This article may be a rough translation from German. It may have been generated, in whole or in part, by a computer or by a translator without dual proficiency. (November 2023) |
In Kantian philosophy, the thing-in-itself (German: Ding an sich) is the status of objects as they are, independent of representation and observation. The concept of the thing-in-itself was introduced by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, and over the following centuries was met with controversy among later philosophers. It is closely related to Kant's concept of noumena or the objects of inquiry, as opposed to phenomena, its manifestations.
Kantian philosophy
In his doctrine of transcendental idealism, Kant argued the sum of all objects, the empirical world, is a complex of appearances whose existence and connection occur only in our representations. Kant introduces the thing-in-itself as follows:
And we indeed, rightly considering objects of sense as mere appearances, confess thereby that they are based upon a thing in itself, though we know not this thing as it is in itself, but only know its appearances, viz., the way in which our senses are affected by this unknown something.
— Prolegomena, § 32
Criticism
F. H. Jacobi
The first to criticize the concept of a thing-in-itself was F. H. Jacobi, with the expression:
I could not enter into the system without the assumption of the concept of the thing-in-itself and, on the other hand, I could not remain in it with this concept.
G. E. Schulze
The anonymously published work Aenesidemus was one of the most successful attacks against the project of Kant. According to Kant's teaching, things-in-themselves cannot cause appearances, since the category of causality can only find application to objects of experience. Kant, therefore, does not have the right to claim the existence of things-in-themselves.
This contradiction was subsequently generally accepted as being the main problem of the thing-in-itself. The attack on the thing-in-itself, and the skeptical work in general, had a big impact on Fichte, and Schopenhauer called G. E. Schulze, who was revealed to be the author, “the acutest" of Kant's opponents.
Johann Gottlieb Fichte
Initially Fichte embraced Kantian philosophy, including a thing-in-itself, but the work of Schulze made him revise his position.
Aenesidemus, which I consider one of the most remarkable products of our decade, has convinced me of something which I admittedly already suspected: that even after the labors of Kant and Reinhold, philosophy is still not a science. Aenesidemus has shaken my own system to its very foundations, and, since one cannot live very well under the open sky, I have been forced to construct a new system. I am convinced that philosophy can become a science only if it is generated from one single principle, but that it must then become just as self-evident as geometry.
The system which Fichte subsequently published, Science of Knowledge, scraps the thing-in-itself.
Schopenhauer
In his "Critique of the Kantian Philosophy" appended to The World as Will and Representation (1818), Arthur Schopenhauer agreed with the critics that the manner in which Kant had introduced the thing-in-itself was inadmissible, but he considered that Kant was right to assert its existence and praised the distinction between thing-in-itself and appearance as Kant's greatest merit. As he wrote in volume 1 of his Parerga and Paralipomena, "Fragments of the History of Philosophy," §13:
Kant was guided by the truth certainly felt that there lies behind every phenomenon a being-in-itself whence such phenomenon obtains its existence ... But he undertook to derive this from the given representation itself by the addition of its laws that are known to us a priori. Yet just because these are a priori, they cannot lead to something independent of, and different from, the phenomenon or representation; and so for this purpose we have to pursue an entirely different course. The inconsistencies in which Kant was involved through the faulty course taken by him in this respect were demonstrated to him by G. E. Schultze who in his ponderous and diffuse manner expounded the matter first anonymously in his Aenesidemus ... and then in his Kritik der theoretischen Philosophie.
Mainländer
A unique position is taken by Philipp Mainländer, who hailed Kant for breaking the rules of his own philosophy to proclaim the existence of a thing-in-itself.
He did it, because he feared nothing more than the allegation, that his philosophy is pure idealism, which makes the whole objective world into illusion and takes away all reality from it. The three remarks of the first part of the Prolegomena are, with this in mind, very much worth reading. I cannot condemn this great inconsequence. It was the smaller one of two evils, and Kant bravely embraced it.
