Upper Chinook, endonym Kiksht, also known as Columbia Chinook, and Wasco-Wishram after its last surviving dialect, is a recently extinct language of the US Pacific Northwest. It had 69 speakers in 1990, of whom 7 were monolingual: five Wasco and two Wishram. In 2001, there were five remaining speakers of Wasco.
| Upper Chinook | |
|---|---|
| Kiksht | |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | Columbia River |
| Extinct | 11 July 2012, with the death of Gladys Thompson |
| Revival | 270 (2009-2013) |
Chinookan
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | wac |
| Glottolog | wasc1239 |
| ELP | Wasco-Wishram |
The last fully fluent speaker of Kiksht, Gladys Thompson, died in July 2012. She had been honored for her work by the Oregon Legislature in 2007. Two new speakers were teaching Kiksht at the Warm Springs Indian Reservation in 2006. The Northwest Indian Language Institute of the University of Oregon formed a partnership to teach Kiksht and Numu in the Warm Springs schools. Audio and video files of Kiksht are available at the Endangered Languages Archive.
The last fluent speaker of the Wasco-Wishram dialect was Madeline Brunoe McInturff, and she died on 11 July 2006 at the age of 91.
Dialects
- Multnomah, once spoken on Sauvie Island and in the Portland area in northwestern Oregon
- Kiksht
- Watlala or Watlalla, also known as Cascades, now extinct (two groups, one on each side of the Columbia River; the Oregon group were called Gahlawaihih [Curtis]).
- Hood River, now extinct (spoken by the Hood River Band of the Hood River Wasco in Oregon, also known as Ninuhltidih [Curtis] or Kwikwulit [Mooney])
- White Salmon, now extinct (spoken by the White Salmon River Band of Wishram in Washington)
- Wasco-Wishram (the Wishram lived north of the Columbia River in Washington and the kin Wasco lived south of the same river in Oregon)
- Clackamas, now extinct, was spoken in northwestern Oregon along the Clackamas and Sandy rivers.
Kathlamet has been classified as an additional dialect; it was not mutually intelligible.
Phonology
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sibilant | lateral | plain | labial | plain | labial | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | |||||||||
| Plosive/ Affricate | plain | p | t | ts | tɬ | tʃ | k | kʷ | q | qʷ | ʔ |
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | tɬʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | kʷʼ | qʼ | qʷʼ | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | ɡʷ | |||||||
| Continuant | voiceless | s | ɬ | ʃ | x | xʷ | χ | χʷ | h | ||
| voiced | w | l | j | ɣ | ɣʷ | ||||||
Vowels in Kiksht are as follows: /u a i ɛ ə/.
References
- Kristian Foden-Vencil (2012-07-17). "Last Fluent Speaker Of Oregon Tribal Language 'Kiksht' Dies". Oregon Public Broadcasting. Archived from the original on 2019-10-10. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
- Bureau, US Census. "Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2009-2013". Census.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-01.
- Leonard, Wesley Y.; Haynes, Erin (December 2010). "Making "collaboration" collaborative: An examination of perspectives that frame linguistic field research". Language Documentation & Conservation. 4: 269–293. hdl:10125/4482. ISSN 1934-5275.
- Culture: Language. The Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon. 2009 (retrieved 9 April 2009)
- "Lewis & Clark—Tribes—Wasco Indians". National Geographic. Archived from the original on December 22, 2002. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
- Last Fluent Speaker of Kiksht Dies
- "Honors Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs elder Gladys Miller Thompson for her contribution to preserving Native languages of Oregon". 74th OREGON LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY--2007 Regular Session. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
- "Zelma Smith, 1926-2010". Spilyay Tymoo, Coyote News, the Newspaper of the Warm Springs Reservation. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
- Keith Chu (2006-07-30). "New speakers try to save language". The Bulletin. Bend, OR. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
- Joanne B. Mulcahy (2005). "Warm Springs: A Convergence of Cultures" (Oregon History Project). Retrieved 2013-02-26.
- Aaron Clark. "USA: Tribes Strive to Save Native Tongues". GALDU, Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
- Nariyo Kono. "Conversational Kiksht". Endangered Languages Archive. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
- "Holy road: Speaker of Wasco language dead at 91 - Indian Country Media Network". indiancountrymedianetwork.com. Retrieved 2017-05-24.
Bibliography
- Sapir, Edward; Curtin, Jeremiah (1909). Wishram texts, together with Wasco tales and myths. E.J. Brill. ASIN: B000855RIW.
- Dyk, Walter (1933). A Grammar of Wishram. New Haven: Yale University: Yale University Press.
