3406/anata.2009.1275.
- "Chronology". www.minoancrete.com. Retrieved 2021-08-04.
This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Copper Age state societies news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2024 Learn how and when to remove this message This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia s quality standards You can help The talk page may contain suggestions November 2024 The Chalcolithic or Copper Age is the transitional period between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age It is taken to begin around the mid 5th millennium BC and ends with the beginning of the Bronze Age proper in the late 4th to 3rd millennium BC depending on the region Painting of a Copper Age walled settlement Los Millares Spain The Chalcolithic is part of prehistory but based on archaeological evidence the emergence of the first state societies can be inferred notably in the Fertile Crescent notably Sumer Predynastic Egypt and Proto Minoan Crete with late Neolithic societies of comparable complexity emerging in the Indus Valley Mehrgarh China and along the north western shores of the Black Sea The development of states large scale populous politically centralized and socially stratified polities societies governed by powerful rulers marks one of the major milestones in the evolution of human societies Archaeologists often distinguish between primary or pristine states and secondary states Primary states evolved independently through largely internal developmental processes rather than through the influence of any other pre existing state The earliest known primary states appeared in Anatolia c 5200 BC in Mesopotamia c 3700 BC citation needed in Greece c 3500 BC in Egypt c 3300 BC citation needed in the Indus Valley c 3300 BC citation needed and in China c 1600 BC citation needed List of known politiesThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed October 2018 Learn how and when to remove this message City periodAnau 4000 BC to 1000 BCAnshan 4000 BC to 1000 BCBad tibira 5000 BC to 2300 BCCatalhoyuk 6700 BC to 5700 BC5200 BC to 4750 BCEbla 3500 BC to 1600 BCEridu 5400 BC to 2050 BCGirsu 5000 to 2100 BCHeliopolis Lower Egypt 3500 BC to 1000BCIsin 3500 to 2100 BCJericho 9600 BC to 1400 BCKish 4000 to 2300 BCKnossos 7000 to 1900 BCLagash 4000 to 2250 BCLaish 4500 to 1350 BCMari 2900 to 1759 BCMehrgarh 5500 to 2500 BCNekhen Upper Egypt 3500 BC to 150BCNippur 5000 to 2450 BCSusa 4200 to 2330 BCRakhigarhi 6500 BC to 1900 BCUgarit 6000 BC to 1190 BCUr 4000 to 2000 BCUruk 4000 to 3100 BCSee also4th millennium BC Cradle of civilization List of Bronze Age states List of Iron Age statesReferencesThe New Oxford Dictionary of English 1998 ISBN 0 19 861263 X p 301 Chalcolithic kaelkel lɪ8ɪk adjective Archaeology of relating to or denoting a period in the 4th and 3rd millennium BCE chiefly in the Near East and SE Europe during which some weapons and tools were made of copper This period was still largely Neolithic in character Also called Eneolithic Also called Copper Age Origin early 20th cent from Greek khalkos copper lithos stone ic Pavlu Ivan Gulcur Sevil Jackova I Buzek F 2009 Pavlu I Gulcur S Jackova I amp Buzek F 2009 13C and 15N Isotopic Data on Grinding Stones from the Guvercinkayasi Site Turkey Anatolia antiqua Eski Anadolu 17 1 19 30 Anatolia Antiqua Eski Anadolu 17 1 19 30 doi 10 3406 anata 2009 1275 Chronology www minoancrete com Retrieved 2021 08 04