See also
- Acatalepsy – in philosophy, is incomprehensibleness, or the impossibility of comprehending or conceiving a thing
- Master argument – That mind-independent objects do not exist because it is impossible to conceive of them (a viewpoint put forward by George Berkeley)
- Noumenon – Object or event that exists independently of the senses of a posited object or event that exists independently of human sense and/or perception
- Use–mention distinction – Difference between using a word and mentioning it, according to which it is necessary to make a distinction between using a word (or phrase) and mentioning it as a thing in itself
Notes
- "Er that es, weil er Nichts mehr fürchtete als den Vorwurf, seine Philosophie sei der reine Idealismus, welcher die ganze objektive Welt zu Schein macht und ihr jede Realität nimmt. Die drei Anmerkungen zum ersten Buche der Prolegomena sind, in dieser Hinsicht, sehr lesenswerth. Diese große Inconsequenz kann ich nicht verdammen. Sie war das kleinere von zwei Uebeln, und Kant ergriff es herzhaft."
References
- "Salomon Maimon". Salomon Maimon (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2021.
Perhaps the most obvious problem — and certainly one of the earliest — that Kant faces concerns the issue of the thing in itself.
- Kant, Immanuel. Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics. Translated by Paul Carus. § 52c.
- S. Atlas. From Critical to Speculative Idealism. p. 21.
- Schopenhauer, Arthur. The World as Will and Representation. Vol. 1 Criticism of the Kantian Philosophy.
Kant's greatest merit is the distinction of the phenomenon from the thing in itself … This defect, as is known, is the introduction of the thing in itself in the way chosen by him, the inadmissibleness of which was exposed at length by G. E. Schulze in "Aenesidemus " and was soon recognised as the untenable point of his system. … It is most remarkable that one of Kant's opponents, and indeed the acutest of them, G. E. Schulze …
- Fichte: Early Philosophical Writings. Cornell University Press. 1993. p. 14.
- C. Beiser, Frederick (2002). German idealism : the struggle against subjectivism, 1781–1801. Harvard University Press. pp. 217. ISBN 0-674-00769-7.
First, it eliminates the thing-in-itself and the given manifold.
- Parerga and Paralipomena, Vol. 1 (1851). Translated by E. F. J. Payne (Oxford, 1974), p. 89-90
- Mainländer, Philipp (1876). Die Philosophie der Erlösung. p. 438.
This article may be a rough translation from German It may have been generated in whole or in part by a computer or by a translator without dual proficiency Please help to enhance the translation The original article is under Deutsch in the languages list If you have just labeled this article as needing attention please add a href wiki Template Needtrans class mw redirect title Template Needtrans subst Needtrans a pg Thing in itself language German comments to the bottom of the WP PNTCU section on Wikipedia Pages needing translation into English November 2023 In Kantian philosophy the thing in itself German Ding an sich is the status of objects as they are independent of representation and observation The concept of the thing in itself was introduced by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant and over the following centuries was met with controversy among later philosophers It is closely related to Kant s concept of noumena or the objects of inquiry as opposed to phenomena its manifestations Kantian philosophyIn his doctrine of transcendental idealism Kant argued the sum of all objects the empirical world is a complex of appearances whose existence and connection occur only in our representations Kant introduces the thing in itself as follows And we indeed rightly considering objects of sense as mere appearances confess thereby that they are based upon a thing in itself though we know not this thing as it is in itself but only know its appearances viz the way in which our senses are affected by this unknown something Prolegomena 32CriticismF H Jacobi The first to criticize the concept of a thing in itself was F H Jacobi with the expression I could not enter into the system without the assumption of the concept of the thing in itself and on the other hand I could not remain in it with this concept G E Schulze The anonymously published work Aenesidemus was one of the most successful attacks against the project of Kant According to Kant s teaching things in themselves cannot cause appearances since the category of causality can only find application to objects of experience Kant therefore does not have the right to claim the existence of things in themselves This contradiction was subsequently generally accepted as being the main problem of the thing in itself The attack on the thing in itself and the skeptical work in general had a big impact on Fichte and Schopenhauer called G E Schulze who was revealed to be the author the acutest of Kant s opponents Johann Gottlieb Fichte Initially