Human physical appearance is the outward phenotype or look of human beings.
There are functionally infinite variations in human phenotypes, though society reduces the variability to distinct categories. The physical appearance of humans, in particular those attributes which are regarded as important for physical attractiveness, are believed by anthropologists to affect the development of personality significantly and social relations. Many humans are acutely sensitive to their physical appearance. Some differences in human appearance are genetic, others are the result of age, lifestyle or disease, and many are the result of personal adornment.
Some people have linked some differences with ethnicity, such as skeletal shape, prognathism or elongated stride. Different cultures place different degrees of emphasis on physical appearance and its importance to social status and other phenomena.
Aspects
Various aspects are considered relevant to the physical appearance of humans.
Physiological differences
Humans are distributed across the globe except for Antarctica and form a variable species. In adults, the average weight varies from around 40 kg (88 pounds) for the smallest and most lightly built tropical people to around 80 kg (176 pounds) for the heavier northern peoples. Size also varies between the sexes, with the sexual dimorphism in humans being more pronounced than that of chimpanzees, but less than the dimorphism found in gorillas. The colouration of skin, hair and eyes also varies considerably, with darker pigmentation dominating in tropical climates and lighter in polar regions.
- Genetic, ethnic affiliation, geographical ancestry.
- Height, body weight, skin tone, body hair, sexual organs, hair color, hair texture, eye color, eye shape (see epicanthic fold and eyelid variations), nose shape (see nasal bridge), ear shape (see earlobes), body shape
- Body and skin variations such as amputations, scars, burns and wounds.
Long-term physiological changes
- Aging
- Hair loss
Short-term physiological changes
- Blushing, crying, fainting, hiccup, yawning, laughing, stuttering, sexual arousal, sweating, shivering, skin color changes due to sunshine or frost.
Clothing, personal effects, and intentional body modifications
- Clothing, including headgear and footwear; some clothes alter or mold the shape of the body (e.g. corset, support pantyhose, bra). As for footwear, high heels make a person look taller.
- Style and colour of haircut (see also mohawk, dreadlocks, braids, ponytail, wig, hairpin, facial hair, beard and moustache)
- Cosmetics, stage makeup, body paintings, permanent makeup
- Body modifications, such as body piercings, tattoos, scarification, subdermal implants
- Plastic surgery
- Decorative objects (jewelry) such as necklaces, bracelets, rings, earrings
- Medical or body shape altering devices (e.g., tooth braces, bandages, casts, hearing aids, cervical collar, crutches, contact lenses of different colours, glasses, gold teeth). For example, the same person's appearance can be quite different, depending on whether they use any of the aforementioned modifications.
- Exercises, for example, bodybuilding
Other functional objects, temporarily attached to the body
- Capes
- Goggles
- Hair ornaments
- Hats and caps
- Headdresses
- Headphones/handsfree phone headset
- Jewelry
- Masks
- Prosthetic limbs
- Sunglasses
- Watches
See also
- Beauty
- Biometrics
- Body image
- Deformity
- Dress code
- Eigenface
- Face perception
- Facial symmetry
- Fashion
- Female body shape
- Hairstyle
- Human variability
- Human body
- Hair coloring
- Nudity
- Sexual attraction
- Sexual capital
- Sexual selection
- Somatotype
- Vanity
References
- Anderson-Fye, EP (2012). Cash, Thomas F. (ed.). Anthropological Perspectives on Physical Appearance, and Body Image (PDF). Body Image and Its Disorder in Anthropology. Vol. 1. Academic Press. p. 19. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-384925-0.00003-1. ISBN 9780123849250. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
[Cases] of immigration have repeatedly shown that if a person who is obese believes that their body is beyond individual control but is placed into a medical system that assumes individual rational actors in its treatments, adherence is likely to be low and those treatments are ineffective...[Young] ethnic Fijian women associated the thin body ideal with a particular lifestyle that they found desirable
- "Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: United States, 2003–2006" (PDF). Retrieved 9 March 2014.
