Carroll Ellis Izard (October 8, 1923 – February 5, 2017) was an American research psychologist known for his contributions to differential emotions theory (DET), and the Maximally Discriminative Affect Coding System (MAX) on which he worked with Paul Ekman. Izard also undertook empirical studies into the facial feedback hypothesis according to which emotions which have different functions also cause facial expressions which in turn provide us with cues about what emotion a person is feeling. In addition, Izard constructed a multidimensional self-report measure – the Differential Emotions Scale – currently in its 4th edition (DES-IV). His later research focused on emotional development in young children and the development and testing of his Emotions Course for Young Children.
Carroll Izard | |
|---|---|
| Born | Carroll Ellis Izard October 8, 1923 |
| Died | February 5, 2017 (aged 93) |
| Citizenship | American |
| Alma mater | Syracuse University |
| Known for | Differential Emotions universally discernible in the facial expressions of infants; Maximally Discriminative Affect Coding System (MAX); Differential Emotions Scale (DES-IV) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Psychology of Affects (emotional development in children) |
| Institutions | University of Delaware; Vanderbilt University |
Academic career
Izard earned his PhD from Syracuse University in 1952 and served initially as a psychology professor at Vanderbilt University, where he carried out pioneering research into human emotions. In 1976, he joined the Department of Psychology at the University of Delaware, where he remained active as Unidel Foundation Professor of Psychology in the McKinly Lab until his retirement in 2014. A festschrift was held at the University of Delaware on October 22, 2012, to celebrate Izard's lifelong contributions to the understanding of human emotional development.
Works
Izard is noted for contributions to the developmental research on emotion. In 1971, Izard - along with colleagues - conducted groundbreaking research on this subject, which challenged the then established theory that emotions were undifferentiated and also validated universally recognizable expressions. He also defined personality as an interrelated system and that emotion is one of the core components that also include homoeostatic, motor, perceptual, and cognitive systems. As many experts maintain that emotions unfold gradually alongside the development of the nervous system, Izard maintained that even infants who are 10 weeks old are capable of several basic emotions. Izard's 1977 theory of emotion identified ten primary and discrete emotions: fear, anger, shame, contempt, disgust, guilt, distress, interest, surprise, and joy. One of Izard's major theoretical competitors, Robert Plutchik, proposed that all the distinctive emotions Izard put forth were primary except shame and guilt. Izard postulated that these ten fundamental emotions cannot be reduced to more basic emotions but can be combined to produce other emotions, just like primary colors could be combined to create different colors. He theorized that each emotion was an intra-individual process or a conscious feeling state marked by its neurobiological activity and expression pattern like distinct facial expressions. Izard's theory of emotion is also called differential emotions theory. Izard proposed that these specific emotions would emerge in a child not because of social learning but as adaptive behavior.
Books
- Face of Emotion. (1993). Irvington Publishers.
- The Psychology of Emotions. (1991). New York: Plenum.
- Human Emotions. (1977). New York: Plenum.
- Patterns of Emotions: A New Analysis of Anxiety and Depression. (1972). New York: Academic.
- The Face of Emotion. (1971). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
- Depression in Young People: Developmental and Clinical Perspectives. (1985). Guilford. (with Michael Rutter)
- Emotions, Cognition and Behavior. (1984). Cambridge University Press. (with Jerome Kagan)
- Measuring Emotions in Infants and Children: Vol. 1. (1982). Cambridge University Press.
See also
- Discrete emotion theory
- Basic emotions
- Emotion classification
References
- Manser, Ann (2017-02-13). "In Memoriam: Carroll Izard". University of Delaware. Retrieved 2017-02-21.
- American Psychological Association Directory (1968). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Carrol E. Izard, Unidel Professor of Psychology, McKinly Lab., University of Delaware. [Retrieved 22 October 2015]
- $2.7 million grant from the National Institute of Mental Health to evaluate Head Start program. [Retrieved 22 October 2015]
- Siegler, R. (2006). How Children Develop, Exploring Child Develop Student Media Tool Kit & Scientific American Reader to Accompany How Children Develop. New York: Worth Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7167-6113-6.
- Cicchetti, D. (2015). Reflections on Carroll Izard's contributions: Influences on diverse scientific disciplines and personal reflections. Emotion Review, 7(2), 104-109. doi: 10.1177/1754073914554781
- Izard, C.E., (1979). The Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding System (MAX). Newark, DE: University of Delaware Instructional Resource Center.
