Unicameralism

Unicameralism (from uni- "one" + Latin camera "chamber") is a type of legislature consisting of one house or assembly that legislates and votes as one. Unicameralism has become an increasingly common type of legislature, making up nearly 60% of all national legislatures and an even greater share of subnational legislatures.

Sometimes, as in New Zealand and Denmark, unicameralism comes about through the abolition of one of two bicameral chambers, or, as in Sweden, through the merger of the two chambers into a single one, while in others a second chamber has never existed from the beginning.

Rationale for unicameralism and criticism

The principal advantage of a unicameral system is more efficient lawmaking, as the legislative process is simpler and there is no possibility of deadlock between two chambers. Proponents of unicameralism have also argued that it reduces costs, even if the number of legislators stays the same, since there are fewer institutions to maintain and support financially. More popular among modern-day democratic countries, unicameral, proportional legislatures are widely seen as both more democratic and effective.

Proponents of bicameral legislatures say that having two legislative chambers offers an additional restraint on the majority, though critics note that there are other ways to restrain majorities, such as through non-partisan courts and a robust constitution.

List of unicameral legislatures

  Countries with a bicameral legislature.

  Countries with a unicameral legislature.

  Countries with a unicameral legislature and an advisory body.

  Countries with no legislature.

Approximately half of the world's sovereign states are currently unicameral. The People's Republic of China is somewhat in-between, with a legislature and a formal advisory body. China has a Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference which meets alongside the National People's Congress, in many respects an advisory "upper house".

Many subnational entities have unicameral legislatures. These include the state of Nebraska and territories of Guam and the Virgin Islands in the United States, the Chinese special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macao, the Australian state of Queensland as well as the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory, a majority of the provinces of Argentina, all of the provinces and territories in Canada, all of the regions of Italy, all of the provinces of Nepal, all of the Spanish autonomous communities, both of the autonomous regions of Portugal, most of the states and union territories of India, and all of the states of Brazil and Germany. In the United Kingdom, the devolved Scottish Parliament, the Welsh Senedd, the Northern Ireland Assembly, and the London Assembly are also unicameral.

National (UN member states and observers)

Federal

Country	Unicameral body	Seats	Notes
Germany	Bundestag	736	The Bundestag is technically the unicameral parliament of Germany, since the Bundesrat is not defined as a chamber of the legislature, but a completely separate legislative institution according to the Basic Law (German constitution).
Iraq	Council of Representatives	329	A provision exists for the founding of a "Council of Union", but no move to this effect has been initiated by the existing Council
Micronesia	Congress	14
Saint Kitts and Nevis	National Assembly	15
United Arab Emirates	Federal National Council	40
Venezuela	National Assembly	277

