In the most general terms, a reason is a consideration in an argument which justifies or explains an action, a belief, an attitude, or a fact.
Normative reasons are what people appeal to when making arguments about what people should do or believe. For example, that a doctor's patient is grimacing is a reason to believe the patient is in pain. That the patient is in pain is a reason for the doctor to do things to alleviate the pain.
Explanatory reasons are explanations of why things happened. For example, the reason the patient is in pain is that her nerves are sending signals from her tissues to her brain.
A reason, in many cases, is brought up by the question "why?", and answered following the word because. Additionally, words and phrases such as since, due to, as, considering (that), a result (of), and in order to, for example, all serve as explanatory locutions that precede the reason to which they refer.
Types of reason
In philosophy, it is common to distinguish between three kinds of reason.
Normative or justifying reasons are often said to be "considerations which count in favor" of some state of affairs (this is, at any rate, a common view, notably held by T. M. Scanlon and Derek Parfit).
Explanatory reasons are considerations which serve to explain why things have happened or why states of affairs are the way they are. In other words, "reason" can also be a synonym for "cause". For example, a reason a car starts is that its ignition is turned. In the context of explaining the actions of beings who act for reasons (i.e., rational agents), these are called motivating reasons—e.g., the reason Bill went to college was to learn; i.e., that he would learn was his motivating reason. At least where a rational agent is acting rationally, her motivating reasons are those considerations which she believes count in favor of her so acting.[citation needed]
Normative reasons
Some philosophers (one being John Broome) view normative reasons as the same as "explanations of ought facts". Just as explanatory reasons explain why some descriptive fact obtains (or came to obtain), normative reasons on this view explain why some normative facts obtain, i.e., they explain why some state of affairs ought to come to obtain (e.g., why someone should act or why some event ought to take place).
Epistemic vs. practical reasons
Philosophers, when discussing reasoning that is influenced by norms, commonly make a distinction between theoretical reason and practical reason. These are capacities that draw on epistemic reasons (matters of fact and of explanation) or practical reasons (reasons for action) respectively. Epistemic reasons (also called theoretical or evidential reasons) are considerations which count in favor of believing some proposition to be true. Practical reasons are considerations which count in favor of some action or the having of some attitude (or at least, count in favor of wanting or trying to bring those actions or attitudes about).
Epistemic reasons in argumentation
This section possibly contains original research. (January 2012) |
In informal logic, a reason consists of either a single premise or co-premises in support of an argument. In formal symbolic logic, only single premises occur. In informal reasoning, two types of reasons exist. An evidential reason is a foundation upon which to believe that or why a claim is true. An explanatory reason attempts to convince someone how something is or could be true, but does not directly convince one that it is true.
See also
- Is-ought problem
- Normative
- Positive statement
References
- Merriam-Webster.com Merriam-Webster Dictionary definition of reason
- Alvarez, Maria (2017), "Reasons for Action: Justification, Motivation, Explanation", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2017 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2019-01-03
- Scanlon, T.M. (2000-11-15). What We Owe to Each Other. Belknap Press. p. 17. ISBN 9780674004238.
- Parfit, Derek (January 23, 2009). On What Matters (forthcoming) (PDF). Rutgers University. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2010. Retrieved September 16, 2011.
- Broome, John. "Reasons". In Reason and Value: Themes from the Moral Philosophy of Joseph Raz. Edited by R. Jay Wallace et al. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. p. 28.
- Wallace, R. Jay (2014-01-01). "Practical Reason". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2014 ed.).
In the most general terms a reason is a consideration in an argument which justifies or explains an action a belief an attitude or a fact Normative reasons are what people appeal to when making arguments about what people should do or believe For example that a doctor s patient is grimacing is a reason to believe the patient is in pain That the patient is in pain is a reason for the doctor to do things to alleviate the pain Explanatory reasons are explanations of why things happened For example the reason the patient is in pain is that her nerves are sending signals from her tissues to her brain A reason in many cases is brought up by the question why and answered following the word because Additionally words and phrases such as since due to as considering that a result of and in order to for example all serve as explanatory locutions that precede the reason to which they refer Types of reasonIn philosophy it is common to distinguish between three kinds of reason Normative or justifying reasons are often said to be considerations which count in favor of some state of affairs this is at any rate a common view notably held by T M Scanlon and Derek Parfit Explanatory reasons are considerations which serve to explain why things have happened or why states of affairs are the way they are In other words reason can also be a synonym for cause For example a reason a car starts is that its ignition is turned In the context of explaining the actions of beings who act for reasons i e rational agents these are called motivating reasons e g the reason Bill went to college was to learn i e that he would learn was his motivating reason At least where a rational agent is acting rationally her motivating reasons are those considerations which she believes count in favor of her so acting citation needed Normative reasonsSome philosophers one being John Broome view normative reasons as the same as explanations of ought facts Just as explanatory reasons explain why some descriptive fact obtains or came to obtain normative reasons on this view explain why some normative facts obtain i e they explain why some state of affairs ought to come to obtain e g why someone should act or why some event ought to take place Epistemic vs practical reasons Philosophers when discussing reasoning that is influenced by norms commonly make a distinction between theoretical reason and practical reason These are capacities that draw on epistemic reasons matters of fact and of explanation or practical reasons reasons for action respectively Epistemic reasons also called theoretical or evidential reasons are considerations which count in favor of believing some proposition to be true Practical reasons are considerations which count in favor of some action or the having of some attitude or at least count in favor of wanting or trying to bring those actions or attitudes about Epistemic reasons in argumentation This section possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed January 2012 Learn how and when to remove this message In informal logic a reason consists of either a single premise or co premises in support of an argument In formal symbolic logic only single premises occur In informal reasoning two types of reasons exist An evidential reason is a foundation upon which to believe that or why a claim is true An explanatory reason attempts to convince someone how something is or could be true but does not directly convince one that it is true See alsoIs ought problem Normative Positive statementReferencesMerriam Webster com Merriam Webster Dictionary definition of reason Alvarez Maria 2017 Reasons for Action Justification Motivation Explanation in Zalta Edward N ed The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Winter 2017 ed Metaphysics Research Lab Stanford University retrieved 2019 01 03 Scanlon T M 2000 11 15 What We Owe to Each Other Belknap Press p 17 ISBN 9780674004238 Parfit Derek January 23 2009 On What Matters forthcoming PDF Rutgers University Archived from the original PDF on March 31 2010 Retrieved September 16 2011 Broome John Reasons In Reason and Value Themes from the Moral Philosophy of Joseph Raz Edited by R Jay Wallace et al Oxford Oxford University Press 2004 p 28 Wallace R Jay 2014 01 01 Practical Reason In Zalta Edward N ed The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Summer 2014 ed