- Boyle, G. J. (1984). Reliability and validity of Izard's Differential Emotions Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 5, 747-750.
- Boyle, G. J., Helmes, E., Matthews, G., & Izard, C. E. (2015). Multidimensional measures of affects: Emotions and mood states (pp. 190-224). In Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs. Elsevier/Academic Press, 2015. ISBN 978-0-12-386915-9
- Manser, Ann (2017-10-26). "A celebrated career: Colleagues, family, students gather to honor psychologist Izard". Retrieved 2017-10-25.
- "In Memoriam: Carroll Izard | UDaily". www.udel.edu. Retrieved 2021-10-18.
- Magai, Carol; McFadden, Susan H. (1995). The Role of Emotions in Social and Personality Development: History, Theory and Research. New York and London: Plenum Press. p. 146. ISBN 0306448661.
- Izard, Carroll E.; Kagan, Jerome; Zajonc, Robert B. (1984). Emotions, Cognition, and Behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN 0521256011.
- Coon, Dennis; Mitterer, John (2007). Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior, Eleventh Edition. Belmont, CA: Thomson Higher Education. p. 94. ISBN 978-0495091554.
- Izard, Carroll E. (1977). Human emotions. New York: Springer US. p. 64. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2209-0. ISBN 978-1-4899-2209-0. OCLC 883381770.
- Plutchik, Robert (1980). Emotion, a psychoevolutionary synthesis. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-045235-8. OCLC 5310120.
- Izard CE, Malatesta CZ. Perspectives on emotional development: Differential emotions theory of early emotional development. In: Osofsky JD, editor. Handbook of Infant Development. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley Intersci.; 1987. pp. 494–554.
Sources
- Cicchetti, D. (2015). Reflections on Carroll Izard's contributions: Influences on diverse scientific disciplines and personal reflections. Emotion Review, 7(2), 104–109. doi: 10.1177/1754073914554781
- Hope, D. A. (1996). (Ed.), Perspectives on Anxiety, Panic, and Fear. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Current Theory and Research in Motivation (Vol. 43). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-2382-X
- Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation and Self-determination in Human Behavior. New York: Plenum. ISBN 0-306-42022-8
External links
- Carroll E. Izard's homepage at University of Delaware's Department of Psychology
Carroll Ellis Izard October 8 1923 February 5 2017 was an American research psychologist known for his contributions to differential emotions theory DET and the Maximally Discriminative Affect Coding System MAX on which he worked with Paul Ekman Izard also undertook empirical studies into the facial feedback hypothesis according to which emotions which have different functions also cause facial expressions which in turn provide us with cues about what emotion a person is feeling In addition Izard constructed a multidimensional self report measure the Differential Emotions Scale currently in its 4th edition DES IV His later research focused on emotional development in young children and the development and testing of his Emotions Course for Young Children Carroll IzardBornCarroll Ellis Izard 1923 10 08 October 8 1923DiedFebruary 5 2017 2017 02 05 aged 93 CitizenshipAmericanAlma materSyracuse UniversityKnown forDifferential Emotions universally discernible in the facial expressions of infants Maximally Discriminative Affect Coding System MAX Differential Emotions Scale DES IV Scientific careerFieldsPsychology of Affects emotional development in children InstitutionsUniversity of Delaware Vanderbilt UniversityAcademic careerIzard earned his PhD from Syracuse University in 1952 and served initially as a psychology professor at Vanderbilt University where he carried out pioneering research into human emotions In 1976 he joined the Department of Psychology at the University of Delaware where he remained active as Unidel Foundation Professor of Psychology in the McKinly Lab until his retirement in 2014 A festschrift was held at the University of Delaware on October 22 2012 to celebrate Izard s lifelong contributions to the understanding of human emotional development WorksIzard is noted for contributions to the developmental research on emotion In 1971 Izard along with colleagues conducted groundbreaking research on this subject which challenged the then established theory that emotions were undifferentiated and also validated universally recognizable expressions He also defined personality as an interrelated system and that emotion is one of the core components that also include homoeostatic motor perceptual and cognitive systems As many experts maintain that emotions unfold gradually