External links
- Nariyo Kono. "Conversational Kiksht". Endangered Languages Archive. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
- Kiksht - Washco Wishram - Upper Chinook videos, YouTube
- Wasco-Wishram Indian Language (Upper Chinook, Kiksht, Clackamas) at native-languages.org
- Digital Kiksht, video about digitizing Kiksht language materials
- Audio of spoken Kiksht
Upper Chinook endonym Kiksht also known as Columbia Chinook and Wasco Wishram after its last surviving dialect is a recently extinct language of the US Pacific Northwest It had 69 speakers in 1990 of whom 7 were monolingual five Wasco and two Wishram In 2001 there were five remaining speakers of Wasco Upper ChinookKikshtNative toUnited StatesRegionColumbia RiverExtinct11 July 2012 with the death of Gladys ThompsonRevival270 2009 2013 Language familyChinookan Upper ChinookDialectsMultnomah Kiksht Kathlamet Language codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code wac class extiw title iso639 3 wac wac a Glottologwasc1239ELPWasco Wishram The last fully fluent speaker of Kiksht Gladys Thompson died in July 2012 She had been honored for her work by the Oregon Legislature in 2007 Two new speakers were teaching Kiksht at the Warm Springs Indian Reservation in 2006 The Northwest Indian Language Institute of the University of Oregon formed a partnership to teach Kiksht and Numu in the Warm Springs schools Audio and video files of Kiksht are available at the Endangered Languages Archive The last fluent speaker of the Wasco Wishram dialect was Madeline Brunoe McInturff and she died on 11 July 2006 at the age of 91 DialectsMultnomah once spoken on Sauvie Island and in the Portland area in northwestern Oregon Kiksht Watlala or Watlalla also known as Cascades now extinct two groups one on each side of the Columbia River the Oregon group were called Gahlawaihih Curtis Hood River now extinct spoken by the Hood River Band of the Hood River Wasco in Oregon also known as Ninuhltidih Curtis or Kwikwulit Mooney White Salmon now extinct spoken by the White Salmon River Band of Wishram in Washington Wasco Wishram the Wishram lived north of the Columbia River in Washington and the kin Wasco lived south of the same river in Oregon Clackamas now extinct was spoken in northwestern Oregon along the Clackamas and Sandy rivers Kathlamet has been classified as an additional dialect it was not mutually intelligible PhonologyConsonants Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottalplain sibilant lateral plain labial plain labialNasal m nPlosive Affricate plain p t ts tɬ tʃ k kʷ q qʷ ʔejective pʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼvoiced b d ɡ ɡʷContinuant voiceless s ɬ ʃ x xʷ x xʷ hvoiced w l j ɣ ɣʷ Vowels in Kiksht are as follows u a i ɛ e ReferencesKristian Foden Vencil 2012 07 17 Last Fluent Speaker Of Oregon Tribal Language Kiksht Dies Oregon Public Broadcasting Archived from the original on 2019 10 10 Retrieved 2013 02 26 Bureau US Census Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over 2009 2013 Census gov Retrieved 2024 09 01 Leonard Wesley Y Haynes Erin December 2010 Making collaboration collaborative An examination of perspectives that frame linguistic field research Language Documentation amp Conservation 4 269 293 hdl 10125 4482 ISSN 1934 5275 Culture Language The Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon 2009 retrieved 9 April 2009 Lewis amp Clark Tribes Wasco Indians National Geographic Archived from the original on December 22 2002 Retrieved 2013 02 25 Last Fluent Speaker of Kiksht Dies Honors Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs elder Gladys Miller Thompson for her contribution to preserving Native languages of Oregon 74th OREGON LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY 2007 Regular Session Retrieved 2013 02 26 Zelma Smith 1926 2010 Spilyay Tymoo Coyote News the Newspaper of the Warm Springs Reservation Retrieved 2013 02 25 Keith Chu 2006 07 30 New speakers try to save language The Bulletin Bend OR Retrieved 2013 02 25 Joanne B Mulcahy 2005 Warm Springs A Convergence of Cultures Oregon History Project Retrieved 2013 02 26 Aaron Clark USA Tribes Strive to Save Native Tongues GALDU Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Retrieved 2013 02 26 Nariyo Kono Conversational Kiksht Endangered Languages Archive Retrieved 2013 02 25 Holy road Speaker of Wasco language dead at 91 Indian Country Media Network indiancountrymedianetwork com Retrieved 2017 05 24 BibliographySapir Edward Curtin Jeremiah 1909 Wishram texts together with Wasco tales and myths E J Brill ASIN B000855RIW Dyk Walter 1933 A Grammar of Wishram New Haven Yale University Yale University Press External linksNariyo Kono Conversational Kiksht Endangered Languages Archive Retrieved 2013 02 25 Kiksht Washco Wishram Upper Chinook videos YouTube Wasco Wishram Indian Language Upper Chinook Kiksht Clackamas at native languages org Digital Kiksht video about digitizing Kiksht language materials Audio of spoken Kiksht
