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An archaeological site is a place (or group of physical sites) in which evidence of past activity is preserved (either prehistoric or historic or contemporary), and which has been, or may be, investigated using the discipline of archaeology and represents a part of the archaeological record. Sites may range from those with few or no remains visible above ground, to buildings and other structures still in use.
Beyond this, the definition and geographical extent of a "site" can vary widely, depending on the period studied and the theoretical approach of the archaeologist.
Geographical extent
It is almost invariably difficult to delimit a site. It is sometimes taken to indicate a settlement of some sort, although the archaeologist must also define the limits of human activity around the settlement. Any episode of deposition, such as a hoard or burial, can form a site as well. Development-led archaeology undertaken as cultural resources management has the disadvantage (or the benefit) of having its sites defined by the limits of the intended development. Even in this case, however, in describing and interpreting the site, the archaeologist will have to look outside the boundaries of the building site.
According to Jess Beck in "How Do Archaeologists Find Sites?" the areas with numerous artifacts are good targets for future excavation, while areas with a small number of artifacts are thought to reflect a lack of past human activity. Many areas have been discovered by accident. The most common people who have found artifacts are farmers who are plowing their fields or just cleaning them up, and they often find archaeological artifacts. Many people who are out hiking and even pilots find artifacts, and they usually end up reporting them to archaeologists for further investigation. When they find sites, they have to first record the area, and if they have the money and time for the site, they can start digging.
Field survey
There are many ways to find sites, one example can be through surveys. Surveys involve walking around analyzing the land and looking for artifacts. It can also involve digging, according to the Archaeological Institute of America, "archaeologists actively search areas that were likely to support human populations, or in places where old documents and records indicate people once lived." This helps archaeologists in the future. In case there is no time or money during the site's discovery, archaeologists can come back and visit the site for further digging to find out the extent of the site. Archaeologist can also sample randomly within a given area of land as another form of conducting surveys. Surveys are very useful, according to Jess Beck, "it can tell you where people were living at different points in the past." Geophysics is a branch of survey becoming more and more popular in archaeology, because it uses different types of instruments to investigate features below the ground surface. It is not as reliable because although they can see what is under the surface of the ground, it does not produce the best picture. Archaeologists still have to dig up the area in order to uncover the truth. There are also two most common types of geophysical survey, which is, magnetometer and ground penetrating radar. Magnetometry is the technique of measuring and mapping patterns of magnetism in the soil. It uses an instrument called a magnetometer, which is required to measure and map traces of soil magnetism. The ground penetrating radar is a method that uses radar pulses to image the subsurface. It uses electromagnetic radiation in the microwave band of the radio spectrum and detects the reflected signals from subsurface structures.
There are many other tools that can be used to find artifacts, but along with finding artifacts, archaeologists have to make maps. They do so by taking data from surveys, or archival research and plugging it into a Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and that will contain both locational information and a combination of various information. This tool is very helpful to archaeologists who want to explore in a different area and want to see if anyone else has done research. They can use this tool to see what has already been discovered. With this information available, archaeologists can expand their research and add more to what has already been found.
Traditionally, sites are distinguished by the presence of both artifacts and features. Common features include the remains of hearths and houses. Ecofacts, biological materials (such as bones, scales, and even feces) that are the result of human activity but are not deliberately modified, are also common at many archaeological sites. In the cases of the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic eras, a mere scatter of flint flakes will also constitute a site worthy of study. Different archaeologists may see an ancient town, and its nearby cemetery as being two different sites, or as being part of the same wider site. The precepts of landscape archaeology attempt to see each discrete unit of human activity in the context of the wider environment, further distorting the concept of the site as a demarcated area. Furthermore, geoarchaeologists or environmental archaeologists would also consider a sequence of natural geological or organic deposition, in the absence of human activity, to constitute a site worthy of study.
