Consensus democracy is the application of consensus decision-making and supermajority to the process of legislation in a democracy. It is characterized by a decision-making structure that involves and takes into account as broad a range of opinions as possible, as opposed to majoritarian democracy systems where minority opinions can potentially be ignored by vote-winning majorities.Constitutions typically require consensus or supermajority.
A consensus government is a national unity government with representation across the whole political spectrum. A concordance democracy is a type of consensus democracy where majority rule does not play a central role. Optional referendums and popular initiatives correspond to consensus democracy.
Examples
Consensus democracy is most closely embodied in certain countries such as Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Denmark, Lebanon, Sweden, Iraq, and Belgium, where consensus is an important feature of political culture, particularly with a view to preventing the domination of one linguistic or cultural group in the political process. The term consociational state is used in political science to describe countries with such consensus based political systems. An example of such a system could be the Dutch Poldermodel. Many parties in Lebanon call for applying consensus democracy, especially at times of crisis.
Tripartism applies consensus democracy to economic policy by fostering social dialogue between opposing interest groups, primarily national trade unions and employers' organizations.
Consensus government chiefly arises in non-partisan democracies and similar systems in which a majority of politicians are independent. Many former British territories with large indigenous populations use consensus government to fuse traditional tribal leadership with the Westminster system. Consensus government in Canada is used in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, as well as the autonomous Nunatsiavut region, and similar systems have arisen in the Pacific island nations of Fiji, Tuvalu and Vanuatu, as well as the ancient Tynwald of the Isle of Man.
Electoral systems
The Borda count tends to elect broadly-acceptable options or candidates (rather than consistently following the preferences of a majority).
See also
- Anticipatory democracy
- Bioregional democracy
- Coalition government
- Consensus decision-making
- Consociationalism
- Types of democracy
- Direct democracy
- Grassroots democracy
- Hung parliament
- List of politics-related topics
- Minoritarianism
- Open source governance
References
- McGann, Anthony J.; Latner, Michael (2013). "The Calculus of Consensus Democracy". Comparative Political Studies. 46 (7): 823–850. doi:10.1177/0010414012463883.
- Kasuya, Yuko; Reilly, Benjamin (2023). "The shift to consensus democracy and limits of institutional design in Asia". The Pacific Review. 36 (4): 844–870. doi:10.1080/09512748.2022.2035426.
- King, Brett W. "The Use of Supermajority Provisions in the Constitution: The Framers, The Federalist Papers and the Reinforcement of a Fundamental Principle." Seton Hall Const. LJ 8 (1997): 363.
- Vatter, Adrian (2000). "Consensus and direct democracy:Conceptual and empirical linkages". European Journal of Political Research. 38 (2): 171–192. doi:10.1023/A:1007137026336.
- Lijphart, A. (1999). Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms & Performance in Thirty-six Countries. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07893-5.
- Graham White (2011). Cabinets and First Ministers. UBC Press. pp. 58–63. ISBN 978-0774842143.
- Lippman, David. "Voting Theory" (PDF). Math in Society.
Borda count is sometimes described as a consensus-based voting system, since it can sometimes choose a more broadly acceptable option over the one with majority support.
External links
- Consensus Democracy: A New Approach to 21st Century Governance
- Metagovernment - Project using the wiki consensus model as a replacement for current governments.
- On Conflict and Consensus - A Handbook on Formal Consensus Decisionmaking.
- Consensus voting, the Modified Borda Count (MBC)
Consensus democracy is the application of consensus decision making and supermajority to the process of legislation in a democracy It is characterized by a decision making structure that involves and takes into account as broad a range of opinions as possible as opposed to majoritarian democracy systems where minority opinions can potentially be ignored by vote winning majorities Constitutions typically require consensus or supermajority A consensus government is a national unity government with representation across the whole political spectrum A concordance democracy is a type of consensus democracy where majority rule does not play a central role Optional referendums and popular initiatives correspond to consensus democracy ExamplesThe 2019 Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories is an example of consensus government all MLAs are non partisan and together elect the Premier and Cabinet Consensus democracy is most closely embodied in certain countries such as Switzerland Germany Austria Denmark Lebanon Sweden Iraq and Belgium where consensus is an important feature of political culture particularly with a view to preventing the domination of one linguistic or cultural group in the political process The term consociational state is used in political science to describe countries with such consensus based political systems An example of such a system could be the Dutch Poldermodel Many parties in Lebanon call for applying consensus democracy especially at times of crisis Tripartism applies consensus democracy to economic policy by fostering social dialogue between opposing interest groups primarily national trade unions and employers organizations Consensus government chiefly arises in non partisan democracies and similar systems in which a majority of politicians are independent Many former British territories with large indigenous populations use consensus government to fuse traditional tribal leadership with the Westminster system Consensus government in Canada is used in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut as well as the autonomous Nunatsiavut region and similar systems have arisen in the Pacific island nations of Fiji Tuvalu and Vanuatu as well as the ancient Tynwald of the Isle of Man Electoral systemsThe Borda count tends to elect broadly acceptable options or candidates rather than consistently following the preferences of a majority See alsoAnticipatory democracy Bioregional democracy Coalition government Consensus decision making Consociationalism Types of democracy Direct democracy Grassroots democracy Hung parliament List of politics related topics Minoritarianism Open source governanceReferencesMcGann Anthony J Latner Michael 2013 The Calculus of Consensus Democracy Comparative Political Studies 46 7 823 850 doi 10 1177 0010414012463883 Kasuya Yuko Reilly Benjamin 2023 The shift to consensus democracy and limits of institutional design in Asia The Pacific Review 36 4 844 870 doi 10 1080 09512748 2022 2035426 King Brett W The Use of Supermajority Provisions in the Constitution The Framers The Federalist Papers and the Reinforcement of a Fundamental Principle Seton Hall Const LJ 8 1997 363 Vatter Adrian 2000 Consensus and direct democracy Conceptual and empirical linkages European Journal of Political Research 38 2 171 192 doi 10 1023 A 1007137026336 Lijphart A 1999 Patterns of Democracy Government Forms amp Performance in Thirty six Countries New Haven Yale University Press ISBN 0 300 07893 5 Graham White 2011 Cabinets and First Ministers UBC Press pp 58 63 ISBN 978 0774842143 Lippman David Voting Theory PDF Math in Society Borda count is sometimes described as a consensus based voting system since it can sometimes choose a more broadly acceptable option over the one with majority support External linksConsensus Democracy A New Approach to 21st Century Governance Metagovernment Project using the wiki consensus model as a replacement for current governments On Conflict and Consensus A Handbook on Formal Consensus Decisionmaking Consensus voting the Modified Borda Count MBC