Fichte embraced Kantian philosophy including a thing in itself but the work of Schulze made him revise his position Aenesidemus which I consider one of the most remarkable products of our decade has convinced me of something which I admittedly already suspected that even after the labors of Kant and Reinhold philosophy is still not a science Aenesidemus has shaken my own system to its very foundations and since one cannot live very well under the open sky I have been forced to construct a new system I am convinced that philosophy can become a science only if it is generated from one single principle but that it must then become just as self evident as geometry The system which Fichte subsequently published Science of Knowledge scraps the thing in itself Schopenhauer In his Critique of the Kantian Philosophy appended to The World as Will and Representation 1818 Arthur Schopenhauer agreed with the critics that the manner in which Kant had introduced the thing in itself was inadmissible but he considered that Kant was right to assert its existence and praised the distinction between thing in itself and appearance as Kant s greatest merit As he wrote in volume 1 of his Parerga and Paralipomena Fragments of the History of Philosophy 13 Kant was guided by the truth certainly felt that there lies behind every phenomenon a being in itself whence such phenomenon obtains its existence But he undertook to derive this from the given representation itself by the addition of its laws that are known to us a priori Yet just because these are a priori they cannot lead to something independent of and different from the phenomenon or representation and so for this purpose we have to pursue an entirely different course The inconsistencies in which Kant was involved through the faulty course taken by him in this respect were demonstrated to him by G E Schultze who in his ponderous and diffuse manner expounded the matter first anonymously in his Aenesidemus and then in his Kritik der theoretischen Philosophie Mainlander A unique position is taken by Philipp Mainlander who hailed Kant for breaking the rules of his own philosophy to proclaim the existence of a thing in itself He did it because he feared nothing more than the allegation that his philosophy is pure idealism which makes the whole objective world into illusion and takes away all reality from it The three remarks of the first part of the Prolegomena are with this in mind very much worth reading I cannot condemn this great inconsequence It was the smaller one of two evils and Kant bravely embraced it See alsoAcatalepsy in philosophy is incomprehensibleness or the impossibility of comprehending or conceiving a thingPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback Master argument That mind independent objects do not exist because it is impossible to conceive of them a viewpoint put forward by George Berkeley Noumenon Object or event that exists independently of the senses of a posited object or event that exists independently of human sense and or perception Use mention distinction Difference between using a word and mentioning it according to which it is necessary to make a distinction between using a word or phrase and mentioning it as a thing in itselfNotes Er that es weil er Nichts mehr furchtete als den Vorwurf seine Philosophie sei der reine Idealismus welcher die ganze objektive Welt zu Schein macht und ihr jede Realitat nimmt Die drei Anmerkungen zum ersten Buche der Prolegomena sind in dieser Hinsicht sehr lesenswerth Diese grosse Inconsequenz kann ich nicht verdammen Sie war das kleinere von zwei Uebeln und Kant ergriff es herzhaft References Salomon Maimon Salomon Maimon Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Metaphysics Research Lab Stanford University 2021 Perhaps the most obvious problem and certainly one of the earliest that Kant faces concerns the issue of the thing in itself Kant Immanuel Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics Translated by Paul Carus 52c S Atlas From Critical to Speculative Idealism p 21 Schopenhauer Arthur The World as Will and Representation Vol 1 Criticism of the Kantian Philosophy Kant s greatest merit is the distinction of the phenomenon from the thing in itself This defect as is known is the introduction of the thing in itself in the way chosen by him the inadmissibleness of which was exposed at length by G E Schulze in Aenesidemus and was soon recognised as the untenable point of his system It is most remarkable that one of Kant s opponents and indeed the acutest of them G E Schulze Fichte Early Philosophical Writings Cornell University Press 1993 p 14 C Beiser Frederick 2002 German idealism the struggle against subjectivism 1781 1801 Harvard University Press pp 217 ISBN 0 674 00769 7 First it eliminates the thing in itself and the given manifold Parerga and Paralipomena Vol 1 1851 Translated by E F J Payne Oxford 1974 p 89 90 Mainlander Philipp 1876 Die Philosophie der Erlosung p 438