Unitary

Country	Unicameral body	Seats	Notes
Afghanistan	Leadership Council	30	Purely advisory, powers reside in the emir
Albania	Kuvendi	140
Andorra	General Council of Andorra	28
Angola	National Assembly	220
Armenia	National Assembly	107
Azerbaijan	National Assembly	125
Bangladesh	Jatiya Sangsad	350
Benin	National Assembly	109
Botswana	National Assembly	65
Brunei	Legislative Council	37	Purely advisory, powers reside in the King
Bulgaria	National Assembly	240
Burkina Faso	National Assembly	127
Cape Verde	National Assembly	72
Central African Republic	National Assembly	140
Chad	National Assembly	188
China	National People's Congress	2977
Costa Rica	Legislative Assembly	57
Croatia	Sabor	151
Cuba	National Assembly of People's Power	470
Cyprus	House of Representatives	56
Denmark	Folketing	179
Djibouti	National Assembly	65
Dominica	House of Assembly	32
East Timor	National Parliament	65
Ecuador	National Assembly	137
El Salvador	Legislative Assembly	60
Eritrea	National Assembly	150
Estonia	Riigikogu	101
Fiji	Parliament	55
Finland	Parliament	200
Gambia	National Assembly	58
Georgia	Parliament	150
Ghana	Parliament	275
Greece	Parliament	300
Guatemala	Congress	160
Guinea	National Assembly	81
Guinea-Bissau	National People's Assembly	102
Guyana	National Assembly	65
Honduras	National Congress	128
Hungary	National Assembly	199
Iceland	Althing	63
Iran	Islamic Consultative Assembly	290
Israel	Knesset	120
Kiribati	House of Assembly	45
North Korea	Supreme People's Assembly	687
South Korea	National Assembly	300
Kuwait	National Assembly	65
Kyrgyzstan	Supreme Council	90
Laos	National Assembly	164
Latvia	Saeima	100
Lebanon	Parliament	128
Libya	House of Representatives	200
Liechtenstein	Landtag	25
Lithuania	Seimas	141
Luxembourg	Chamber of Deputies	60
Malawi	National Assembly	193
Maldives	Majlis	93
Mali	National Assembly	147
Malta	Parliament	79
Marshall Islands	Legislature	33
Mauritania	Parliament	176
Mauritius	National Assembly	70
Moldova	Parliament	101
Monaco	National Council	24
Mongolia	State Great Khural	126
Montenegro	Parliament	81
Mozambique	Assembly of the Republic	250
Nauru	Parliament	19
New Zealand	Parliament	120
Nicaragua	National Assembly	90
Niger	National Assembly	171
North Macedonia	Assembly	120
Norway	Storting	169
State of Palestine	Legislative Council	132
Panama	National Assembly	71
Papua New Guinea	National Parliament	118
Peru	Congress of the Republic	130	The composition of the Congress of Peru in 2026, will return to being a bicameral legislature with a 60-seat Senate and 130-seat Chamber of Deputies.
Portugal	Assembly of the Republic	230
Qatar	Consultative Assembly	45
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	House of Assembly	21
Samoa	Legislative Assembly	53
Saudi Arabia	Consultative Assembly	150	Purely advisory, powers reside in the King
San Marino	Grand and General Council	60
São Tomé and Príncipe	National Assembly	55
Senegal	National Assembly	165
Serbia	National Assembly	250
Seychelles	National Assembly	35
Sierra Leone	Parliament	149
Singapore	Parliament	104
Slovakia	National Council	150
Solomon Islands	National Parliament	50
Sri Lanka	Parliament	225
Suriname	National Assembly	51
Sweden	Riksdag	349
Syria	Parliament	250
Tanzania	National Assembly	393
Togo	National Assembly	113
Tonga	Legislative Assembly	26
Tunisia	National Assembly	161
Turkey	Grand National Assembly	600
Turkmenistan	Assembly	125
Tuvalu	Parliament	16
Uganda	Parliament	557
Ukraine	Verkhovna Rada	450
Vanuatu	Parliament	52
Vatican City	Pontifical Commission	8	All powers delegated by the sovereign
Vietnam	National Assembly	500
Zambia	National Assembly	167

Territorial

Country	Unicameral body	Seats	Notes
Åland Islands	Parliament	30
Anguilla	House of Assembly	13
Aruba	Parliament	21
Azores	Legislative Assembly	57
British Virgin Islands	House of Assembly	30
Cayman Islands	Legislative Assembly	21
Cook Islands	Parliament	24
Curaçao	Parliament	21
Falkland Islands	Legislative Assembly	11
Faroe Islands	Løgting	33
French Polynesia	Assembly	57
Gibraltar	Parliament	17
Greenland	Inatsisartut	31
Guam	Legislature	15	Unincorporated territory of the United States
Guernsey	States	40
Hong Kong	Legislative Council	90
Jersey	States Assembly	54
Madeira	Legislative Assembly	47
Macao	Legislative Assembly	33
Montserrat	Legislative Assembly	11
New Caledonia	Congress	54
Niue	Assembly	20
Pitcairn Islands	Island Council	10
Saint Barthélemy	Territorial Council	19
Saint Helena	Legislative Council	15
Saint Martin	Collectivity of Saint Martin	23
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	Territorial Council	19
Sint Maarten	Parliament	15
Tobago	House of Assembly	15
Tokelau	General Fono	20
Turks and Caicos Islands	House of Assembly	21
U.S. Virgin Islands	Legislature	15
Wallis and Futuna	Territorial Assembly	20