Archaeological sites usually form through human-related processes but can be subject to natural, post-depositional factors. Cultural remnants which have been buried by sediments are, in many environments, more likely to be preserved than exposed cultural remnants. Natural actions resulting in sediment being deposited include alluvial (water-related) or aeolian (wind-related) natural processes. In jungles and other areas of lush plant growth, decomposed vegetative sediment can result in layers of soil deposited over remains. Colluviation, the burial of a site by sediments moved by gravity (called hillwash) can also happen at sites on slopes. Human activities (both deliberate and incidental) also often bury sites. It is common in many cultures for newer structures to be built atop the remains of older ones. Urban archaeology has developed especially to deal with these sorts of site.
Many sites are the subject of ongoing excavation or investigation. Note the difference between archaeological sites and archaeological discoveries.
Gallery
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Dion archaeological site -
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Archaeological site of Cyrene -
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Archaeological site of Sabratha, Libya -
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Pleuron, Aetolia archaeological site in Greece -
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Leptis Magna archaeological site -
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Sarmizegetusa Regia, archaeological site in Romania -
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A Maya site in Uxmal, Mexico
See also
- Archaeological ethics – Branch of archaeological philosophy
- Valletta Treaty – Multilateral treaty of the Council of Europe
- Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites
- List of archaeological sites by country
- Site survey – Inspections of an area where work is proposed, to gather information
References
- JB (27 February 2015). "How do archaeologists find sites?". Bone Broke. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
- "Ask the Experts: AIA Archaeology FAQ - Archaeological Institute of America". www.archaeological.org. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
- "Learning Archaeology: Pre-Ex: Geophysics: Magnetometry". www.pastperfect.org.uk. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
- "What is GPR: A Brief Description by GSSI". www.geophysical.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
- "What is GIS". www.esri.com. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
Further reading
- Dunnell, Robert C.; Dancey, William S. (1983). "The Siteless Survey: A Regional Scale Data Collection Strategy". In Schiffer, M. B. (ed.). Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory. Vol. 6. New York: Academic Press. pp. 267–287. ISBN 0-12-003106-X.
External links
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Media related to Archaeological sites at Wikimedia Commons- The Archaeological Conservation Group of Icon, the Institute of Conservation (UK Professional body) Archived 2 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- Tambomachay Archaeological Site (360° view) – Cusco Peru
- Archaeological site of Polé, Mexico, nowadays known as Xcaret
This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations March 2013 Learn how and when to remove this message An archaeological site is a place or group of physical sites in which evidence of past activity is preserved either prehistoric or historic or contemporary and which has been or may be investigated using the discipline of archaeology and represents a part of the archaeological record Sites may range from those with few or no remains visible above ground to buildings and other structures still in use An archaeological site with human presence dating from 4th century BCE Fillipovka South Urals Russia This site has been interpreted as a Sarmatian Kurgan Beyond this the definition and geographical extent of a site can vary widely depending on the period studied and the theoretical approach of the archaeologist Geographical extentIt is almost invariably difficult to delimit a site It is sometimes taken to indicate a settlement of some sort although the archaeologist must also define the limits of human activity around the settlement Any episode of deposition such as a hoard or burial can form a site as well Development led archaeology undertaken as cultural resources management has the disadvantage or the benefit of having its sites defined by the limits of the intended development Even in this case however in describing and interpreting the site the archaeologist will have to look outside the boundaries of the building site According to Jess Beck in How Do Archaeologists Find Sites the areas with numerous artifacts are good targets for future excavation while areas with a small number of artifacts are thought to reflect a lack of past human activity Many areas have been discovered by accident The most common people who have found artifacts are farmers who are plowing their fields or just cleaning them up and they often find archaeological artifacts Many people who are out hiking and even pilots find artifacts and they usually end up reporting them to archaeologists for further investigation When they find sites they have to first record the area and if they have the money and time for the site they can start digging Field surveyThere are many ways to find sites one example can be through surveys Surveys involve walking around analyzing the land and looking for artifacts It can also involve digging according to the Archaeological Institute of America archaeologists actively search areas that were likely to support human populations or in places where old documents and records indicate people once lived This helps