Moral absolutism is an metaethical view that some or even all actions are intrinsically right or wrong, regardless of context or consequence.
Comparison with other ethical theories
Moral absolutism is not the same as moral universalism. Universalism holds merely that what is right or wrong is independent of custom or opinion (as opposed to moral relativism), but not necessarily that what is right or wrong is sometimes independent of context or consequences (as in absolutism). Louis Pojman gives the following definitions to distinguish the two positions of moral absolutism and objectivism:
- Moral absolutism: There is at least one principle that ought never to be violated.
- Moral objectivism: There is a fact of the matter as to whether any given action is morally permissible or impermissible: a fact of the matter that does not depend solely on social custom or individual acceptance.
Ethical theories which place strong emphasis on rights and duty, such as the deontological ethics of Immanuel Kant, are often forms of moral absolutism, as are many religious moral codes.
Religion
One can adhere to moral absolutism in a strictly secular context, exemplified by the many variations of deontological moral rationalism. However, many religions, especially ones which define divine commandments, also adhere to moral absolutist positions. Therefore, to followers of such religions, the moral system is absolute, perfect and unchanging. Some secular philosophies also take a morally absolutist position, asserting that the absolute laws of morality are inherent in the nature of people, the nature of life in general, or the Universe itself.[citation needed]
Thomas Aquinas never explicitly addresses the Euthyphro dilemma, but draws a distinction between what is good or evil in itself and what is good or evil because of God's commands, with unchangeable moral standards forming the bulk of natural law. Thus he contends that not even God can change the Ten Commandments, adding, however, that God can change what individuals deserve in particular cases, in what might look like special dispensations to murder or steal.
In popular culture
- Rorschach, one of the protagonists in the classic comic/graphic novel Watchmen (by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons): a masked vigilante and ruthless crime-fighter, Rorschach believes in moral absolutism—good and evil as pure ends, with no shades of gray—which compels him to seek to punish any evidence of evil at all costs. His mask displays a constantly morphing inkblot based on the ambiguous designs used in Rorschach inkblot tests, also his namesake, with the mask's black and white coloring never touching each other, and therefore consistent with his sense and view of morality.
See also
- Authoritarianism
- Deontological ethics
- Divine command theory
- Formalism (philosophy)
- Fundamentalism
- Graded absolutism
- Legalism (theology)
- Literalism (disambiguation)
- Moral dilemma
- Natural law
- Paternalism
- Ritualism
References
- Denyer, Nicholas (1997). "Is Anything Absolutely Wrong?". Human Lives: Critical Essays on Consequentialist Bioethics: 39–57. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-25098-1_3.
- Locke, Don (April 1981). "Absolutism v Consequentialism: No Contest". Analysis. 41 (2): 101. doi:10.2307/3327242.
- "Moral Absolutism". Ethics Unwrapped. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
- Pojman, L. P. A Defense of Ethical Objectivism (p. 50).
- Aquinas & c. 1265–1274, 2a2ae 57.2.
- Aquinas & c. 1265–1274, 2a1ae 94.5.
- Aquinas & c. 1265–1274, 1a2ae 100.8.
- "Rorschach’s Hypocrisy: The Moral Ambiguity of Watchmen’s Black and White Antihero", by Ingrid Sit: "Upon his entrance, Rorschach is characterised as a no-nonsense vigilante who embodies moral absolutism. From how he views his peers, Rorschach definitively distinguishes between what he deems heroic and what he deems not heroic" Student Journal | Arts One - The University of British Columbia
Moral absolutism is an metaethical view that some or even all actions are intrinsically right or wrong regardless of context or consequence Comparison with other ethical theoriesMoral absolutism is not the same as moral universalism Universalism holds merely that what is right or wrong is independent of custom or opinion as opposed to moral relativism but not necessarily that what is right or wrong is sometimes independent of context or consequences as in absolutism Louis Pojman gives the following definitions to distinguish the two positions of moral absolutism and objectivism Moral absolutism There is at least one principle that ought never to be violated Moral objectivism There is a fact of the matter as to whether any given action is morally permissible or impermissible a fact of the matter that does not depend solely on social custom or individual acceptance Ethical theories which place strong emphasis on rights and duty such as the deontological ethics of Immanuel Kant are often forms of moral absolutism as are many religious moral codes ReligionOne can adhere to moral absolutism in a strictly secular context exemplified by the many variations of deontological moral rationalism However many religions especially ones which define divine commandments also adhere to moral absolutist positions Therefore to followers of such religions the moral system is absolute perfect and unchanging Some secular philosophies also take a morally absolutist position asserting that the absolute laws of morality are inherent in the nature of people the nature of life in general or the Universe itself citation needed Thomas Aquinas never explicitly addresses the Euthyphro dilemma but draws a distinction between what is good or evil in itself and what is good or evil because of God s commands with unchangeable moral standards forming the bulk of natural law Thus he contends that not even God can change the Ten Commandments adding however that God can change what individuals deserve in particular cases in what might look like special dispensations to murder or steal In popular cultureRorschach one of the protagonists in the classic comic graphic novel Watchmen by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons a masked vigilante and ruthless crime fighter Rorschach believes in moral absolutism good and evil as pure ends with no shades of gray which compels him to seek to punish any evidence of evil at all costs His mask displays a constantly morphing inkblot based on the ambiguous designs used in Rorschach inkblot tests also his namesake with the mask s black and white coloring never touching each other and therefore consistent with his sense and view of morality See alsoAuthoritarianism Deontological ethics Divine command theory Formalism philosophy Fundamentalism Graded absolutism Legalism theology Literalism disambiguation Moral dilemma Natural law Paternalism RitualismReferencesDenyer Nicholas 1997 Is Anything Absolutely Wrong Human Lives Critical Essays on Consequentialist Bioethics 39 57 doi 10 1007 978 1 349 25098 1 3 Locke Don April 1981 Absolutism v Consequentialism No Contest Analysis 41 2 101 doi 10 2307 3327242 Moral Absolutism Ethics Unwrapped Retrieved 2020 05 27 Pojman L P A Defense of Ethical Objectivism p 50 Aquinas amp c 1265 1274 2a2ae 57 2 sfn error no target CITEREFAquinasc 1265 1274 help Aquinas amp c 1265 1274 2a1ae 94 5 sfn error no target CITEREFAquinasc 1265 1274 help Aquinas amp c 1265 1274 1a2ae 100 8 sfn error no target CITEREFAquinasc 1265 1274 help Rorschach s Hypocrisy The Moral Ambiguity of Watchmen s Black and White Antihero by Ingrid Sit Upon his entrance Rorschach is characterised as a no nonsense vigilante who embodies moral absolutism From how he views his peers Rorschach definitively distinguishes between what he deems heroic and what he deems not heroic Student Journal Arts One The University of British Columbia