State parliaments with limited recognition

Country	Unicameral body	Seats	Notes
Abkhazia	People's Assembly	35
Kosovo	Assembly	120
Northern Cyprus	Assembly of the Republic	50
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic	National Council	51
South Ossetia	Parliament	34
Taiwan	Legislative Yuan	113	The original constitution is partially superseded by the additional articles only on Taiwan which replaced the tricameral parliament into a unicameral one. A sunset clause in the additional articles will terminate them in the event of a hypothetical resumption of ROC rule in Mainland China.
Transnistria	Supreme Council	33

Subnational

Federations

Provincial legislatures in Argentina

• All legislatures and legislative councils of the regions and communities of Belgium
• All legislative assemblies in all states of Brazil
• All legislative assemblies of the provinces and territories of Canada
• All Landtage of the states of Germany
• All legislative assemblies of the states of Malaysia
• All legislatures in all states of Mexico
• All legislatures of the provinces in Nepal
• All legislatures of the provinces and territories in Pakistan
• The legislature of the state of Nebraska, and council of the District of Columbia in the United States
• Parliament of Queensland and the legislative assemblies of the territories of Australia (but not the other states)
• Provincial legislatures of the provinces of South Africa
• Narodna skupština of Republika Srpska
• 15 of the 23 provinces of Argentina – Chaco, Chubut, Córdoba, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Misiones, Neuquén, Río Negro, San Juan, Santa Cruz, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego, Tucumán, and the autonomous city of Buenos Aires.
• 22 of the 28 states and union territories of India – Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttarakhand, and West Bengal; and 3 of the union territories – Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, and Puducherry.

Devolved governments

• Regional councils of France
• Iraqi Kurdistan Parliament
• Regional councils of Italy
• Bangsamoro Parliament in Philippines
• Parliaments (variously named Parlamento, Cortes, Junta) of the Autonomous communities of Spain
• City and County Councils of the administrative divisions of Taiwan
• Councils of the oblasts of Ukraine
• Countries of the United Kingdom:
  • Northern Ireland Assembly
  • Scottish Parliament
  • Welsh Senedd

Others

• Local People's Congresses of all levels of provinces, regions, and municipalities of the People's Republic of China
• National Council of the Palestine Liberation Organization

List of historical unicameral legislatures

National

• The First Protectorate Parliament and Second Protectorate Parliament of the Kingdom of England, regulated by the Instrument of Government (dissolved)
• Parliament of the Kingdom of Scotland until 1707 (dissolved)
• Congress of the Confederation was unicameral before being replaced in 1789 by the current, bicameral United States Congress.
• Provisional Congress of the Confederate States was unicameral before being replaced by the bicameral Confederate States Congress in 1862.
• Congress of Deputies of Second Spanish Republic was unicameral between 1931 and 1936. Dissolved at the end of Spanish Civil War
• The Parliament of Uzbekistan was unicameral before being replaced in 2005 by the current, bicameral Oliy Majlis.
• National Assembly of Cameroon was unicameral before being replaced in 2013 by the current, bicameral Parliament of Cameroon.
• Chamber of People's Representative of Equatorial Guinea was unicameral before being replaced in 2013 by the current, bicameral Parliament of Equatorial Guinea.
• National Assembly of Kenya was the country's unicameral legislature before becoming the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Kenya in 2013.
• National Assembly of Ivory Coast was the country's unicameral legislature before becoming the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Ivory Coast in 2016.
• Central National Committee and the Provisional People's Representative Council of Indonesia was the unicameral legislature of the Republic of Indonesia during the War of Independence and the Liberal democracy era.

Subnational

• General Assembly of Georgia until 1789
• General Assembly of Pennsylvania until 1790
• General Assembly of Vermont until 1836

Other

• Assembly of Representatives of Yishuv community in Mandatory Palestine from 1920 to 1949

Unicameralism in the Philippines

Though the current Congress of the Philippines is bicameral, the country experienced unicameralism in 1898 and 1899 (during the First Philippine Republic), from 1935 to 1941 (the Commonwealth era) and from 1943 to 1944 (during the Japanese occupation). Under the 1973 Constitution, the legislative body was called Batasang Pambansa, which functioned also a unicameral legislature within a parliamentary system (1973–1981) and a semi-presidential system (1981–1986) form of government.