- Shea, Brian T. (1985). "The ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in the African apes". American Journal of Primatology. 8 (2): 183–188. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350080208. PMID 31986820. S2CID 85730045.
Human physical appearance is the outward phenotype or look of human beings Image of a European female left and an East Asian male right human body seen from front upper and back lower Adult human bodies photographed whose naturally occurring pubic body facial but not head hair have been deliberately removed to show anatomy Retouched with anterior and posterior views There are functionally infinite variations in human phenotypes though society reduces the variability to distinct categories The physical appearance of humans in particular those attributes which are regarded as important for physical attractiveness are believed by anthropologists to affect the development of personality significantly and social relations Many humans are acutely sensitive to their physical appearance Some differences in human appearance are genetic others are the result of age lifestyle or disease and many are the result of personal adornment Some people have linked some differences with ethnicity such as skeletal shape prognathism or elongated stride Different cultures place different degrees of emphasis on physical appearance and its importance to social status and other phenomena AspectsVarious aspects are considered relevant to the physical appearance of humans Physiological differences Humans are distributed across the globe except for Antarctica and form a variable species In adults the average weight varies from around 40 kg 88 pounds for the smallest and most lightly built tropical people to around 80 kg 176 pounds for the heavier northern peoples Size also varies between the sexes with the sexual dimorphism in humans being more pronounced than that of chimpanzees but less than the dimorphism found in gorillas The colouration of skin hair and eyes also varies considerably with darker pigmentation dominating in tropical climates and lighter in polar regions Genetic ethnic affiliation geographical ancestry Height body weight skin tone body hair sexual organs hair color hair texture eye color eye shape see epicanthic fold and eyelid variations nose shape see nasal bridge ear shape see earlobes body shape Body and skin variations such as amputations scars burns and wounds Long term physiological changes Aging Hair lossShort term physiological changes Blushing crying fainting hiccup yawning laughing stuttering sexual arousal sweating shivering skin color changes due to sunshine or frost Clothing personal effects and intentional body modifications Clothing including headgear and footwear some clothes alter or mold the shape of the body e g corset support pantyhose bra As for footwear high heels make a person look taller Style and colour of haircut see also mohawk dreadlocks braids ponytail wig hairpin facial hair beard and moustache Cosmetics stage makeup body paintings permanent makeup Body modifications such as body piercings tattoos scarification subdermal implants Plastic surgery Decorative objects jewelry such as necklaces bracelets rings earrings Medical or body shape altering devices e g tooth braces bandages casts hearing aids cervical collar crutches contact lenses of different colours glasses gold teeth For example the same person s appearance can be quite different depending on whether they use any of the aforementioned modifications Exercises for example bodybuildingOther functional objects temporarily attached to the body Capes Goggles Hair ornaments Hats and caps Headdresses Headphones handsfree phone headset Jewelry Masks Prosthetic limbs Sunglasses WatchesSee alsoWikimedia Commons has media related to Appearance Beauty Biometrics Body image Deformity Dress code Eigenface Face perception Facial symmetry Fashion Female body shape Hairstyle Human variability Human body Hair coloring Nudity Sexual attraction Sexual capital Sexual selection Somatotype VanityReferencesAnderson Fye EP 2012 Cash Thomas F ed Anthropological Perspectives on Physical Appearance and Body Image PDF Body Image and Its Disorder in Anthropology Vol 1 Academic Press p 19 doi 10 1016 B978 0 12 384925 0 00003 1 ISBN 9780123849250 Retrieved August 9 2018 Cases of immigration have repeatedly shown that if a person who is obese believes that their body is beyond individual control but is placed into a medical system that assumes individual rational actors in its treatments adherence is likely to be low and those treatments are ineffective Young ethnic Fijian women associated the thin body ideal with a particular lifestyle that they found desirable Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults United States 2003 2006 PDF Retrieved 9 March 2014 Shea Brian T 1985 The ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in the African apes American Journal of Primatology 8 2 183 188 doi 10 1002 ajp 1350080208 PMID 31986820 S2CID 85730045