alongside the development of the nervous system Izard maintained that even infants who are 10 weeks old are capable of several basic emotions Izard s 1977 theory of emotion identified ten primary and discrete emotions fear anger shame contempt disgust guilt distress interest surprise and joy One of Izard s major theoretical competitors Robert Plutchik proposed that all the distinctive emotions Izard put forth were primary except shame and guilt Izard postulated that these ten fundamental emotions cannot be reduced to more basic emotions but can be combined to produce other emotions just like primary colors could be combined to create different colors He theorized that each emotion was an intra individual process or a conscious feeling state marked by its neurobiological activity and expression pattern like distinct facial expressions Izard s theory of emotion is also called differential emotions theory Izard proposed that these specific emotions would emerge in a child not because of social learning but as adaptive behavior BooksFace of Emotion 1993 Irvington Publishers The Psychology of Emotions 1991 New York Plenum Human Emotions 1977 New York Plenum Patterns of Emotions A New Analysis of Anxiety and Depression 1972 New York Academic The Face of Emotion 1971 New York Appleton Century Crofts Depression in Young People Developmental and Clinical Perspectives 1985 Guilford with Michael Rutter Emotions Cognition and Behavior 1984 Cambridge University Press with Jerome Kagan Measuring Emotions in Infants and Children Vol 1 1982 Cambridge University Press See alsoDiscrete emotion theory Basic emotions Emotion classificationReferencesManser Ann 2017 02 13 In Memoriam Carroll Izard University of Delaware Retrieved 2017 02 21 American Psychological Association Directory 1968 Washington DC American Psychological Association Carrol E Izard Unidel Professor of Psychology McKinly Lab University of Delaware Retrieved 22 October 2015 2 7 million grant from the National Institute of Mental Health to evaluate Head Start program Retrieved 22 October 2015 Siegler R 2006 How Children Develop Exploring Child Develop Student Media Tool Kit amp Scientific American Reader to Accompany How Children Develop New York Worth Publishers ISBN 978 0 7167 6113 6 Cicchetti D 2015 Reflections on Carroll Izard s contributions Influences on diverse scientific disciplines and personal reflections Emotion Review 7 2 104 109 doi 10 1177 1754073914554781 Izard C E 1979 The Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding System MAX Newark DE University of Delaware Instructional Resource Center Boyle G J 1984 Reliability and validity of Izard s Differential Emotions Scale Personality and Individual Differences 5 747 750 Boyle G J Helmes E Matthews G amp Izard C E 2015 Multidimensional measures of affects Emotions and mood states pp 190 224 In Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs Elsevier Academic Press 2015 ISBN 978 0 12 386915 9 Manser Ann 2017 10 26 A celebrated career Colleagues family students gather to honor psychologist Izard Retrieved 2017 10 25 In Memoriam Carroll Izard UDaily www udel edu Retrieved 2021 10 18 Magai Carol McFadden Susan H 1995 The Role of Emotions in Social and Personality Development History Theory and Research New York and London Plenum Press p 146 ISBN 0306448661 Izard Carroll E Kagan Jerome Zajonc Robert B 1984 Emotions Cognition and Behavior Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 17 ISBN 0521256011 Coon Dennis Mitterer John 2007 Introduction to Psychology Gateways to Mind and Behavior Eleventh Edition Belmont CA Thomson Higher Education p 94 ISBN 978 0495091554 Izard Carroll E 1977 Human emotions New York Springer US p 64 doi 10 1007 978 1 4899 2209 0 ISBN 978 1 4899 2209 0 OCLC 883381770 Plutchik Robert 1980 Emotion a psychoevolutionary synthesis New York Harper amp Row ISBN 0 06 045235 8 OCLC 5310120 Izard CE Malatesta CZ Perspectives on emotional development Differential emotions theory of early emotional development In Osofsky JD editor Handbook of Infant Development 2nd ed New York Wiley Intersci 1987 pp 494 554 SourcesCicchetti D 2015 Reflections on Carroll Izard s contributions Influences on diverse scientific disciplines and personal reflections Emotion Review 7 2 104 109 doi 10 1177 1754073914554781 Hope D A 1996 Ed Perspectives on Anxiety Panic and Fear Nebraska Symposium on Motivation Current Theory and Research in Motivation Vol 43 Lincoln NE University of Nebraska Press ISBN 0 8032 2382 X Deci E L amp Ryan R M 1985 Intrinsic Motivation and Self determination in Human Behavior New York Plenum ISBN 0 306 42022 8External linksCarroll E Izard s homepage at University of Delaware s Department of Psychology