The ongoing process of amending or revising the current Constitution and form of government is popularly known as Charter Change. A shift to a unicameral parliament was included in the proposals of the constitutional commission created by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. Unlike in the United States, senators in the Senate of the Philippines are elected not per district and state but nationally; the Philippines is a unitary state. The Philippine government's decision-making process, relative to the United States, is more rigid, highly centralised, much slower and susceptible to political gridlock. As a result, the trend for unicameralism as well as other political system reforms are more contentious in the Philippines.

While Congress is bicameral, all local legislatures are unicameral: the Bangsamoro Parliament, the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (Provincial Boards), Sangguniang Panlungsod (City Councils), Sangguniang Bayan (Municipal Councils), Sangguniang Barangay (Barangay Councils), and the Sangguniang Kabataan (Youth Councils).

Unicameralism in the United States

The Nebraska Legislature (also called the Unicameral) is the supreme legislative body of the state of Nebraska and the only unicameral state legislature in the United States. Its members are called "senators", as it was originally the upper house of a bicameral legislature before the Nebraska House of Representatives dissolved in 1937. The legislature is also notable for being nonpartisan and officially recognizes no party affiliation, making Nebraska unique among US states. With 49 members, it is also the smallest legislature of any US state.

A 2018 study found that efforts to adopt unicameralism in Ohio and Missouri failed due to rural opposition. There was a fear in rural communities that unicameralism would diminish their influence in state government.

Local government legislatures of counties, cities, or other political subdivisions within states are usually unicameral and have limited lawmaking powers compared to their state and federal counterparts.

Some of the 13 colonies which became independent, such as Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New Hampshire had initially introduced strong unicameral legislature and (relatively) less powerful governors with no veto power. Pennsylvania's constitution lasted only 14 years. In 1790, conservatives gained power in the state legislature, called a new constitutional convention, and rewrote the constitution. The new constitution substantially reduced universal male suffrage, gave the governor veto power and patronage appointment authority, and added an upper house with substantial wealth qualifications to the unicameral legislature. Thomas Paine called it a constitution unworthy of America.^{[citation needed]}

In 1944, Missouri held a vote on changing the General Assembly to a unicameral one, which was narrowly rejected by the voters 52.42-47.58. Only the city of St. Louis and the St. Louis County voted in favor, whilst Jackson County (containing the bulk of Kansas City) narrowly voted against, and all other counties voted against the change to unicameralism.

In 1970, North Dakota voters voted to call a constitutional convention. In 1972, a change to a unicameral legislature was approved by 69.36-30.64, however, since the voters rejected the new constitution at the same referendum, it never took effect.

In 1999, Governor Jesse Ventura proposed converting the Minnesota Legislature into a single chamber. Although debated, the idea was never adopted.

The US territory of Puerto Rico held a non-binding referendum in 2005. Voters approved changing its Legislative Assembly to a unicameral body by 456,267 votes in favor (83.7%) versus 88,720 against (16.3%). If both the territory's House of Representatives and Senate had approved by a 2⁄3 vote the specific amendments to the Puerto Rico Constitution that are required for the change to a unicameral legislature, another referendum would have been held in the territory to approve such amendments. If those constitutional changes had been approved, Puerto Rico could have switched to a unicameral legislature as early as 2015.

On June 9, 2009, the Maine House of Representatives voted to form a unicameral legislature, but the measure did not pass the Senate.

Because of legislative gridlock in 2009, former Congressman Rick Lazio, a prospective candidate for governor, has proposed that New York adopt unicameralism.

The United States as a whole was subject to a unicameral Congress during the years 1781–1788, when the Articles of Confederation were in effect. The Confederate States of America, pursuant to its Provisional Constitution, in effect from February 8, 1861, to February 22, 1862, was governed by a unicameral Congress.

See also

• Bicameralism
• Tricameralism

References

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