archaeologists in the future In case there is no time or money during the site s discovery archaeologists can come back and visit the site for further digging to find out the extent of the site Archaeologist can also sample randomly within a given area of land as another form of conducting surveys Surveys are very useful according to Jess Beck it can tell you where people were living at different points in the past Geophysics is a branch of survey becoming more and more popular in archaeology because it uses different types of instruments to investigate features below the ground surface It is not as reliable because although they can see what is under the surface of the ground it does not produce the best picture Archaeologists still have to dig up the area in order to uncover the truth There are also two most common types of geophysical survey which is magnetometer and ground penetrating radar Magnetometry is the technique of measuring and mapping patterns of magnetism in the soil It uses an instrument called a magnetometer which is required to measure and map traces of soil magnetism The ground penetrating radar is a method that uses radar pulses to image the subsurface It uses electromagnetic radiation in the microwave band of the radio spectrum and detects the reflected signals from subsurface structures There are many other tools that can be used to find artifacts but along with finding artifacts archaeologists have to make maps They do so by taking data from surveys or archival research and plugging it into a Geographical Information Systems GIS and that will contain both locational information and a combination of various information This tool is very helpful to archaeologists who want to explore in a different area and want to see if anyone else has done research They can use this tool to see what has already been discovered With this information available archaeologists can expand their research and add more to what has already been found Traditionally sites are distinguished by the presence of both artifacts and features Common features include the remains of hearths and houses Ecofacts biological materials such as bones scales and even feces that are the result of human activity but are not deliberately modified are also common at many archaeological sites In the cases of the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic eras a mere scatter of flint flakes will also constitute a site worthy of study Different archaeologists may see an ancient town and its nearby cemetery as being two different sites or as being part of the same wider site The precepts of landscape archaeology attempt to see each discrete unit of human activity in the context of the wider environment further distorting the concept of the site as a demarcated area Furthermore geoarchaeologists or environmental archaeologists would also consider a sequence of natural geological or organic deposition in the absence of human activity to constitute a site worthy of study Archaeological sites usually form through human related processes but can be subject to natural post depositional factors Cultural remnants which have been buried by sediments are in many environments more likely to be preserved than exposed cultural remnants Natural actions resulting in sediment being deposited include alluvial water related or aeolian wind related natural processes In jungles and other areas of lush plant growth decomposed vegetative sediment can result in layers of soil deposited over remains Colluviation the burial of a site by sediments moved by gravity called hillwash can also happen at sites on slopes Human activities both deliberate and incidental also often bury sites It is common in many cultures for newer structures to be built atop the remains of older ones Urban archaeology has developed especially to deal with these sorts of site Many sites are the subject of ongoing excavation or investigation Note the difference between archaeological sites and archaeological discoveries GalleryDion archaeological site Archaeological site of Cyrene Archaeological site of Sabratha Libya Pleuron Aetolia archaeological site in Greece Leptis Magna archaeological site Sarmizegetusa Regia archaeological site in Romania A Maya site in Uxmal MexicoSee alsoArchaeological ethics Branch of archaeological philosophy Valletta Treaty Multilateral treaty of the Council of Europe Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites List of archaeological sites by country Site survey Inspections of an area where work is proposed to gather informationReferencesJB 27 February 2015 How do archaeologists find sites Bone Broke Archived from the original on 13 March 2016 Retrieved 10 March 2016 Ask the Experts AIA Archaeology FAQ Archaeological Institute of America www archaeological org Archived from the original on 10 March 2016 Retrieved 10 March 2016 Learning Archaeology Pre Ex Geophysics Magnetometry www pastperfect org uk Archived from the original on 4 December 2017 Retrieved 10 March 2016 What is GPR A Brief Description by GSSI www geophysical com Archived from the original on 12 March 2016 Retrieved 10 March 2016 What is GIS www esri com Archived from the original on 10 March 2016 Retrieved 10 March 2016 Further readingDunnell Robert C Dancey William S 1983 The Siteless Survey A Regional Scale Data Collection Strategy In Schiffer M B ed Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory Vol 6 New York Academic Press pp 267 287 ISBN 0 12 003106 X External linksWikivoyage has a travel guide for Archaeological sites Media related to Archaeological sites at Wikimedia Commons The Archaeological Conservation Group of Icon the Institute of Conservation UK Professional body Archived 2 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine Tambomachay Archaeological Site 360 view Cusco Peru Archaeological site of Pole Mexico nowadays known as Xcaret
