Koinon (Greek: Κοινόν, pl. Κοινά, Koina), meaning "common thing", in the sense of "public", had many applications, some societal, some governmental. An abstract noun formed from the neuter of the adjective, koinos, "common", the koinon could mean any sort of organization. It had more than one meaning in the governmental sense.
Koinon κοινόν συμμαχῶν (koinon symmachon, "League of the Allies", where the name of the league appears in the genitive case in place of "allies." | |
|---|---|
 A coin of the Cypriot League. The name, Koinon Kypriōn, is embossed around the upper perimeter. | |
| Etymology: "common thing" for koinon, "co-combatantship" for symmachia. | |
| Combined territory of the constituent poleis | Two words, koinon followed by the genitive of a key word, such as the ethnic, the name of the place of creation, or the name of the chief state. |
| Government | |
| • Type | League |
| • Body | Koinon |
Polis
One was a polis or its politeia, Latin res publica, "the public thing", or "commonwealth", as seen in the Athenian model. A polis, by definition, is a government of common concern rather than private, making it a republic. The polis also functioned as a federal state with a politeia, or "constitution", which established citizenship. Citizens managed the state through elected magistracies and the assembly. These institutions, claiming supreme political power, directly performed their constitutional duties across executive, judicial, or legislative domains. While political theory had not yet conceptualized the three-branch system common in modern republics, the functions existed in various forms, including the military, law courts, and economic regulation.
Alliance
The focus of this article is on a concept that extends beyond the individual polis: the formation of alliances among various poleis. Groups of poleis with shared interests, such as building a strong military for offense or defense, might form alliances, like the Ionians who defended the Greek coast of Anatolia against incoming Iranians. In such cases, the concept of "the public thing" or commonwealth would be extended to the alliance itself. To differentiate the alliance from a single republic, an ethnic name might be used, such as "the alliance of the Ionians."
The alliance was then "the common thing of the allies," as it is in Isocrates 14.21, where the allies are symmachoi ("fighters in common,"), and the alliance is a symmachia. The league was not strictly a "federation," as the member states guarded their independence jealously. Even so, in the Delian League, the most powerful state, Athens, managed to control the other states to such a degree as now to be called "the Athenian Empire."
As the government of a league, a koinon encompassed functions like defense, diplomacy, economics, and religious practices among its member states. This association more closely resembled a confederation rather than a federal union, like the one Alexander created. Members of the alliance primarily contributed taxes, men, and equipment, rather than directly managing or issuing binding commands.
Some examples follow. In Epirus itself there had in ancient times existed the Koinon of the Molossians. There was a (κοινὸν τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων), centered on Sparta and its old dominions for a period under Roman rule, and a Koinon of the Macedonians, also under Roman rule. In modern Greek history, during the Greek War of Independence, a local self-government termed Koinon was set up in the islands of Hydra, Spetses and Psara.
See also
- Symmachia (alliance)
- List of ancient Greek alliances
Notes
- "For koinon was used to designate all kinds of associations of a number of individuals, from small private clubs to entire states, ...."
References
- Liddell; Scott. "κοινός". A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library.
- Corsten, Thomas (2013). "Koinon". The Encyclopedia of Ancient History (First ed.). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 3798–3799.
- Mackil, Emily (May 18, 2013). Creating a Common Polity. University of California Press. p. 347. ISBN 9780520953932. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
External links
Media related to Leagues in Greek Antiquity at Wikimedia Commons
Koinon Greek Koinon pl Koina Koina meaning common thing in the sense of public had many applications some societal some governmental An abstract noun formed from the neuter of the adjective koinos common the koinon could mean any sort of organization It had more than one meaning in the governmental sense Koinon koinon symmaxῶn koinon symmachon League of the Allies where the name of the league appears in the genitive case in place of allies PoleisA coin of the Cypriot League The name Koinon Kypriōn is embossed around the upper perimeter Etymology common thing for koinon co combatantship for symmachia Combined territory of the constituent poleisTwo words koinon followed by the genitive of a key word such as the ethnic the name of the place of creation or the name of the chief state Government TypeLeague BodyKoinonPolisOne was a polis or its politeia Latin res publica the public thing or commonwealth as seen in the Athenian model A polis by definition is a government of common concern rather than private making it a republic The polis also functioned as a federal state with a politeia or constitution which established citizenship Citizens managed the state through elected magistracies and the assembly These institutions claiming supreme political power directly performed their constitutional duties across executive judicial or legislative domains While political theory had not yet conceptualized the three branch system common in modern republics the functions existed in various forms including the military law courts and economic regulation AllianceThe focus of this article is on a concept that extends beyond the individual polis the formation of alliances among various poleis Groups of poleis with shared interests such as building a strong military for offense or defense might form alliances like the Ionians who defended the Greek coast of Anatolia against incoming Iranians In such cases the concept of the public thing or commonwealth would be extended to the alliance itself To differentiate the alliance from a single republic an ethnic name might be used such as the alliance of the Ionians The alliance was then the common thing of the allies as it is in Isocrates 14 21 where the allies are symmachoi fighters in common and the alliance is a symmachia The league was not strictly a federation as the member states guarded their independence jealously Even so in the Delian League the most powerful state Athens managed to control the other states to such a degree as now to be called the Athenian Empire As the government of a league a koinon encompassed functions like defense diplomacy economics and religious practices among its member states This association more closely resembled a confederation rather than a federal union like the one Alexander created Members of the alliance primarily contributed taxes men and equipment rather than directly managing or issuing binding commands Some examples follow In Epirus itself there had in ancient times existed the Koinon of the Molossians There was a koinὸn tῶn Lakedaimoniwn centered on Sparta and its old dominions for a period under Roman rule and a Koinon of the Macedonians also under Roman rule In modern Greek history during the Greek War of Independence a local self government termed Koinon was set up in the islands of Hydra Spetses and Psara See alsoSymmachia alliance List of ancient Greek alliancesNotes For koinon was used to designate all kinds of associations of a number of individuals from small private clubs to entire states ReferencesLiddell Scott koinos A Greek English Lexicon Perseus Digital Library Corsten Thomas 2013 Koinon The Encyclopedia of Ancient History First ed Blackwell Publishing Ltd pp 3798 3799 Mackil Emily May 18 2013 Creating a Common Polity University of California Press p 347 ISBN 9780520953932 Retrieved October 21 2014 External linksMedia related to Leagues in Greek Antiquity at Wikimedia Commons
